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The diverging paths of Russia and Ukraine reflected in the Freedom House ranking of both countries. The "Nations in Transit 2009" report by Freedom House gave Russia a combined Democracy Score of 6.11 (with 1 representing the highest level of democratic consolidation and 7 the extreme case of authoritarianism) and categorize it as "Consolidated Authoritarian Regime. " Ukraine, on the other hand, had a combined Democracy Score of 4.25 and was qualified as "Transitional Government. "
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The civic conception of the nation grounds membership in the community of citizens of a given state, while the ethnic conception defines membership in terms of common descent, such as ethnicity, religion, language, or culture. For a further discussion of these notions of membership, see A. D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), 134-38.
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The most important narrative about national identity that liberals could have constructed is emphasizing the importance of Novgorod the Great, the medieval merchant republic in Northern Russia that had a well-developed parliamentary institution (veche). At some crucial points of Russian history, Novgorod represented an alternative model of political development than that of Moscow autocracy. On Novgorod in Russian historical memory, see N. N. Petro, Crafting Democracy: How Novgorod Has Coped with Rapid Social Change (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 126-45.
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