Life cycle assessment of ITO-free flexible polymer solar cells prepared by roll-to-roll coating and printing

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Volumn 97, Issue , 2012, Pages 3-13

  Espinosa, Nieves ^a   García Valverde, Rafael ^a   Urbina, Antonio ^a,b   Lenzmann, Frank ^c   Manceau, Matthieu ^d   Angmo, Dechan ^d   Krebs, Frederik C ^d  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CARTAGENA   (Spain)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c TNO   (Netherlands)

^d TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Aluminum chromium cathode; Flexible substrates; ITO free; Life cycle assessment; Polymer solar cells; Roll to roll coating

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM COATINGS; ENERGY UTILIZATION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; INDIUM COMPOUNDS; MANUFACTURE; PLASTIC COATINGS; POLYMER SOLAR CELLS; ROLLS (MACHINE COMPONENTS); SOLAR CELLS; TIN OXIDES; TRANSPARENT ELECTRODES;

ENERGY PAYBACK TIME (EPBT); ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS; FLEXIBLE SUBSTRATE; HIGH ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ITO FREE; LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA); ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS; ROLL TO ROLL;

LIFE CYCLE;

EID: 82955213059     PISSN: 09270248     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.09.048     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (42)

1. N.S. Sariciftci, L. Smilowitz, A.J. Heeger, and F. Wudl Photoinduced electron transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene Science 258 1992 1474 1476
2. G. Yu, J. Gao, J.C. Hummelen, F. Wudl, and A.J. Heeger Polymer photovoltaic cells: enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donoracceptor heterojunctions Science 270 1995 1789 1791 (Pubitemid 126635480)
3. 〈www.konarka.com 〈www.solarmer.com
4. F.C. Krebs, and K. Norrman Analysis of the failure mechanism for a stable organic photovoltaic during 10 000 h of testing Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 15 2007 697 712 (Pubitemid 350264923)
5. F.C. Krebs Air stable polymer photovoltaics based on a process free from vacuum steps and fullerenes Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 92 2008 715 726
6. B. Zimmermann, U. Würfel, and M. Niggemann Longterm stability of efficient inverted P3HT:PCBM solar cells Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 93 2009 491 496
7. F.C. Krebs, S.A. Gevorgyan, and J. Alstrup A roll-to-roll process to flexible polymer solar cells: model studies, manufacture and operational stability studies Journal of Materials Chemistry 19 2009 5442 5451
8. F.C. Krebs Polymer solar cell modules prepared using roll-to-roll methods: knife-over-edge coating, slot-die coating and screen printing Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 93 2009 465 475
9. F.C. Krebs, T. Tromholt, and M. Jørgensen Upscaling of polymer solar cell fabrication using full roll-to-roll processing Nanoscale 2 2010 873 886
10. E.A. Katz, S. Gevorgyan, M.S. Orynbayev, and F.C. Krebs Out-door testing and long-term stability of plastic solar cells European Physical Journal of Applied Physics 36 2007 307 311
11. J.A. Hauch, P. Schilinsky, S.A. Choulis, R. Childers, M. Biele, and C.J. Brabec Flexible organic P3HT:PCBM bulk-heterojunction modules with more than 1 year outdoor lifetime Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 92 2008 727 731
12. A.J. Medford, M.R. Lilliedal, M. Jørgensen, D. Aar, H. Pakalski, and J. Fyenbo Grid-connected polymer solar panels: initial considerations of cost, lifetime, and practicality Optics Express 18 2010 A272 A285
13. F.C. Krebs, M. Jørgensen, K. Norrman, O. Hagemann, J. Alstrup, and T.D. Nielsen A complete process for production of flexible large area polymer solar cells entirely using screen printing - first public demonstration Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 93 2009 422 441
14. F.C. Krebs, T.D. Nielsen, J. Fyenbo, M. Wadstrøm, and M.S. Pedersen Manufacture, integration and demonstration of polymer solar cells in a lamp for the Lighting Africa initiative Energy and Environmental Science 3 2010 512 525
15. (a) F.C. Krebs, J. Fyenbo, and M. Jørgensen Product integration of compact roll-to-roll processed polymer solar cell modules: methods and manufacture using flexographic printing, slot-die coating and rotary screen printing Journal of Materials Chemistry 20 2010 8994 9001
16. (b) F.C. Krebs, J. Fyenbo, D.M. Tanenbaum, S.A. Gevorgyan, R. Andriessen, B. van Remoortere, Y. Galagan, and M. Jørgensen The OE-A OPV demonstrator anno domini 2011 Energy and Environmental Science 4 2011 4116 4123
17. N. Espinosa, R. García-Valverde, A. Urbina, and F.C. Krebs A life cycle analysis of polymer solar cell modules prepared using roll-to-roll methods under ambient conditions Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95 2011 1293 1302
18. N. Espinosa, R. García-Valverde, and F.C. Krebs Life-cycle analysis of product integrated polymer solar cells Energy and Environmental Science 4 2011 1547 1557
19. R. García-Valverde, J.A. Cherni, and A. Urbina Life cycle analysis of organic photovoltaic technologies Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 18 2010 535 558
20. A.L. Roes, E.A. Alsema, K. Blok, and M.K. Patel Ex-ante environmental and economic evaluation of polymer photovoltaics Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 17 2009 372 393
21. Critical raw materials for the EU: Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials, European Commission, 2010.
22. F.C. Krebs All solution roll-to-roll processed polymer solar cells free from indium-tin-oxide and vacuum coating steps Organic Electronics 10 2009 761 768
23. F.C. Krebs Roll-to-roll fabrication of monolithic large-area polymer solar cells free from indium-tin-oxide Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 93 2009 1636 1641
24. B. Zimmermann, M. Glatthaar, M. Niggemann, M.K. Riede, A. Hinsch, and A. Gombert ITO-free wrap through organic solar cells - a module concept for cost-efficient reel-to-reel production Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 91 2007 374 378 (Pubitemid 46149267)
25. M. Niggemann, B. Zimmermann, J. Haschke, M. Glatthaar, and A. Gombert Organic solar cell modules for specific applications - from energy autonomous systems to large area photovoltaics Thin Solid Films 516 2008 7181 7187
26. Y. Galagan, I.G. de Vries, A.P. Langen, R. Andriessen, W.J.H. Verhees, and S.C. Veenstra Technology development for roll-to-roll production of organic photovoltaics Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 50 2011 454 461
27. Y. Galagan, J.-E.J.M. Rubingh, R. Andriessen, C.-C. Fan, P.W.M. Blom, and S.C. Veenstra ITO-free flexible organic solar cells with printed current collecting grids Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 95 2011 1339 1343
28. M. Manceau, D. Angmo, M. Jørgensen, and F.C. Krebs ITO-free flexible polymer solar cells: from small model devices to roll-to-roll processed large modules Organic Electronics 12 2011 566 574
29. ISO 14044: Environmental Management Life Cycle Assessment Requirements and Guidelines, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Geneve, 2006.
30. Handbook for Life cycle Assessment Using the GaBi Education Software Package, PE International, 2009.
31. A Strategic Research Agenda for Photovoltaic Solar Energy Technology, European Photovoltaic Technology Platform, 2007.
32. A. Anctil, C.W. Babbitt, R.P. Raffaelle, and B.J. Landi Material and energy intensity of fullerene production Environmental Science & Technology 45 2011 2353 2359
33. G. Hammond, and C. Jones Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) Version 2.1 2011 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath
34. Hunan Boyun New Materials Co. Ltd.; 〈www.itocn.net
35. 2 Emissions from 3He Fusion and Wind Electrical Power Plants, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1998.
36. J.F. Papp, B.R. Lipin, Chromite, in: J.E. Kogel, N.C. Trivedi, J.M. Barker (Ed.), Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses, 7th ed., 2006 〈http://www.amazon.com/Industrial-Minerals-Rocks-Commodities- Markets/dp/0873352335
37. 2 gas emission rates from coal, fission, wind, and DT-fusion electrical power plants Fusion Engineering and Design 48 2000 473 481
38. T.E. Norgate, W.J. Rankin, The role of metals in sustainable development, in: Proceedings, Green Processing, 2002.
39. C. Wadia, A.P. Alivisatos, and D.M. Kammen Materials availability expands the opportunity for large-scale photovoltaics deployment Environmental Science & Technology 43 2009 2072 2077
40. W.D. Grossmann, I. Grossmann, and K. Steininger Indicators to determine winning renewable energy technologies with an application to photovoltaics Environmental Science & Technology 44 2010 4849 4855
41. J. Kalowekamo, and E. Baker Estimating the manufacturing cost of purely organic solar cells Solar Energy 83 2009 1224 1231
42. C. Powell, T. Bender, and Y. Lawryshyn A model to determine financial indicators for organic solar cells Solar Energy 83 2009 1977 1984