Current and future medical therapy, and the molecular features of adrenocortical cancer

Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 132-145

  Hubalewska Dydejczyk, Alicja ^a   Jabrocka Hybel, Agata ^a   Pach, Dorota ^a   Gilis Januszewska, Aleksandra ^a   Sokołowski, Grzegorz ^a  

^a JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

Author keywords

Adrenocortical cancer; Growth factors; Insulin growth factor 1; Molecular factors; Targeted therapy; Wnt pathway

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CISPLATIN; CORTICOTROPIN RECEPTOR; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; MICRORNA; MITOTANE; PKF 115 584; PYRVINIUM EMBONATE; SOMATOMEDIN; SOMATOMEDIN B; STEROIDOGENIC FACTOR 1; STREPTOZOCIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; WNT PROTEIN;

ADRENAL CORTEX CARCINOMA; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; ADRENALECTOMY; CDKN1C GENE; DRUG RESPONSE; GENE EXPRESSION; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA STIMULATING ACTIVITY POLYPEPTIDE GENE; H19 GENE; HUMAN; INSULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 2 GENE; LOCAL THERAPY; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASM 1 GENE; ONCOGENE RAS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REGULATOR GENE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TP53 GENE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 83455260172     PISSN: 15748928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157489212798358029     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, Campbell KK, Carney JA, Godley PA, et al. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 424-9.
2. Wajchenberg BL, Albergaria Pereira MA, Medonca BB, Latronico AC, Campos Carneiro P, Alves VA, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma: Clinical and laboratory observations. Cancer 2000; 88: 711-36.
3. Dackiw AP, Lee JE, Gagel RF, Evans DB. Adrenal cortical carcinoma. World J Surg 2001; 25: 914-26.
4. Libe R, Bertherat J. Molecular genetics of adrenocortical tumors, from familial to sporadic disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 153: 477-87.
5. Wooten MD, Kind DK. Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Epidemiology and treatment with mitotane and a review of the literature. Cancer 1993; 72: 3145-55.
6. Latronico AC, Chrousos GP. Extensive personal experience: Adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Meatb 1997; 82: 1317-24.
7. Koschker AC, Fassnacht M, Hahner S, Weismann D, Allolio B. Adrenocortical carcinoma: Improving patient acre by establishing new structures. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006; 114: 45-51.
8. Allolio B, Fassnacht M. Clinical review: Adrenocortical carcinoma: Clinical update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 2027-37.
9. Abiven G, Coste J, Groussin L, Anract P, Tissier F, Legmann P, et al. Clinical and biological features in the prognosis of adrenal cortical carcinoma. Poor outcome of cortisol secreting tumors in a series of 202 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 2650-5.
10. Sidhu S, Gicquel C, Bambach CP, Campbell P, Magarey C, Robinson BG, et al. Clinical and molecular aspects of adrenocortical tumorigenesis. ANZJ Surg 2003; 73: 727-38.
11. Fassnacht M, Kenn W, Allolio B. Adrenal tumors: How to establish malignancy? J Endocrinol Invest 2004; 27: 387-99.
12. Lee MJ, Hahn PF, Papanicolaou N, Egglin TK, Saini S, Mueller PR, et al. Benign and malignant adrenal masses: CT distinction wit attenuation coefficients, size and observer analysis. Radiology 1991; 179: 415-8.
13. Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Francis IR, Cohan RH, Dunnick NR. Delayed enhanced CT of lipid-poor adrenal adenomas. Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175: 1411-5.
14. Szolar DH, Korobkin M, Reittner P, Berghold A, Bauernhofer T, Trummer H, et al. Adrenocortical carcinomas and adrenal pheochromocytomas: Mass and enhacement loss evaluation at delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology 2005; 234: 479-85.
15. Outwater EK, Siegelman ES, Huang AB, Birnbaum BA. Adrenal masses: correlation between CT attenuation value and chemical shift ratio at MR imaging with in-phase and opposed-phase sequences. Radiology 1996; 200: 749-52.
16. Kazerooni EA, Sisson JC, Shapiro B, Gross MD, Driedger A, Hurwitz GA. Diagnostic accuracy and pitfalls of [iodine-131]6-betaiodomethyl-19-norcholesterol (NP-59) imaging. J Nucl Med 1990; 31: 526-34.
17. th European Congress of Endocrinology. Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2011).
18. Weiss LM. Comparative histologic study of 43 metastasizing and nonmetastasizing adrenocortical tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1984; 8: 163-9.
19. Lucon AM, Pereira MA, Mendona BB, Zerbini MC, Saldanha LB, Arap S. Adrenocortical tumors: Results of treatment and study of Weiss's score as a prognostic factor. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 2002; 57: 251-6.
20. van't Sant HP, Bouvy ND, Kazemier G, Bonjer HJ, Hop WC, Feelders RA, et al. The prognostic value of two different histopathological scoring systems for adrenocortical carcinomas. Histopathology 2007; 51: 239-45.
21. Icard P, Goudet P, Charpenay C, Andreassian B, Carnaille B, Chapuis Y, et al. Adrenocortical carcinomas: Surgical trends and results of a 253-patient series from the French Association of Endpcrine Surgeons study group. World J Surg 2001; 25: 891-7.
22. Schteingart DE, Doherty GM, Gauger PG, Giordano TJ, Hammer GD, Korobkin M, et al. Management of patients with adrenal cancer: recommendations of an international consensus conference. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005; 12: 667-80.
23. Schulick RD, Brennan ME. Long-term survival after complete resection and repeat resection in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 1999; 6: 719-26.
24. Terzolo M, Angeli A, Fassnacht M, Daffara F, Tauchmanova L, Conton PA, et al. Adjuvant mitotane treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2372-80.
25. Gicquel C, Bertagna X, Gaston V, Coste J, Louvel A, Baudin E, et al. Molecular markers and long-term reccurences in a large cohort of patients with sporadic adrenocortical tumors. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 6262-7.
26. Volante M, Buttigliero C, Greco E, Berruti A, Papotti M. Pathological and molecular features of adrenocortical carcinoma: an update. J Clin Pathol 2008; 61:787-93.
27. Tissier F, Cavard C, Groussin L, Perlemoine K, Furney G, Hagnere AM, et al. Mutations of β-catenin in adrenocortical tumors: Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is a frequent event in both benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 7622-7.
28. Gonzalez RJ, Shapiro S, Sarlis N, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Perrier ND, Evans DB, et al. Laparoscopic resection of adrenal cortical carcinoma: A cautionary note. Surgery 2005; 138: 1078-85.
29. Harrison LE, Gaudin PB, Brennan MF. Pathologic features of prognostic significance for adrenal cortical carcinoma after curative resection. Arch Surg 1999; 134: 181-5.
30. Suzuki K, Ushiyama T, Mugiya S, Kageyama S, Saisu K, Fujita K. Hazards of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with adrenal malignancy. J Urol 1997; 158: 2227.
31. Kebebew E, Siperstein A, Clark O, Quan-Yang D. Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for suspected and unsuspected malignant adrenal tumors. Arch Surg 2002; 137: 948-53.
32. Brix D, Allolio B, Fenske W, Agha A, Dralle H, Jurowich C, et al. German Adrenocortical Carcinoma Registry Group. Laparoscopic versus open adrenalectomy for adrenocortical carcinoma: Surgical and oncologic outcome in 152 patients. Eur Urol 2010; 58: 609-15.
33. Zografos GN, Kothonidis K, Ageli C, Kopanakis N, Dimitriou K, Papaliodi E, et al. Laparoscopic resection of large adrenal ganglioneuroma. JSLS 2007; 11: 487-92.
34. Lucchi M, Dini P, Ambrogi MC, Berti P, Materazzi G, Miccoli P, et al. Metachronous adrenal masses incresected non-small cell lung cancer patients: Therapeutic implications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005; 27: 753-6.
35. Henry JF, Sebag F, Iacobone M, Mirallie E. Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large and potentially malignant tumors. World J Surg 2002; 26:1043-7.
36. Raeburn CD, McIntyre RC. Laparoscopic approach to adrenal and endocrine pancreatic tumors. Surg Clin North Am 2000; 80: 1427-33.
37. Kirshtein B, Yelle JD, Moloo H, Poulin E. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal malignancy: A preliminary report comparing the short-term outcomes with open adrenalectomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2008; 18: 42-6.
38. Wood BJ, Abraham J, Hvizda JL, Alexander HR, Fojo T. Radiofrequency ablation of adrenal tumors and adranocortical carcinoma metastases. Cancer 2003; 97: 554-60.
39. Hahner S, Fassnacht M. Mitotane for adrenocortical carcinoma treatment. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6: 386-94.
40. Hogan TF, Citrin DL, Johnson BM, Nakamura S, Davis TE, Borden EC. o,p-DDD (mitotane) therapy of adrenal cortical carcinoma: Observations on drug dosage, toxicity, and steroid replacement. Cancer 1978; 42: 2177-81.
41. Bergenstal D, Hertz R, Lipsett M, Moy R. Chemotherapy of adrenocortical cancer with o,p-DDD. Ann Intern Med 1960; 53: 672-82.
42. Lubitz JA, Freeman L, Okun R. Mitotane use in inoperable adrenal cortical carcinoma. JAMA 1973; 223: 1109-12.
43. Gonzalez RJ, Tamm EP, Chaan NG, Phan AT, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Perrier ND, et al. Response to mitotane predicts outcome in patients with recurrent adrenal cortical carcinoma. Surgery 2007; 142; 867-75.
44. Hutter Jr AM, Kayhoe DE. Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Clinical features of 138 patients. Am J Med 1966; 41: 572-80.
45. Becker D, Schumacher OP. O,p'DDD therapy in invasive adrenocortical carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 1975; 82: 677-9.
46. Jarabak J, Rice K. Metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma. Prolonged regression with mitotane therapy. JAMA 1981; 246: 1706-7.
47. van Slooten H, Moolenaar AJ, van Seters AP, Smeenk D. The treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma with o,p_-DDD: Prognostic implications of serum level monitoring. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1984; 20: 47-53.
48. Terzolo M, Pia A, Berruti A, Osella G, Ali A, Carbone V, et al. Low-dose monitored mitotane treatment achieves the therapeutic range with manageable side effects in patients with adrenocortical cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2234-8.
49. Baudin E, Pellegriti G, Bonnay M, Penfornis A, Laplanche A, Vassal G, et al. Impact of monitoring plasma 1,1-dichlorodiphenildichloroethane (o,p_DDD) levels on the treatment of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Cancer 2001; 92: 1385-92.
50. Faggiano A, Leboulleux S, Young J, Schlumberger M, Baudin E. Rapidly progressing high o,p'DDD doses shorten the time required to reach the therapeutic threshold with an acceptable tolerance: Preliminary results. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 64: 110-3.
51. Baudin E, Pellegriti G, Bonnay M, Penfornis A, Laplanche A, Vassal G. Impact of monitoring plasma 1,1- dichlorodiphenilchloroetane levels on the treatment of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Cancer 2001; 92: 1385-92.
52. Ilias I, Alevizaki M, Philippou G, Anastasiou E, Souvatzoglou A. Sustained remission of metastatic adrenal carcinoma during longtermadministration of low-dose mitotane. J Endocrinol Invest 2001; 24: 532-5.
53. Haak HR, Hermans J, Van De Velde CJ. Optimal treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma with mitotane: results in a consecutive series of 96 patients. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 947-51.
54. Terzolo M, Angeli A, Fassnacht M, Daffara F, Tauchmanova L, Conton PA, et al. Adjuvant mitotane treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2372-80.
55. Schteingart DE. Adjuvant mitotane therapy of adrenal cancer-use and controversy. Editorial. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2415-8.
56. Daffara F, De Francia S, Reimondo G, Zaggia B, Aroasio E, Porpiglia F, et al. Prospective evaluation of mitotane toxicity in adrenocortical câncer patients treated adjuvantly. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008; 15: 1043-53.
57. Terzolo M, Berruti A. Adjunctive treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15: 221-6.
58. Wängberg B, Khorram-Manesh A, Jansson S, Nilsson B, Nilsson O, Jakobsson CE, et al. The long-term survival in adrenocortical carcinoma with active surgical management and use of monitored mitotane. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17: 265-72.
59. Bertherat J, Coste J, Bertagna X. Adjuvant mitotane in adrenocortical carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1256-7.
60. Kasperlik-Zaluska AA. Clinical results of the use of mitotane for adrenocortical carcinoma. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000; 33: 1191-6.
61. Nader N, Raverot G, Emptoz-Bonneton A, Dechaud H, Bonnay M, Baudin E, et al. Mitotane has an estrogenic effect on sex binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 2165-70.
62. Ahlman H, Khorram-Manesh A, Jansson S, Wängberg B, Nilsson O, Jacobsson CE, et al. Cytotoxic treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. World J Surg 2001; 25: 927-33.
63. Khan TS, Sundin A, Juhlin C, Wilander E, Oberg K, Eriksson B. Vincristine, cisplatin, teniposide, and cyclophosphamide combination in the treatment of recurrent or metastatic adrenocortical cancer. Med Oncol 2004; 21: 167-77.
64. th European Congress of Endocrinology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2011).
65. Miller JW, Carpo L. The medical treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Endocr Rev 1993; 14: 443-58.
66. Brandt, I. Treatment of adrenocortical hypersecretion and tumor growth. US7091248 (2006).
67. Brandt, I. Novel treatment of adrenocortical hypersecretion and tumour growth. US0242705 (2004).
68. Bertherat J, Bertagna X. Pathogenesis of adrenocortical cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 23: 261-71.
69. Barlaskar FM, Hammer GD. The molecular genetics of adrenocortical carcinoma. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2007; 8: 343-48.
70. Assie G, Guillaud-Bataille M, Ragazzon B, Bertagna X, Bertherat J, Clauser E. The patophysiology, diagnosis and prognosis of adrenocortical tumors revisited by transcriptome analyses. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21: 325-34.
71. Lumniczky K, Sáfrány G. Cancer gene therapy: combination with radiation therapy and the role of bystander cell killing in the antitumor effect. Pathol Oncol Res 2006; 12: 118-24.
72. Bussey, K. Methods and Kits used in classifying adrenocortical carcinoma. WO2011097519 (2011).
73. Kirchner LS. Signaling pathways in adrenocortical cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 968: 222-39.
74. Libe R, Fratticci A, Bertherat J. Adrenocortical cancer: Patophysiology and clinical management. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007; 14: 13-28.
75. Pollak M. Targeting insulin and insulin like growth factor signaling in oncology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008; 8: 384-92.
76. Lelbach A, Muzes G, Feher J. The insulin like growth factor system: IGFs, IGF-binding proteins and IGFBP-proteases. Acta Physiol Hung 2005; 92: 97-107.
77. Pavelic J, Matijevic T, Knezevic J. Biological and physiological aspects of action of insulinlike growth factor peptide family. Indian J Med Res 2007; 125: 511-22.
78. Kornfeld S. Structure and function of the mannose-6- phosphate/insulin like growth factor II receptors. Annu Rev Biochem 1992; 61: 307-30.
79. De Meyts P, Whittaker J. Structural biology of insulin and IGF-1 receptors: Implications for drug design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002; 1: 769-83.
80. Ahlgren M, Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Sorensen TI. Growth patterns and the risk of breast cancer in women. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1619-26.
81. Osborne, CK, Bolan G, Monaco ME, Lippman ME. Hormone responsive human breast cancer in longterm tissue culture: Effect of insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976; 73: 4536-40.
82. Heuson JC, Legros N. Infl uence of insulin deprivation on growth of the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-induced mammary carci noma in rats subjected to alloxan diabetes and food restriction. Cancer Res 1972; 32: 226-32.
83. Myal Y, Shiu RP, Bhaumick B. Receptor binding and growthpromoting activity of insulinlike growth factors in human breast cancer cells (T-47D) in culture. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 5486-90.
84. Giquel C, Bertagna X, Schneid H, Francillard-Leblond M, Luton JP, Girard F, et al. Rearrangements at the 11p15 locus and overexpression of insulin-like growth factor -II in sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 1444-53.
85. Ilvesmaki V, Kahri Al, Miettinen PJ, Voutillainnen R. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their receptors in adrenal tumors: High IGF-II expression in functional adrenocortical carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 83: 852-8.
86. Boulle N, Logie A, Gicquel C, Perin L, Le Bouc Y. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and IGF-binding protein -2 are associated with malignancy in sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1713-20.
87. Almeida MQ, Fragoso MC, Lotfi CF, Santos MG, Nishi MY, Costa MH, et al. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-II and its receptor in pediatric and adult adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 3524-31.
88. Giordano TJ, Thomas DG, Kuick R, Lizyness M, Misek DE, Smith AL, et al. Distinct transcriptional profiles of adrenocortical tumors uncovered by DNA microarray analysis. Am J Pathol 2003; 162: 521-31.
89. de Fraipont F, El Atifi M, Cherradi N, Le Moigne G, Defaye G, Houlgatte R, et al. Gene expression profiling of human adrenocortical tumors using complementary deoxyribonucleic Acid microarrays identifies several candidate genes as markers of malignancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 1819-29.
90. Weber MM, Auernhammer CJ, Kiess W, Engelhardt D. Insulin-like growth factor receptors in normal and tumorous adult human adrenocortical glands. Eur J Endocrinol 1997; 136: 296-303.
91. Boulle N, Gicquel C, Logié A, Christol R, Feige JJ, Le Bouc Y. Fibroblast growth factor-2 inhibits the maturation of pro-insulinlike growth factor-II (Pro-IGF-II) and the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) in the human adrenocortical tumor cell line NCI-H295R. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 3127-36.
92. Boulle N, Baudin E, Gicquel C, Logié A, Bertherat J, Penfornis A, et al. Evaluation of plasma insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 as a marker for adrenocortical tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 2001; 144: 29-36.
93. Zha J, Lackner MR. Targeting the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor-1R pathway for cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16: 2512-7.
94. Hewish M, Chau I, Cunningham D. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor targeted therapeutics: Novel compounds and novel treatment strategies for cancer medicine. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2009; 4: 54-72.
95. Buck, E.A., Stephens, A.W. Adrenocortical carcinoma treatment. US0286155 (2010).
96. Chang, C., Losman, M.J., Goldenberg, D.M. Novel class of monospecific and bispecific humanized antibodies that target the insulinlike growth factor type I receptor (IGF-1R). US0226884 (2010).
97. Barlaskar FM, Spalding AC, Heaton JH, Kuick R, Kim AC, Thomas DG, et al. Preclinical targeting of the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor in adrenocortical carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 204-12.
98. Weber MM, Fottner C, Wolf E. The role of the insulin-like growth factor system in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30(suppl): 69-75.
99. De Chiara TM, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A. Parental imprinting of the mouse insulin like growth factor II gene. Cell 1991; 64: 849-59.
100. Gicquel C, Bertagna X, Gaston V, Coste J, Louvel A, Baudin E, et al. Molecular markers and long-term recurrences in a large cohort of patients with sporadic adrenocortical tumors. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 6762-7.
101. Gordon MD, Nusse R. Wnt signaling: Multiple pathways, multiple receptors, and multiple transcriptions factors. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 22429-33.
102. Blaker H, Sutter C, Kadmon M. Analysis of somatic APC mutations in rare extracolonic tumors of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis coli. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 41: 93-8.
103. Schinner S, Willenberg HS, Schott M, Scherbaum WA. Pathophysiological aspects of Wnt-signaling in endocrine disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160: 731-7.
104. Schinner S, Willenberg HS, Krause D, Schott M, Lamounier-Zepter V, Krug AW, et al. Adipocyte-derived products induce the transcription of the StAR promoter and stimulate aldosterone and cortisol secretion from adrenocortical cells through the Wntsignaling pathway. Int J Obes 2007; 31: 864-70.
105. Gaujoux S, Tissier F, Groussin L, Libé R, Ragazzon B, Launay P, et al. Wnt/β-Catenin and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine 5'- monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling pathways alterations and somatic β -catenin gene mutations in the progression of adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 4135-40.
106. Berthon A, Sahut-Barnola I, Lambert-Langlais S, de Joussineau C, Damon-Soubeyrand C, Louiset E, et al. Constitutive beta-catenin activation induces adrenal hyperplasia and promotes adrenal cancer development. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:1561-76.
107. Gaujoux S, Grabar S, Fassnacht M, Ragazzon B, Launay P, Libé R, et al. {beta}-Catenin activation is associated with specific clinical and pathologic characteristics and a poor outcome in adrenocortical carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17: 206-11.
108. Bonnet S, Gaujoux S, Launay P, Baudry C, Chokri I, Ragazzon B, et al. Wnt/{beta}-Catenin pathway activation in adrenocortical adenomas is frequently due to somatic ctnnb1-activating mutations, which are associated with larger and nonsecreting tumors: A study in cortisol-secreting and -nonsecreting tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E419-26.
109. Lee, E., Lee, L., Thorne, C., Tahinci, E., Meyers, K.C. Pyrvinium for the treatment of cancer. US20090099062 (2009).
110. Doghman M, Cazareth J, Lalli E. The T cell factor/beta-catenin antagonist PKF115-584 inhibits proliferation of adrenocortical carcinoma cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 3222-5.
111. Bertherat J, Groussin L, Sandrini F, Matyakhina L, Bei T, Stergiopoulos S, et al. Molecular and functional analysis of PRKARIA and its locus (17q22-24)in sporadic adrenocortical tumors: 17q losses, somatic mutations, and protein kinase A expression and activity. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 5308-19.
112. Gaujoux S, Tissier F, Groussin L, Libé R, Ragazzon B, Launay P, et al. Wnt/beta-catenin and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine 5'- monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling pathways alterations and somatic beta-catenin gene mutations in the progression of adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93: 4135-40.
113. Kirschner LS. Review: Emerging treatment strategies for adrenocortical carcinoma: A new hope. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 14-21.
114. Hicklin DJ, Ellis LM. Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 1011-27.
115. Krause DS, Van Etten RA. Tyrosine kinases as targets for cancer therapy. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 172-87.
116. De Paepe B. Anti-angiogenic agents and cancer: Current insights and future perspectives. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2009; 4:180-5.
117. Fyfe, G., Holmgren, E., Mass, R.D., Novotny, W. Treatment with anti-VEGF antibodies. US2008016635 (2008).
118. Hedrick, E., Mass, R.D., Fyfe, G., Wolmark, N. Adjuvant cancer therapy. US20100266589 (2010).
119. Ryan, A.J. Combination of ZD6474 and Bevacizumab for cancer therapy. US20100092466 (2010).
120. Fyfe, G., Holmgren, E., Mass, R.D., Novotny, W. Treatment with anti-VEGF antibodies. US20110123494 (2011).
121. Chen P, Wang L, Liu B, Zhang HZ, Liu HC, Zou Z. EGFRtargeted therapies combined with chemotherapy for treating advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 67: 235-43.
122. Pirker R, Filipits M. Monoclonal antibodies against EGFR in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010 Nov 23.
123. Geurs F, Vandewaeter S, Ponette S, Ponette J, Knape S, Demetter P. Successful and well-tolerated second line therapy with cetuximab, irinotecan, and raltitrexed in progressive liver disease due to metastatic colon cancer. J Gastrointest Cancer 2008; 39: 26-8.
124. Quinkler M, Hahner S, Wortmann S, Johanssen S, Adam P, Ritter C, et al. Treatment of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma with erlotinib plus gemcitabine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 2057-62.
125. Lee JO, Lee KW, Kim CJ, Kim YJ, Lee HE, Kim H, et al. Metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma treated with sunitinib: A case report. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2009; 39: 183-5.
126. Butler C, Butler WM, Rizvi AA. Sustained remission with the kinase inhibitor sorafenib in stage IV metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocr Pract 2010; 16: 441-5.
127. Hong DS, Sebti SM, Newman RA, Blaskovich MA, Ye L, Gagel RF, et al. Phase I trial of a combination of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib and the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in advanced malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 7061-8.
128. Shields JM, Pruitt K, McFall A, Shaub A, Der CJ. Understanding Ras:'it ain't over til it's over'. Trends in Cell Biology 2000; 10: 147-54.
129. Malkin D. The role of p53 in human cancer. J Neuro-Oncol 2001; 51: 231-43.
130. Wagner J, Portwine C, Rabin K, Leclerc JM, Narod SA, Malkin D. High frequency of germline p53 mutations in childhood adrenocortical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 1707-10.
131. Varley JM, McGown G, Thorncroft M, James LA, Margison GP, Forster G, et al. Are there low-penetrance TP53 Alleles? Evidence from childhood adrenocortical tumors. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 995-1006.
132. Ribeiro RC, Sandrini F, Figueiredo B, Zambetti GP, Michalkiewicz E, Lafferty AR, et al. An inherited p53 mutation that contributes in a tissue-specific manner to pediatric adrenal cortical carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 9330-5.
133. Latronico AC, Pinto EM, Domenice S, Fragoso MC, Martin RM, Zerbini MC, et al. An inherited mutation outside the highly conserved DNA-binding domain of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in children and adults with sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4970-3.
134. Reincke M, Karl M, Travis WH. P53 mutations in human adrenocortical neoplasms: immunohistochemical and molecular studies. J Clin Endorinol Metab 1994; 78: 790-4.
135. Soon P, McDonald KL, Robinson BG, Sidhu SB. Molecular markers and pathogenesis of adrenocortical cancer. The Oncologist 2000; 13: 548-61.
136. Zwermann O, Beuschlein F, Klink A, Stahl M, Reincke M. The role of the ACTH receptor in adrenal tumors: Identification of a novel microsatellite marker. Horm Metab Res 2004; 36: 406-10.
137. Tacon LJ, Soon PS, Gill AJ, Chou AS, Clarkson A, Botling J, et al. The glucocorticoid receptor is overexpressed in malignant adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 4591-9.
138. Lalli E. Adrenocortical development and cancer: focus on SF-1. J Mol Endocrinol 2010; 44: 301-7.
139. Schimmer BP, White PC. Minireview: Steroidogenic factor 1: Its roles in differentiation, development, and disease. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24: 1322-37.
140. Pianovski MA, Cavalli LR, Figueiredo BC, Santos SC, Doghman M, Ribeiro RC, et al. SF-1 overexpression in childhood adrenocortical tumours. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 1040-3.
141. Almeida MQ, Soares IC, Ribeiro TC, Fragoso MC, Marins LV, Wakamatsu A, et al. Steroidogenic factor 1 overexpression and gene amplification are more frequent in adrenocortical tumours from children that from adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 1458-62.
142. Sbiera S, Schmull S, Assie G, Voelker HU, Kraus L, Beyer M, et al. High diagnostic and prognostic value of steroidogenic factor-1 expression in adrenal tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: E161-71.
143. Doghman M, Madoux F, Hodder P, Lalli E. Identification and characterization of steroidogenic factor-1 inverse agonists. Methods Enzymol 2010; 485: 3-23.
144. Doghman M, Cazareth J, Douguet D, Madoux F, Hodder P, Lalli E. Inhibition of adrenocortical carcinoma cell proliferation by steroidogenic factor-1 inverse agonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 2178-83.
145. Figueiredo BC, Cavalli LR, Pianovski MA, Lalli E, Sandrini R, Ribeiro RC, et al. Amplification of the steroidogenic factor 1 gene in childhood adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 615-9.
146. The European Consortium on MEN1. Identification of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene. Hum Mol Genet 1997; 6: 1177-83.
147. Haase M, Anlauf M, Schott M, Schinner S, Kaminsky E, Scherbaum WA, et al. A new mutation in the menin gene causes the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome with adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocrine 2011; 39: 153-9.
148. Griniatsos JE, Dimitriou N, Zilos A, Sakellariou S, Evangelou K, Kamakari S, et al. Bilateral adrenocortical carcinoma in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and a novel mutation in the MEN1 gene. World J Surg Oncol 2011; 25: 9.
149. Schulte KM, Mengel M, Heinze M, Simon D, Scheuring S, Köhrer K, et al. Complete sequencing and Messenger ribonucleic acid expression analysis of the men I gene in adrenal cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 441-8.
150. Fernandez-Ranvier GG, Weng J, Yeh RF, Shibru D, Khafnashar E, Chung KW, et al. Candidate diagnostic markers and tumor suppressor genes for adrenocortical carcinoma by expression profile of genes on chromosome 11q13. World J Surg 2008; 32: 873-81.
151. Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, Castle J, et al. Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs. Nature 2005; 433: 769-73.
152. Baek D, Villen J, Shin C, Camargo FD, Gygi SP, Bartel DP. The impact of microRNAs on protein output. Nature 2008; 455: 64-71.
153. Selbach M, Schwanhausser B, Thierfelder N, Fang Z, Khanin R, Rajewsky N. Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by microRNAs. Nature 2008; 455: 58-63.
154. Wijnhoven BP, Michael MZ, Watson DI. MicroRNAs and cancer. Br J Surg 2007; 94: 23-30.
155. Bueno MJ, de Castro IP, Malumbres M. Control of cell proliferation pathways by microRNAs. Cell Cycle 2008; 73: 143-8.
156. Soon PS, Tacon LJ, Gill AJ, Bambach CP, Sywak MS, Campbell PR, et al. miR-195 and miR-483-5p Identified as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Adrenocortical Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 7684-92.
157. Patterson EE, Holloway AK, Weng J, Fojo T, Kebebew E. MicroRNA profiling of adrenocortical tumors reveals miR-483 as a marker of malignancy. Cancer 2011; 117: 1630-9.
158. Tömböl Z, Szabó PM, Molnár V, Wiener Z, Tölgyesi G, Horányi J, et al. Integrative molecular bioinformatics study of human adrenocortical tumors: MicroRNA, tissue-specific target prediction, and pathway analysis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16: 895-906.
159. Schmitz KJ, Helwig J, Bertram S, Sheu SY, Suttorp AC, Seggewiss J, et al. Differential expression of microRNA-675, microRNA-139- 3p and microRNA-335 in benign and malignant adrenocortical tumours. J Clin Pathol 2011; 64: 529-35.
160. Szabó PM, Tamási V, Molnár V, Andrásfalvy M, Tömböl Z, Farkas R, et al. Meta-analysis of adrenocortical tumour genomics data: novel pathogenic pathways revealed. Oncogene 2010; 29: 3163-72.
161. Stephan EA, Chung TH, Grant CS, Kim S, Von Hoff DD, Trent JM, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma survival rates correlated to genomic copy number variants. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7: 425-31.
162. Fassnacht M, Kreissl MC, Weisman D, Allolio B. New targets and therapeutic approaches for endocrine malignancies. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123: 117-41.