Nutritional strategies to improve nitrogen use efficiency by grazing dairy cows;Estrategias nutricionales para mejorar la eficiencia de uso del nitrógeno en vacas lecheras en pastoreo

Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research

Volumn 71, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 623-633

  Keim, Juan Pablo ^a   Anrique, René ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE   (Chile)

Author keywords

Concentrate supplementation; Crude protein; High sugar ryegrass; Milk production; Ruminal synchrony

Indexed keywords

EID: 84255171681     PISSN: 07185820     EISSN: 07185839     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4067/S0718-58392011000400019     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. a ed. Imprenta América, Valdivia, Chile.
2. Aufrere, J., D. Graviou, and C. Demarquilly. 2003. Ruminal degradation of protein of cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass as affected by various stages of growth and conservation methods. Animal Research 52:245-261.
3. Bach, A., G.B. Huntington, S. Calsamiglia, and M.D. Stern. 2000. Nitrogen metabolism of early lactation cows fed diets with two different levels of protein and different amino acid profiles. Journal of Dairy Science 83:2585-2595.
4. Bach, A., I.K. Yoon, M.D. Stern, H.G. Jung, and H. Chester-Jones. 1999. Effects of type of carbohydrate supplementation to lush pasture on microbial fermentation in continuous culture. Journal of Dairy Science 82:153-160.
5. Bargo, F., L.D. Muller, J. Delahoy, and T.W. Cassidy. 2002. Milk response to concentrate supplementation of high producing dairy cows grazing at two pasture allowances. Journal of Dairy Science 85:1777-1792.
6. Bargo, F., G.A. Varga, L.D. Muller, and E.S. Kolver. 2003. Pasture intake and substitution rate effects on nutrient digestion and nitrogen metabolism during continuous culture fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science 86:1330-1340.
7. Bendall, J.G. 2001. Aroma compounds of fresh milk from New Zealand cows fed different diets. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49:4825-4832.
8. Berzaghi, P., J.H. Herbein, and C.E. Polan. 1996. Intake, site, and extent of nutrient digestion of lactating cows grazing pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 79:1581-1589.
9. Bohnert, D.W., C.S. Schauer, and T. Delcurto. 2002. Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on performance and nitrogen use in ruminants consuming low-quality forage: cow performance and efficiency of nitrogen use in wethers. Journal of Animal Science 80:1629-1637.
10. Bolan, N.S., and P.D. Kemp. 2003. A review of factors affecting and prevention of pasture-induced nitrate toxicity in grazing animals. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 65:171-178.
11. Butler, W.R. 1998. Review: Effect of protein nutrition on ovarian and uterine physiology in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 81:2533-2539.
12. Cabrita, A.R., R.J. Dewhurst, J.M. Abreu, and A.J. Fonseca. 2006. Evaluation of the effects of synchronizing the availability of N and energy on rumen function and production responses of dairy cows-a review. Animal Research 55:1-24.
13. Carruthers, V.R., and P.G. Neil. 1997. Milk production and ruminal metabolites from cows offered two pasture diets supplemented with non-structural carbohydrate. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 40:513-521.
14. Casper, D., H. Maiga, M. Brouk, and D. Schingoethe. 1999. Synchronization of carbohydrate and protein sources on fermentation and passage rates in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 82:1779-1790.
15. Castillo, A.R., E. Kebreab, D.E. Beever, J.H. Barbi, J.D. Sutton, H.C. Kirby, and J. France. 2001. The effect of protein supplementation on nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows fed grass silage diets. Journal of Animal Science 79:247-253.
16. Castillo, A.R., E. Kebreab, D.E. Beever, and J. France. 2000. A review of efficiency of nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows in relationship with environmental pollution. Journal of Animal Feed Sciences 9:1-32.
17. Chagunda, M.G.G., D.A.M. Römer, and D.J. Roberts. 2009. Effect of genotype and feeding regime on enteric methane, non-milk nitrogen and performance of dairy cows during the winter feeding period. Livestock Science 122:323-332.
18. Chamberlain, A.T., and J.M. Wilkinson. 1996. Feeding the dairy cow. 241 p. Ed. Chalcombe Publications, Painshall, Welton, Lincoln, UK.
19. Cosgrove, G.P., J.L. Burke, A.F. Death, M.J. Hickey, D. Pacheco, and G.A. Lane. 2007. Ryegrasses with increased soluble carbohydrates: evaluating the potential for dairy grazing dairy cows in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 69:179-185.
20. Cosgrove, G.P., G.C. Waghorn, and A.J. Parsons. 1999. Exploring the nutritional basis of preference and diet selection by sheep. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 61:175-180.
21. Delagarde, R., J.L. Peyraud, and L. Delaby. 1997. The effect of nitrogen fertilisation level and protein supplementation on herbage intake, feeding behaviour and digestion in grazing dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 66:165-180.
22. Flachowsky, G., and P. Lebzien. 2006. Possibilities for reduction of nitrogen (N) excretion from ruminants and the need for further research - a review. Landbauforschung Volkenrode 56:19-30.
23. Fulkerson, W. J., K. Slack, D. W. Hennessy, and G. M. Hough. 1998. Nutrients in ryegrass "Lolium spp.", white clover "Trifolium repens" and kikuyu "Pennisetum clandestinum" pastures in relation to season and stage of regrowth in a subtropical environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38:227-240.
24. Gehman, A.M., J.A. Bertrand, T.C. Jenkins, and B.W. Pinkerton. 2006. The effect of carbohydrate source on nitrogen capture in dairy cows on pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 89:2659-2667.
25. Goswami, A.K., and J.S. Willcox. 1969. Effect of applying increasing levels of nitrogen to ryegrass. I. Composition of various nitrogenous fractions and free amino acids. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 20:592-599.
26. Gressley, T.F., and L.E. Armentano. 2007. Effects of low rumendegradable protein or abomasal fructan infusion on diet digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90:1340-1353.
27. Heldt, J.S., R.C. Cochran, C.P. Mathis, B.C. Woods, K.C. Olson, E.C. Titgemeyer, et al. 1999. Effects of level and source of carbohydrate and level of degradable intake protein on intake and digestion of low-quality tallgrass-prairie hay by beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 77:2846-2854.
28. Hoekstra, N.J., R.P.O. Schulte, P.C. Struik, and E.A Lantinga. 2007. Pathways to improving the N efficiency of grazing bovines. European Journal of Agronomy 26:363-374.
29. Hristov, A.N., and J.P. Jouany. 2005. Factors affecting the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in the rumen. p. 117-166. In Pfeffer, E., and A.N. Hristov (eds.) Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of cattle. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, USA.
30. Jones-Endsley, J.M., M.J. Cecava, and T.R. Johnson. 1997. Effects of dietary supplementation on nutrient digestion and the milk yield of intensively grazed lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 80:3283-3292.
31. Johnson, R.R. 1976. Influence of carbohydrate solubility on non-protein nitrogen utilization in the ruminant. Journal of Animal Science 43:184-191.
32. Kaswari, T., P. Lebzien, G. Flachowsky, and U. Ter Meulen. 2007. Studies on the relationship between the synchronization index and the microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 139:1-22.
33. Keady, T.W., C.S. Mayne, and M. Marsden. 1998 The effects of concentrate energy source on silage intake and animal performance with lactating dairy cows offered a range of grass silage. Animal Science 66:21-33.
34. Kolver, E.S., L.D. Muller, M.C. Barry, and J.W. Penno. 1998. Evaluation and application of the cornell net carbohydrate and protein system for dairy cows fed diets based on pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 81:2029-2039.
35. Kulling, D.R., H. Menzi, T.F. Kröber, A. Neftel, F. Sutter, P. Lischer, and M. Kreuzer. 2001. Emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane from different types of dairy manure during storage as affected by dietary protein content. Journal of Agricultural Science 137:235-250.
36. Lapierre, H., R. Berthiaume, G. Raggio, M.C. Thivierge, L. Doepel, D. Pacheco, et al. 2005. The route of absorbed nitrogen into milk protein. Animal Science 80:11-22.
37. Lund, P., K. Søegaard, and M.R. Weisbjerg. 2008. Effect of strategies regarding concentrate supplementation and day-time grazing on N utilization at both field and dairy cow level. Livestock Science 114:93-107.
38. Marini, J.C., J.D. Klein, J.M. Sands, and M.E. Van Amburgh. 2004. Effect of nitrogen intake on nitrogen recycling and urea transporter abundance in lambs. Journal of Animal Science 82:1157-1164.
39. McBride, B.W., and J.M. Kelly. 1990. Energy cost of absorption and metabolism in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract and liver: a review. Journal of Animal Science 68:2997-3010.
40. Miller, L.A., J.M. Moorby, D.R. Davies, M.O. Humphreys, N.D. Scollan, J.C. MacRae, and M.K. Theodorou. 2001. Increased concentration of water soluble carbohydrate in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): Milk production from late-lactation dairy cows. Grass and Forage Science 56:383-394.
41. Moorby, J.M., R.T. Evans, N.D. Scollan, J.C. MacRae, and M.K. Theodorou. 2006. Increased concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) Evaluation in dairy cows in early lactation. Grass and Forage Science 61:52-59.
42. Mulligan, F.J., P. Dillon, J.J. Callan, M. Rath, and F.P.O. O'Mara. 2004. Supplementary concentrate type affects nitrogen excretion of grazing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87:3451-3460.
43. Newbold, J.R., and S.R. Rust. 1992. Effect of asynchronous nitrogen and energy supply on growth of ruminal bacteria in batch culture. Journal of Animal Science 70:538-546.
44. nd ed. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
45. th ed. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., USA.
46. O'Mara, F.P., G.K. Stakelum, P. Dillon, J.J. Murphy, and M. Rath. 1997. Rumen fermentation and nutrient flows for cows fed grass and grass supplemented with molassed beet pulp pellets. Journal of Dairy Science 80:2466-2474.
47. Pacheco, D., B.A. Barrett, G.P. Cosgrove, R.E. Vibart, and G.C. Waghorn. 2008. Optimising nitrogen utilisation in pastoral dairy farming: Challenges and opportunities. In Simposio Internacional "Optimizando la función ruminal en sistemas a pastoreo". XXXIII Reunión Anual SOCHIPA. Valdivia, Chile. 29-31 October 2008. Sociedad Chilena de Producción Animal A.G. (SOCHIPA), Valdivia, Chile.
48. Pacheco, D., and G.C. Waghorn. 2008. Dietary nitrogen definitions, digestion, excretion and consequences of excess for grazing ruminants. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 70:107-116.
49. Peyraud, J.L., and L. Astigarraga. 1998. Review of the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the chemical composition, intake, digestion and nutritive value of fresh herbage: consequences on animal nutrition and N balance. Animal Feed Science and Technology 72:235-259.
50. Reis, R.B., and D.K. Combs. 2000. Effects of increasing levels of grain supplementation on rumen environment and lactation performance of dairy cows grazing grass-legume pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 83:2888-2898.
51. Robaina, A.C., C. Grainger, P. Moate, J. Taylor, and J. Stewart. 1998. Responses to grain feeding by grazing dairy cows. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38:541-549.
52. Rutter, S.M., R.J. Orr, N.H. Yarrow, and R.A. Champion. 2004. Dietary preference of dairy cows grazing ryegrass and white clover. Journal of Dairy Science 87:1317-1324.
53. Satter, L.D., T.J. Klopfenstein, and G.E. Erickson. 2002. The role of nutrition in reducing nutrient output from ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 80:143-156.
54. Schwab, C., P. Huhtanen, C. Hunt, and T. Hvelplund. 2005. Nitrogen requirements of cattle. p. 14-70. In Pfeffer, E., and A.N. Hristov (eds.) Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of cattle. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, USA.
55. Shabi, Z., A. Arieli, I. Bruckental, Y. Aharoni, S. Zamwel, A. Bor, and H. Tagari. 1998. Effect of the synchronization of the degradation of dietary crude protein and organic matter and feeding frequency on ruminal fermentation and flow of digesta in the abomasum of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 81:1991-2000.
56. Steinshamn, H., M. Höglind, T. Garmo, E. Thuen, and U. Brenøe. 2006. Feed nitrogen conversion in lactating dairy cows on pasture as affected by concentrate supplementation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 131:25-41.
57. Tamminga, S. 1986. Utilization of naturally occurring NPN-compounds by ruminants. Archives of Animal Nutrition 36:169-176.
58. Tas, B.M., H.Z. Taweel, H.J. Smit, A. Elgersma, J. Dijkstra, and S. Tamminga. 2006a. Utilisation of N in perennial ryegrass cultivars by stall-fed lactating dairy cows. Livestock Science 100:159-168.
59. Tas, B.M., H.Z. Taweel, H.J. Smit, A. Elgersma, J. Dijkstra, and S. Tamminga. 2006b. Effects of perennial ryegrass cultivars on milk yield and nitrogen utilization in grazing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89:3494-3500.
60. Taweel, H.Z. 2006. Improving dry matter intake of perennial ryegrass pasture by dairy cows. p. 175-1194. In Elgersma A., J. Dijkstra, and S. Taminga (eds.) Fresh herbage for dairy cattle. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
61. Taweel, H.Z., B.M. Tas, H.J. Smit, A. Elgersma, J. Dijkstra, and S. Tamminga. 2005. Effects of feeding perennial ryegrass with an elevated concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates on intake, rumen function and performance of dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 121:243-256.
62. Taweel, H.Z., B.M. Tas, H.J. Smit, A. Elgersma, J. Dijkstra, and S. Tamminga. 2006. Grazing behaviour, intake, rumen function and milk production of dairy cows offered Lolium perenne containing different levels of water-soluble carbohydrates. Livestock Science 102:33-41.
63. Trevaskys, L.M., W.J. Fulkerson, and K.S. Nandra. 2004. Effect of time of feeding carbohydrate supplements and pasture on production of dairy cows. Livestock Production Science 85:275-285.
64. Van Vuuren, A.M., S. Tamminga, and R.S. Ketelaar. 1990. Ruminal availability of nitrogen and carbohydrates from fresh and preserved herbage in dairy cows. Netherland Journal of Agricultural Science 38:499-512.
65. Van Vuuren, A.M., C.J. Van Der Koelen, and J. Vroone-De Bruin. 1993. Ryegrass versus corn starch or beet pulp fiber diet effects on digestion and intestinal amino acids in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 76:2692-2700.
66. Verité, R., and L. Delaby. 2000. Relation between nutrition, performances and nitrogen excretion in dairy cows. Annales de Zootechnie 49:217-230.
67. Wales, W.J., E.S. Kolver, and A.R. Egan. 2009. Digestion during continuous culture fermentation when replacing perennial ryegrass with barley and steam-flaked corn. Journal of Dairy Science 92:189-196.
68. Walker, G.P., C. Stockdale, W. Wales, P. Doyle, and D. Dellow. 2001. Effect of level of grain supplementation on milk production responses of dairy cows in mid-late lactation when grazing irrigated pastures high in paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41:1-11.