메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 57, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 31-50

Functional forms for photon spectra of clinical linacs

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AVERAGE ENERGY; CYBERKNIFE; DEPTH DOSE; ENERGY FLUENCES; ENERGY SPREADS; FLATTENING FILTERS; FREE PARAMETERS; FUNCTIONAL FORMS; HIGH-PRECISION; IMAGING MODES; INCIDENT ELECTRON BEAMS; INCIDENT ELECTRONS; MONTE CARLO; OFF-AXIS; PHOTON ENERGY; PHOTON SPECTRA; PHYSICS-BASED; ROOT-MEAN SQUARE DEVIATION; SIEMENS; TOMOTHERAPY; TRANSMISSION DATA; VIRTUAL SOURCES;

EID: 83455225172     PISSN: 00319155     EISSN: 13616560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/1/31     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (32)

References (48)
  • 1
    • 0024441718 scopus 로고
    • Determination of effective bremsstrahlung spectra and electron contamination for photon dose calculations
    • Ahnesj A and Andreo P 1989 Determination of effective bremsstrahlung spectra and electron contamination for photon dose calculations Phys. Med. Biol. 34 1451-64 (Pubitemid 19245994)
    • (1989) Physics in Medicine and Biology , vol.34 , Issue.10 , pp. 1451-1464
    • Ahnesjo, A.1    Andreo, P.2
  • 2
    • 85168635838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond self-consistency in beam commissioning: Determination of true linac spectra
    • (abstract)
    • Ali E S M, McEwen M R and Rogers D W O 2011 Beyond self-consistency in beam commissioning: determination of true linac spectra Med. Phys. 38 3870-1 (abstract)
    • (2011) Med. Phys. , vol.38 , pp. 3870-3871
    • Ali, E.S.M.1    McEwen, M.R.2    Rogers, D.W.O.3
  • 3
    • 83455220426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel physics-based approach for unfolding megavoltage bremsstrahlung spectra using transmission analysis
    • Ali E S M and Rogers D W O 2011a A novel physics-based approach for unfolding megavoltage bremsstrahlung spectra using transmission analysis Med. Phys. submitted
    • (2011) Med. Phys.
    • Ali, E.S.M.1    Rogers, D.W.O.2
  • 4
    • 84855243395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a new spectral functional form
    • (Ottawa: Carleton Laboratory for Radiotherapy Physics, Carleton University)
    • Ali E S M and Rogers D W O 2011b Validation of a new spectral functional form Technical Report CLRP 11-01 (Ottawa: Carleton Laboratory for Radiotherapy Physics, Carleton University) http://www.physics.carleton.ca/clrp/brem-spectra
    • (2011) Technical Report CLRP 11-01
    • Ali, E.S.M.1    Rogers, D.W.O.2
  • 5
    • 33746605979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monte Carlo study of a Cyberknife stereotactic radiosurgery system
    • DOI 10.1118/1.2219774
    • Araki F 2006 Monte Carlo study of a Cyberknife stereotactic radiosurgery system Med. Phys. 33 2955-63 (Pubitemid 44154569)
    • (2006) Medical Physics , vol.33 , Issue.8 , pp. 2955-2963
    • Araki, F.1
  • 7
    • 0028928481 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of megavoltage photon spectra by attenuation analysis
    • Baker C R, Ama'ee B and Spyrou N M 1995 Reconstruction of megavoltage photon spectra by attenuation analysis Phys. Med. Biol. 40 529-42
    • (1995) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.40 , pp. 529-542
    • Baker, C.R.1    Ama'Ee, B.2    Spyrou, N.M.3
  • 8
    • 0030840183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of 6 MV photon spectra from measured transmission including maximum energy estimation
    • DOI 10.1088/0031-9155/42/11/003, PII S0031915597815667
    • Baker C R and Peck K K 1997 Reconstruction of 6 MV photon spectra from measured transmission including maximum energy estimation Phys. Med. Biol. 42 2041-51 (Pubitemid 27512527)
    • (1997) Physics in Medicine and Biology , vol.42 , Issue.11 , pp. 2041-2051
    • Baker, C.R.1    Peck, K.K.2
  • 9
    • 0031834091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extraction of the photon spectra from measured beam parameters
    • DOI 10.1118/1.598257
    • Bloch P and McDonough J 1998 Extraction of the photon spectra from measured beam parameters Med. Phys. 25 752-7 (Pubitemid 28234898)
    • (1998) Medical Physics , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 752-757
    • Bloch, P.1    McDonough, J.2
  • 10
    • 0003395844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MCNP - A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code, version 4c3
    • (Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory)
    • Briesmeister J F 1999 MCNP - a general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code, version 4c3 Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-12625 (Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory)
    • (1999) Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-12625
    • Briesmeister, J.F.1
  • 11
    • 1242271379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced spectral discrimination through the exploitation of interface effects in photon dose data
    • DOI 10.1118/1.1637731
    • Charland P M, Chetty I J, Paniak L D, Bednarz B P and Fraass B A 2004 Enhanced spectral discrimination through the exploitation of interface effects in photon dose data Med. Phys. 31 264-76 (Pubitemid 38235396)
    • (2004) Medical Physics , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 264-276
    • Charland, P.M.1    Chetty, I.J.2    Paniak, L.D.3    Bednarz, B.P.4    Fraass, B.A.5
  • 12
    • 12844279815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference photon dosimetry data and reference phase space data for the 6 MV photon beam from Varian Clinac 2100 series linear accelerators
    • DOI 10.1118/1.1829172
    • Cho S H, Vassiliev O N, Lee S, Liu H H, Ibbott G S and Mohan R 2005 Reference photon dosimetry data and reference phase space data for the 6 MV photon beam from Varian Clinac 2100 series linear accelerators Med. Phys. 32 137-48 (Pubitemid 40165525)
    • (2005) Medical Physics , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 137-148
    • Cho, S.H.1    Vassiliev, O.N.2    Lee, S.3    Liu, H.H.4    Ibbott, G.S.5    Mohan, R.6
  • 13
    • 83455187413 scopus 로고
    • Investigations of electron interactions with matter: Part 1. Bremsstrahlung production in aluminum and iron
    • Dance W E and Baggerly L L 1965 Investigations of electron interactions with matter: part 1. Bremsstrahlung production in aluminum and iron NASA Report CR-334
    • (1965) NASA Report CR-334
    • Dance, W.E.1    Baggerly, L.L.2
  • 14
    • 44649149573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A flexible Monte Carlo tool for patient or phantom specific calculations: Comparison with preliminary validation measurements
    • Davidson S, Cui J, Followill D, Ibbott G and Deasy J 2008 A flexible Monte Carlo tool for patient or phantom specific calculations: comparison with preliminary validation measurements J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 102 012004
    • (2008) J. Phys. Conf. Ser. , vol.102 , pp. 012004
    • Davidson, S.1    Cui, J.2    Followill, D.3    Ibbott, G.4    Deasy, J.5
  • 15
    • 0025765015 scopus 로고
    • Bremsstrahlung review: An analysis of the Schiff spectrum
    • Desobry G E and Boyer A L 1991 Bremsstrahlung review: an analysis of the Schiff spectrum Med. Phys. 18 497-505
    • (1991) Med. Phys. , vol.18 , pp. 497-505
    • Desobry, G.E.1    Boyer, A.L.2
  • 16
    • 52949136602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benchmarking of Monte Carlo simulation of bremsstrahlung from thick targets at radiotherapy energies
    • Faddegon B A, Asai M, Perl J, Ross C, Sempau J, Tinslay J and Salvat F 2008 Benchmarking of Monte Carlo simulation of bremsstrahlung from thick targets at radiotherapy energies Med. Phys. 35 4308-17
    • (2008) Med. Phys. , vol.35 , pp. 4308-4317
    • Faddegon, B.A.1    Asai, M.2    Perl, J.3    Ross, C.4    Sempau, J.5    Tinslay, J.6    Salvat, F.7
  • 17
    • 0025054667 scopus 로고
    • Forward-directed bremsstrahlung of 10- to 30-MeV electrons incident on thick targets of Al and Pb
    • DOI 10.1118/1.596560
    • Faddegon B A, Ross C K and Rogers D W O 1990 Forward-directed bremsstrahlung of 10 to 30 MeV electrons incident on thick targets of Al and Pb Med. Phys. 17 773-85 (Pubitemid 20353754)
    • (1990) Medical Physics , vol.17 , Issue.5 , pp. 773-785
    • Faddegon, B.A.1    Ross, C.K.2    Rogers, D.W.O.3
  • 18
    • 0025744831 scopus 로고
    • Angular distribution of bremsstrahlung from 15 MeV electrons incident on thick targets of Be, Al and Pb
    • Faddegon B A, Ross C K and Rogers D W O 1991 Angular distribution of bremsstrahlung from 15 MeV electrons incident on thick targets of Be, Al and Pb Med. Phys. 18 727-39
    • (1991) Med. Phys. , vol.18 , pp. 727-739
    • Faddegon, B.A.1    Ross, C.K.2    Rogers, D.W.O.3
  • 19
    • 0024640730 scopus 로고
    • Analytic representation of bremsstrahlung spectra from thick radiators as a function of photon energy and angle
    • Findlay D J S 1989 Analytic representation of bremsstrahlung spectra from thick radiators as a function of photon energy and angle Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 276 598-601
    • (1989) Nucl. Instrum. Methods , vol.276 , pp. 598-601
    • Findlay, D.J.S.1
  • 20
    • 0032772588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fast Monte Carlo dose calculation for photon beams based on the VMC electron algorithm
    • DOI 10.1118/1.598676
    • Fippel M 1999 Fast Monte Carlo dose calculation for photon beams based on the VMC electron algorithm Med. Phys. 26 1466-75 (Pubitemid 29402256)
    • (1999) Medical Physics , vol.26 , Issue.8 , pp. 1466-1475
    • Fippel, M.1
  • 21
    • 0037340926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A virtual photon energy fluence model for Monte Carlo dose calculation
    • DOI 10.1118/1.1543152
    • Fippel M, Haryanto F, Dohm O, Nsslin F and Kriesen S 2003 A virtual photon energy fluence model for Monte Carlo dose calculation Med. Phys. 30 301-11 (Pubitemid 36337095)
    • (2003) Medical Physics , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 301-311
    • Fippel, M.1    Haryanto, F.2    Dohm, O.3    Nusslin, F.4    Kriesen, S.5
  • 22
    • 53149114820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of radiotherapy x-ray spectra using a screen-film system
    • Garnica-Garza H M 2008 Determination of radiotherapy x-ray spectra using a screen-film system Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 46 1029-37
    • (2008) Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. , vol.46 , pp. 1029-1037
    • Garnica-Garza, H.M.1
  • 23
    • 79952148081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current status and future perspective of flattening filter free photon beams
    • Georg D, Kns T and McClean B 2011 Current status and future perspective of flattening filter free photon beams Med. Phys. 38 1280-93
    • (2011) Med. Phys. , vol.38 , pp. 1280-1293
    • Georg, D.1    Kns, T.2    McClean, B.3
  • 24
    • 0027462922 scopus 로고
    • Spectral estimation and contrast calculation in the design of contrast-detail test objects for radiotherapy portal imaging
    • Harrison R M, Lambert G D and Chapple C L 1993 Spectral estimation and contrast calculation in the design of contrast-detail test objects for radiotherapy portal imaging Phys. Med. Biol. 38 545-56 (Pubitemid 23107382)
    • (1993) Physics in Medicine and Biology , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 545-556
    • Harrison, R.M.1    Lambert, G.D.2    Chapple, C.-L.3
  • 25
    • 0036703565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectral reconstruction of high energy photon beams for kernel based dose calculations
    • DOI 10.1118/1.1494831
    • Hinson W H and Bourland J D 2002 Spectral reconstruction of high energy photon beams for kernel based dose calculations Med. Phys. 29 1789-96 (Pubitemid 35364215)
    • (2002) Medical Physics , vol.29 , Issue.8 , pp. 1789-1796
    • Hinson, W.H.1    Bourland, J.D.2
  • 27
    • 0034104708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accurate condensed history Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport. I. EGSnrc, the new EGS4 version
    • DOI 10.1118/1.598917
    • Kawrakow I 2000 Accurate condensed history Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport: I. EGSnrc, the new EGS4 version Med. Phys. 27 485-98 (Pubitemid 30171797)
    • (2000) Medical Physics , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 485-498
    • Kawrakow, I.1
  • 28
    • 0003797114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The EGSnrc Code System: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport
    • (Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada)
    • Kawrakow I and Rogers D W O 2007 The EGSnrc Code System: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport NRC Technical Report PIRS-701 v4-2-2-5 (Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada), http://www.irs.inms.nrc. ca/inms/irs/EGSnrc/EGSnrc.html
    • (2007) NRC Technical Report
    • Kawrakow, I.1    Rogers, D.W.O.2
  • 29
    • 36149025042 scopus 로고
    • Bremsstrahlung cross-section formulas and related data
    • Koch H W and Motz J W 1959 Bremsstrahlung cross-section formulas and related data Rev. Mod. Phys. 31 920-55
    • (1959) Rev. Mod. Phys. , vol.31 , pp. 920-955
    • Koch, H.W.1    Motz, J.W.2
  • 30
    • 0000599583 scopus 로고
    • On the theory of x-ray absorption and of the continuous x-ray spectrum
    • Kramers H A 1923 On the theory of x-ray absorption and of the continuous x-ray spectrum Phil. Mag. 46 836-71
    • (1923) Phil. Mag. , vol.46 , pp. 836-871
    • Kramers, H.A.1
  • 31
    • 0030029731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of bremsstrahlung spectra generated by a 4-MeV linear accelerator
    • DOI 10.1118/1.597701
    • Krmar M, Slivka J, Bikit I, Vesković M and onkić L 1996 Evaluation of bremsstrahlung spectra generated by a 4 MeV linear accelerator Med. Phys. 23 651-4 (Pubitemid 26000111)
    • (1996) Medical Physics , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 651-654
    • Krmar, M.1    Slivka, J.2    Bikit, I.3    Veskovic, M.4    Conkic, Lj.5
  • 33
    • 0024559270 scopus 로고
    • The quality of high-energy X-ray beams
    • LaRiviere P D 1989 The quality of high-energy X-ray beams Br. J. Radiol. 62 473-81
    • (1989) Br. J. Radiol. , vol.62 , pp. 473-481
    • Lariviere, P.D.1
  • 34
    • 0015754295 scopus 로고
    • Accurate formulae for the calculation of high energy electron bremsstrahlung spectra
    • Matthews J L and Owens R O 1973 Accurate formulae for the calculation of high energy electron bremsstrahlung spectra Nucl. Instrum. Methods 111 157-68
    • (1973) Nucl. Instrum. Methods , vol.111 , pp. 157-168
    • Matthews, J.L.1    Owens, R.O.2
  • 35
    • 0003620648 scopus 로고
    • The EGS4 code system
    • (Stanford, CA: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center)
    • Nelson W R, Hirayama H and Rogers D W O 1985 The EGS4 code system Report SLAC-265 (Stanford, CA: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center)
    • (1985) Report SLAC-265
    • Nelson, W.R.1    Hirayama, H.2    Rogers, D.W.O.3
  • 36
    • 0021144556 scopus 로고
    • Angular distribution and yield from bremsstrahlung targets
    • Nordell B and Brahme A 1984 Angular distribution and yield from bremsstrahlung targets Phys. Med. Biol. 29 797-810 (Pubitemid 14053947)
    • (1984) Physics in Medicine and Biology , vol.29 , Issue.7 , pp. 797-810
    • Nordell, B.1    Brahme, A.2
  • 37
    • 0033777289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of megavoltage photon spectra from electronic portal imager derived transmission measurements
    • Partridge M 2000 Reconstruction of megavoltage photon spectra from electronic portal imager derived transmission measurements Phys. Med. Biol. 45 N115-31
    • (2000) Phys. Med. Biol. , vol.45
    • Partridge, M.1
  • 39
    • 0016542557 scopus 로고
    • Analytic and graphical methods for assigning errors to parameters in nonlinear least-squares fitting
    • Rogers D W O 1975 Analytic and graphical methods for assigning errors to parameters in nonlinear least-squares fitting Nucl. Instrum Methods 127 253-60
    • (1975) Nucl. Instrum Methods , vol.127 , pp. 253-260
    • Rogers, D.W.O.1
  • 41
    • 61349126070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of electron energy, spectral width, and beam divergence at the exit window for clinical megavoltage x-ray beams
    • Sawkey D L and Faddegon B A 2009 Determination of electron energy, spectral width, and beam divergence at the exit window for clinical megavoltage x-ray beams Med. Phys. 36 698-707
    • (2009) Med. Phys. , vol.36 , pp. 698-707
    • Sawkey, D.L.1    Faddegon, B.A.2
  • 42
    • 4243437624 scopus 로고
    • Energy-angle distribution of thin target bremsstrahlung
    • Schiff L I 1951 Energy-angle distribution of thin target bremsstrahlung Phys. Rev. 83 252-3
    • (1951) Phys. Rev. , vol.83 , pp. 252-253
    • Schiff, L.I.1
  • 43
    • 0036130665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monte Carlo calculation of nine megavoltage photon beam spectra using the BEAM code
    • DOI 10.1118/1.1445413
    • Sheikh-Bagheri D and Rogers D W O 2002a Monte Carlo calculation of nine megavoltage photon beam spectra using the BEAM code Med. Phys. 29 391-402 (Pubitemid 34241162)
    • (2002) Medical Physics , vol.29 , Issue.3 , pp. 391-402
    • Sheikh-Bagheri, D.1    Rogers, D.W.O.2
  • 44
    • 0036130664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of megavoltage photon beam Monte Carlo simulations to electron beam and other parameters
    • DOI 10.1118/1.1446109
    • Sheikh-Bagheri D and Rogers D W O 2002b Sensitivity of megavoltage photon beam Monte Carlo simulations to electron beam and other parameters Med. Phys. 29 379-90 (Pubitemid 34241161)
    • (2002) Medical Physics , vol.29 , Issue.3 , pp. 379-390
    • Sheikh-Bagheri, D.1    Rogers, D.W.O.2
  • 45
    • 34547099077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A virtual photon source model of an Elekta linear accelerator with integrated mini MLC for Monte Carlo based IMRT dose calculation
    • DOI 10.1088/0031-9155/52/15/006, PII S0031915507445663, 006
    • Sikora M, Dohm O and Alber M 2007 A virtual photon source model of an Elekta linear accelerator with integrated mini MLC for Monte Carlo based IMRT dose calculation Phys. Med. Biol. 52 4449-63 (Pubitemid 47103135)
    • (2007) Physics in Medicine and Biology , vol.52 , Issue.15 , pp. 4449-4463
    • Sikora, M.1    Dohm, O.2    Alber, M.3
  • 46
    • 0024650389 scopus 로고
    • Description of bremsstrahlung spectra from a thick target for 4-12 MeV electrons
    • Tarasko M Z, Soldatov A S and Rudnikov V E 1988 Description of bremsstrahlung spectra from a thick target for 4-12 MeV electrons At. Energ. 65 290-1
    • (1988) At. Energ. , vol.65 , pp. 858-291
    • Tarasko, M.Z.1    Soldatov, A.S.2    Rudnikov, V.E.3
  • 47
    • 25644452873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of ion chamber response on in-air profile measurements in megavoltage photon beams
    • DOI 10.1118/1.2011090
    • Tonkopi E, McEwen M, Walters B and Kawrakow I 2005 Influence of ion chamber response on in-air profile measurements in megavoltage photon beams Med. Phys. 32 2918-27 (Pubitemid 41384089)
    • (2005) Medical Physics , vol.32 , Issue.9 , pp. 2918-2927
    • Tonkopi, E.1    McEwen, M.R.2    Walters, B.R.B.3    Kawrakow, I.4
  • 48
    • 84855251846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monte Carlo estimates of %dd(10) for the NPL photon beams
    • Walters B R B and Rogers D W O 2000 Monte Carlo estimates of %dd(10) for the NPL photon beams NRC Report PIRS 659 http://www.physics.carleton.ca/ ̃drogers/pubs/papers/WR00.pdf
    • (2000) NRC Report
    • Walters, B.R.B.1    Rogers, D.W.O.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.