A life cycle analysis of polymer solar cell modules prepared using roll-to-roll methods under ambient conditions

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Volumn 95, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1293-1302

  Espinosa, Nieves ^a   García Valverde, Rafael ^a   Urbina, Antonio ^b   Krebs, Frederik C ^c  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CARTAGENA   (Spain)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Flexible substrates; Life cycle analysis; Polymer solar cells; Roll to roll coating

Indexed keywords

CONDUCTING POLYMERS; II-VI SEMICONDUCTORS; INDIUM COMPOUNDS; PLASTIC COATINGS; POLYMER SOLAR CELLS; ROLLS (MACHINE COMPONENTS); SCREEN PRINTING; SOLAR CELL ARRAYS; SOLAR CELLS; SUBSTRATES; TIN OXIDES; ZINC OXIDE;

ENERGY PAYBACK TIME (EPBT); FLEXIBLE SUBSTRATE; LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS; PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY; POWER CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES; ROLL TO ROLL; ROLL TO ROLL MANUFACTURING; TRANSPARENT CONDUCTORS;

LIFE CYCLE;

EID: 79953687078     PISSN: 09270248     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.020     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. F.C. Krebs, J. Alstrup, H. Spanggaard, K. Larsen, and E. Kold Production of large-area polymer solar cells by industrial silk screen printing, lifetime considerations and lamination with polyethyleneterephthalate Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 83 2004 293 300
2. F.C. Krebs, H. Spanggard, T. Kjær, M. Biancardo, J. Alstrup. Large area plastic solar cell modules, in: Materials Science and Engineering B. 138 (2007) 106111. (Pubitemid 46329921)
3. C. Lungenschmied, G. Dennler, H. Neugebauer, S.N. Sariciftci, M. Glatthaar, T. Meyer, and A. Meyer Flexible, long-lived, large-area, organic solar cells Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 91 2007 379 384 (Pubitemid 46149270)
4. M. Niggemann, B. Zimmermann, J. Haschke, M. Glatthaar, and A. Gombert Organic solar cell modules for specific applications - from energy autonomous systems to large area photovoltaics Thin Solid Films 516 2008 7181 7187
5. F.C. Krebs All solution roll-to-roll processed polymer solar cells free from indium-tin-oxide and vacuum coating steps Organic Electronics 10 2009 761 768
6. F.C. Krebs, and K. Norrman Using light-induced thermocleavage in a roll-to-roll process for polymer solar cells, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces American Chemical Society 2 2010 877 887
7. M.R. Lilliedal, A.J. Medford, M.V. Madsen, K. Norrman, F.C. Krebs. The effect of post-processing treatments on inflection points in currentvoltage curves of roll-to-roll processed polymer photovoltaics, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.06.007 (2010).
8. Solarmer, Inc., 〈 www.solarmer.com 〉 (accessed on the 10 June 2010).
9. Heliatek GmbH, 〈 www.heliatek.com/ 〉.
10. M. Jørgensen, K. Norrman, and F.C. Krebs Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 92 2008 686 714
11. F.C. Krebs, and H. Spanggaard Significant improvement of polymer solar cell stability Chemistry of Materials 17 2005 5235 5237 (Pubitemid 41527956)
12. E. Alsema Energy requirements of thin-film solar cell modules - a review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2 4 1998 387 415
13. E. Alsema, M. Wild-Scholten. Environmental impacts of crystalline silicon photovoltaic module production, in, 2005.
14. K. Knapp, and T. Jester Empirical investigation of the energy payback time for photovoltaic modules Solar Energy 71 2001 165 172 (Pubitemid 32731806)
15. N. Jungbluth Life cycle assessment of crystalline photovoltaics in the Swiss ecoinvent database Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 13 2005 429 446
16. E. Alsema, and E. Nieuwlaar Energy viability of photovoltaic systems Energy Policy 28 14 2000 999 1010
17. M. Raugei Life cycle assessment and energy pay-back time of advanced photovoltaic modules: CdTe and CIS compared to poly-Si Energy 32 8 2007 1310 1318 (Pubitemid 46589877)
18. K. Kato A life-cycle analysis on thin-film CdS/CdTe PV modules Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 67 14 2001 279 287 (Pubitemid 32092036)
19. R. Garcia-Valverde, J.A. Cherni, and A. Urbina Life cycle analysis of organic photovoltaic technologies Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 18 2010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.967
20. H. Greijer, L. Karlson, S.-E. Lindquist, and A. Hagfeldt Environmental aspects of electricity generation from a nanocrystalline dye sensitized solar cell system Renewable Energy 23 2001 27 39 (Pubitemid 32088742)
21. A.L. Roes, E.A. Alsema, K. Blok, and M.K. Patel Ex-ante environmental and economic evaluation of polymer photovoltaics Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 17 2009 372 393
22. B. Azzopardi, and J. Mutale Life cycle analysis for future photovoltaic systems using hybrid solar cells Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 2010 1130 1134
23. Konarka Technologies, Inc. 〈 www.konarka.com 〉 (accessed on the 10 June 2010).
24. PixDro, Ltd. 〈 www.pixdro.com/ 〉 (accessed on the 10 June 2010).
25. Extrusion Dies Industries, L.L.C. 〈 www.extrusiondies.com/ 〉 (accessed on the 10 June 2010).
26. E.B. Gutoff, and E.D Cohen John R. Wagen Jr, Multilayer Flexible Packaging 2010 Elsevier
27. E.B. Gutoff, and E.D. Cohen Coating and Drying Defects: Troubleshooting Operating Problems second ed. 2006 Wiley-Interscience Hoboken
28. F.C. Krebs, T.D. Nielsen, J. Fyenbo, M. Wadstrøm, and M.S. Pedersen Manufacture, integration and demonstration of polymer solar cells in a lamp for the Lighting Africa initiative Energy and Environmental Science 3 2010 512 525
29. F.C. Krebs Polymer solar cell modules prepared using roll-to-roll methods: knife-over-edge coating, slot-die coating and screen printing Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 93 2009 465 475
30. F.C. Krebs, T. Tromholt, and M. Jørgensen Upscaling of polymer solar cell fabrication using full roll-to-roll processing Nanoscale 2 2010 873 886
31. F.C. Krebs, Y. Thomann, R. Thomann, and J.W. Andreasen A simple nanostructured polymer/ZnO hybrid solar cell preparation and operation in air Nanotechnology 19 2008 424013 424024
32. F.C. Krebs, S. Georgyan, and J. Alstrup A roll-to-roll process to flexible polymer solar cells: model, studies, manufacture and operational stability studies Journal of Materials Chemistry 19 2009 5442 5451
33. International Organization for, Standarization, ISO 14040 series. Environmental management - life cycle assessment, 2006.
34. G. Hammond, C. Jones. Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) Version 1.6a, in, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, UK; 2008.
35. PlasticsEurope database, LCA process inventories for refining and plastic production, 2006, 〈 http://lca.plasticseurope.org/index.htm 〉 (accessed on the 10 June 2010).
36. European Photovoltaic Technology Platform, A Vision for photovoltaic technology european photovoltaic technology platform, in, European Commission, 2005.
37. Danish Energy Agency Energy Statistics, 2008, 〈 http://www.ens.dk/ 〉 (accessed on the 10 June 2010).
38. Second strategic energy review an eu energy security and solidarity action plan, European Commission, 2008.
39. Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2009. Report no. 9/2009, European Environment Agency, 2009.
40. R. García-Valverde, C. Miguel, R. Martínez-Béjar, and A. Urbina Life cycle assessment study of a 4.2 kWp stand-alone photovoltaic system Solar Energy 83 2009 1434 1445
41. M.A. Tiyarov, and N.A. Konstantinova Modern equipment sets for production of demineralized and deionized water Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 40 2004 379 383
42. S. Atkins Methanol Energy Analysis 2008 Northern Arizona University