Remythologising the Russian state

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 50, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 969-992

  Urban, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INDENTITY CONSTRUCTION; NATIONAL INDENTITY; POLITICAL REFORM; STATE BUILDING;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0031769211     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139808412577     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Quotation taken from Mikhail Poluboyarov, 'V vozdukhe Rossii vitaet natsional'naya ideya', Moscow, Press Service of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Division of the Means of Mass Information, 16 December 1996, p. 1; Mikhail Lantsman, 'Prezident poruchil doverennym litsam naiti natsional'nuyu ideyu', Segodnya, 13 July 1996, p. 2.
2. Quotation taken from Mikhail Poluboyarov, 'V vozdukhe Rossii vitaet natsional'naya ideya', Moscow, Press Service of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Division of the Means of Mass Information, 16 December 1996, p. 1; Mikhail Lantsman, 'Prezident poruchil doverennym litsam naiti natsional'nuyu ideyu', Segodnya, 13 July 1996, p. 2.
3. Lantsman.
4. An extended review of many of these studies can be found in Frederic J. Fleron, Jr, 'Post-Soviet Political Culture in Russia: An Assessment of Recent Empirical Investigations', Europe-Asia Studies, 48, 2, March 1996, pp. 225-260. For a critique of this approach see James Alexander, 'Surveying Attitudes in Russia: A Representation of Formlessness', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 30, June 1997, pp. 107-127.
5. An extended review of many of these studies can be found in Frederic J. Fleron, Jr, 'Post-Soviet Political Culture in Russia: An Assessment of Recent Empirical Investigations', Europe- Asia Studies, 48, 2, March 1996, pp. 225-260. For a critique of this approach see James Alexander, 'Surveying Attitudes in Russia: A Representation of Formlessness', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 30, June 1997, pp. 107-127.
6. Inter alia, Thomas Remington, The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988); Ellen Mickiewicz, Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union (New York, Oxford University Press, 1988); Stephen White, 'Political Communications in the USSR: Letters to Party, State and Press', Political Studies, 31, 1, 1983, pp. 43-60; Stephen White, 'Ideology and Soviet Politics', in S. White & A. Pravda (eds), Ideology and Soviet Politics (London, Macmillan, 1988), pp. 1-20; Stephen White, 'Political Socialization in the USSR: April 1979 and after', in P. Potichnyj (ed.), The Soviet Union: Party and Society (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 67-86; Sylvia Woodby & Alfred Evans, Jr (eds), Restructuring Soviet Ideology: Gorbachev's New Thinking (Boulder, CO, Westview, 1990); Neil Robinson, Ideology and the Collapse of the Soviet System (Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1995).
7. Inter alia, Thomas Remington, The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988); Ellen Mickiewicz, Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union (New York, Oxford University Press, 1988); Stephen White, 'Political Communications in the USSR: Letters to Party, State and Press', Political Studies, 31, 1, 1983, pp. 43-60; Stephen White, 'Ideology and Soviet Politics', in S. White & A. Pravda (eds), Ideology and Soviet Politics (London, Macmillan, 1988), pp. 1-20; Stephen White, 'Political Socialization in the USSR: April 1979 and after', in P. Potichnyj (ed.), The Soviet Union: Party and Society (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 67-86; Sylvia Woodby & Alfred Evans, Jr (eds), Restructuring Soviet Ideology: Gorbachev's New Thinking (Boulder, CO, Westview, 1990); Neil Robinson, Ideology and the Collapse of the Soviet System (Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1995).
8. Inter alia, Thomas Remington, The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988); Ellen Mickiewicz, Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union (New York, Oxford University Press, 1988); Stephen White, 'Political Communications in the USSR: Letters to Party, State and Press', Political Studies, 31, 1, 1983, pp. 43-60; Stephen White, 'Ideology and Soviet Politics', in S. White & A. Pravda (eds), Ideology and Soviet Politics (London, Macmillan, 1988), pp. 1-20; Stephen White, 'Political Socialization in the USSR: April 1979 and after', in P. Potichnyj (ed.), The Soviet Union: Party and Society (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 67-86; Sylvia Woodby & Alfred Evans, Jr (eds), Restructuring Soviet Ideology: Gorbachev's New Thinking (Boulder, CO, Westview, 1990); Neil Robinson, Ideology and the Collapse of the Soviet System (Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1995).
9. Inter alia, Thomas Remington, The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988); Ellen Mickiewicz, Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union (New York, Oxford University Press, 1988); Stephen White, 'Political Communications in the USSR: Letters to Party, State and Press', Political Studies, 31, 1, 1983, pp. 43-60; Stephen White, 'Ideology and Soviet Politics', in S. White & A. Pravda (eds), Ideology and Soviet Politics (London, Macmillan, 1988), pp. 1-20; Stephen White, 'Political Socialization in the USSR: April 1979 and after', in P. Potichnyj (ed.), The Soviet Union: Party and Society (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 67-86; Sylvia Woodby & Alfred Evans, Jr (eds), Restructuring Soviet Ideology: Gorbachev's New Thinking (Boulder, CO, Westview, 1990); Neil Robinson, Ideology and the Collapse of the Soviet System (Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1995).
10. Inter alia, Thomas Remington, The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988); Ellen Mickiewicz, Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union (New York, Oxford University Press, 1988); Stephen White, 'Political Communications in the USSR: Letters to Party, State and Press', Political Studies, 31, 1, 1983, pp. 43-60; Stephen White, 'Ideology and Soviet Politics', in S. White & A. Pravda (eds), Ideology and Soviet Politics (London, Macmillan, 1988), pp. 1-20; Stephen White, 'Political Socialization in the USSR: April 1979 and after', in P. Potichnyj (ed.), The Soviet Union: Party and Society (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 67-86; Sylvia Woodby & Alfred Evans, Jr (eds), Restructuring Soviet Ideology: Gorbachev's New Thinking (Boulder, CO, Westview, 1990); Neil Robinson, Ideology and the Collapse of the Soviet System (Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1995).
11. Inter alia, Thomas Remington, The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988); Ellen Mickiewicz, Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union (New York, Oxford University Press, 1988); Stephen White, 'Political Communications in the USSR: Letters to Party, State and Press', Political Studies, 31, 1, 1983, pp. 43-60; Stephen White, 'Ideology and Soviet Politics', in S. White & A. Pravda (eds), Ideology and Soviet Politics (London, Macmillan, 1988), pp. 1-20; Stephen White, 'Political Socialization in the USSR: April 1979 and after', in P. Potichnyj (ed.), The Soviet Union: Party and Society (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 67-86; Sylvia Woodby & Alfred Evans, Jr (eds), Restructuring Soviet Ideology: Gorbachev's New Thinking (Boulder, CO, Westview, 1990); Neil Robinson, Ideology and the Collapse of the Soviet System (Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1995).
12. Inter alia, Thomas Remington, The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988); Ellen Mickiewicz, Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union (New York, Oxford University Press, 1988); Stephen White, 'Political Communications in the USSR: Letters to Party, State and Press', Political Studies, 31, 1, 1983, pp. 43-60; Stephen White, 'Ideology and Soviet Politics', in S. White & A. Pravda (eds), Ideology and Soviet Politics (London, Macmillan, 1988), pp. 1-20; Stephen White, 'Political Socialization in the USSR: April 1979 and after', in P. Potichnyj (ed.), The Soviet Union: Party and Society (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 67-86; Sylvia Woodby & Alfred Evans, Jr (eds), Restructuring Soviet Ideology: Gorbachev's New Thinking (Boulder, CO, Westview, 1990); Neil Robinson, Ideology and the Collapse of the Soviet System (Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1995).
13. Among those few studies focusing, at least partly, on the 'production' side would be Gail Lapidus & Victor Zaslavsky (eds), From Union to Commonwealth (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); Nicolai Petro, The Rebirth of Democracy in Russia (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995); Richard Sakwa, 'Subjectivity, Politics and Order in Russian Political Evolution', Slavic Review, 54, Winter 1995, pp. 943-964; Michael Urban, 'Contending Conceptions of Nation and State in Russian Politics', Demokratizatsiya, 1993, 4, pp. 1-13; Michael Urban, 'Stages of Political Identity Formation in Late-Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia', in V. Bonnell (ed.), Identities in Transition: Eastern Europe and Russia after the Collapse of Communism (Berkeley, University of California, International and Areas Studies, 1996), pp. 140-154.
14. Among those few studies focusing, at least partly, on the 'production' side would be Gail Lapidus & Victor Zaslavsky (eds), From Union to Commonwealth (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); Nicolai Petro, The Rebirth of Democracy in Russia (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995); Richard Sakwa, 'Subjectivity, Politics and Order in Russian Political Evolution', Slavic Review, 54, Winter 1995, pp. 943-964; Michael Urban, 'Contending Conceptions of Nation and State in Russian Politics', Demokratizatsiya, 1993, 4, pp. 1-13; Michael Urban, 'Stages of Political Identity Formation in Late-Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia', in V. Bonnell (ed.), Identities in Transition: Eastern Europe and Russia after the Collapse of Communism (Berkeley, University of California, International and Areas Studies, 1996), pp. 140-154.
15. Among those few studies focusing, at least partly, on the 'production' side would be Gail Lapidus & Victor Zaslavsky (eds), From Union to Commonwealth (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); Nicolai Petro, The Rebirth of Democracy in Russia (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995); Richard Sakwa, 'Subjectivity, Politics and Order in Russian Political Evolution', Slavic Review, 54, Winter 1995, pp. 943-964; Michael Urban, 'Contending Conceptions of Nation and State in Russian Politics', Demokratizatsiya, 1993, 4, pp. 1-13; Michael Urban, 'Stages of Political Identity Formation in Late-Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia', in V. Bonnell (ed.), Identities in Transition: Eastern Europe and Russia after the Collapse of Communism (Berkeley, University of California, International and Areas Studies, 1996), pp. 140-154.
16. Among those few studies focusing, at least partly, on the 'production' side would be Gail Lapidus & Victor Zaslavsky (eds), From Union to Commonwealth (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); Nicolai Petro, The Rebirth of Democracy in Russia (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995); Richard Sakwa, 'Subjectivity, Politics and Order in Russian Political Evolution', Slavic Review, 54, Winter 1995, pp. 943-964; Michael Urban, 'Contending Conceptions of Nation and State in Russian Politics', Demokratizatsiya, 1993, 4, pp. 1-13; Michael Urban, 'Stages of Political Identity Formation in Late-Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia', in V. Bonnell (ed.), Identities in Transition: Eastern Europe and Russia after the Collapse of Communism (Berkeley, University of California, International and Areas Studies, 1996), pp. 140-154.
17. Among those few studies focusing, at least partly, on the 'production' side would be Gail Lapidus & Victor Zaslavsky (eds), From Union to Commonwealth (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); Nicolai Petro, The Rebirth of Democracy in Russia (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995); Richard Sakwa, 'Subjectivity, Politics and Order in Russian Political Evolution', Slavic Review, 54, Winter 1995, pp. 943-964; Michael Urban, 'Contending Conceptions of Nation and State in Russian Politics', Demokratizatsiya, 1993, 4, pp. 1-13; Michael Urban, 'Stages of Political Identity Formation in Late-Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia', in V. Bonnell (ed.), Identities in Transition: Eastern Europe and Russia after the Collapse of Communism (Berkeley, University of California, International and Areas Studies, 1996), pp. 140-154.
18. Michel Foucault, History of Sexuality, Vol. 1 (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1981).
19. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, Verso, 1983); E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990).
20. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, Verso, 1983); E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990).
21. Vladimir Pastukhov, 'Paradoksal'nye zametki v sovremennom politicheskom rezhime", Pro et Contra, 1, Fall 1996, pp. 6-21; especially pp. 11-16.
22. Svetlana Boym, Common Places: Mythologies of Everyday Life in Russia (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1994), especially pp. 29-105; Vladimir Pastukhov, Tri vremeni Rossii: Obshchestvo i gosudarstro v proshlom - nastoyashchem - budushchem (Moscow, Polis-Rosspen, 1994), especially pp. 8-47.
23. Svetlana Boym, Common Places: Mythologies of Everyday Life in Russia (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1994), especially pp. 29-105; Vladimir Pastukhov, Tri vremeni Rossii: Obshchestvo i gosudarstro v proshlom - nastoyashchem - budushchem (Moscow, Polis-Rosspen, 1994), especially pp. 8-47.
24. Vadim Volkov, 'Kontseptsiya kul'turnosti, 1935-38: sovetskaya tsivilizatsiya i povsednevnost' stalinskogo vremeni', Sotsiologicheskii zhurnal, 1, 2, 1996, pp. 194-213; Oleg Kharkhordin, 'The Collective and the Individual in Soviet Russia: A Study of Background Practices', doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Political Science, 1996, especially chapter 5; Michael Urban, 'The Structure of Signification in the General Secretary's Address: A Semiotic Approach to Soviet Political Discourse', Coexistence, 24, 2, 1987, pp. 187-210.
25. Vadim Volkov, 'Kontseptsiya kul'turnosti, 1935-38: sovetskaya tsivilizatsiya i povsednevnost' stalinskogo vremeni', Sotsiologicheskii zhurnal, 1, 2, 1996, pp. 194-213; Oleg Kharkhordin, 'The Collective and the Individual in Soviet Russia: A Study of Background Practices', doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Political Science, 1996, especially chapter 5; Michael Urban, 'The Structure of Signification in the General Secretary's Address: A Semiotic Approach to Soviet Political Discourse', Coexistence, 24, 2, 1987, pp. 187-210.
26. Vadim Volkov, 'Kontseptsiya kul'turnosti, 1935-38: sovetskaya tsivilizatsiya i povsednevnost' stalinskogo vremeni', Sotsiologicheskii zhurnal, 1, 2, 1996, pp. 194-213; Oleg Kharkhordin, 'The Collective and the Individual in Soviet Russia: A Study of Background Practices', doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Political Science, 1996, especially chapter 5; Michael Urban, 'The Structure of Signification in the General Secretary's Address: A Semiotic Approach to Soviet Political Discourse', Coexistence, 24, 2, 1987, pp. 187-210.
27. Michael Urban, 'December 1993 as a Replication of Late-Soviet Electoral Practices', Post-Soviet Affairs, 10, April-June 1994, p. 136.
28. Frances Foster, 'Freedom with Problems: the Russian Judicial Chamber on Mass Media', The Parker School Journal of East European Law, 3, 2, 1996, pp. 172-173; see also her 'Parental Law, Harmful Speech, and the Development of Legal Culture: Russian Judicial Chamber Discourse and Narrative', Washington and Lee Law Review, 54, Summer, 1997, pp. 923-992.
29. Frances Foster, 'Freedom with Problems: the Russian Judicial Chamber on Mass Media', The Parker School Journal of East European Law, 3, 2, 1996, pp. 172-173; see also her 'Parental Law, Harmful Speech, and the Development of Legal Culture: Russian Judicial Chamber Discourse and Narrative', Washington and Lee Law Review, 54, Summer, 1997, pp. 923-992.
30. Statements along these lines appearing in the contemporary Russian press alone are legion. A measured and more or less representative example of this view can be found in the remarks of film maker Nikita Mikhailkov made at the founding congress of the Orthodox Russian Movement - a group enjoying the official imprimatur of both the Russian Orthodox Church and the sponsorship of the government - on 9 February 1997. His speech has been published as 'Kul'tura - ne nadstroika!', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 14 February 1997, p. 2. On the founding of this organisation itself, see Rossiiskaya gazeta, 11 February 1997.
31. Statements along these lines appearing in the contemporary Russian press alone are legion. A measured and more or less representative example of this view can be found in the remarks of film maker Nikita Mikhailkov made at the founding congress of the Orthodox Russian Movement - a group enjoying the official imprimatur of both the Russian Orthodox Church and the sponsorship of the government - on 9 February 1997. His speech has been published as 'Kul'tura - ne nadstroika!', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 14 February 1997, p. 2. On the founding of this organisation itself, see Rossiiskaya gazeta, 11 February 1997.
32. On these groups, excellent descriptions and analyses can be found in Aleksandr Verkhovsky, Anatolii Papp & Vladimir Pribylovsky, Politicheskii ekstremizm v Rossii (Moscow: Institut eksperimental'noi sotsiologii, 1996); Aleksandr Dreiling, 'Politicheskaya mifologiya sovremennogo russkogo radikal'nogo natsionalizma', Politicheskii monitoring, 1996, 11, pp. 1-10.
33. On these groups, excellent descriptions and analyses can be found in Aleksandr Verkhovsky, Anatolii Papp & Vladimir Pribylovsky, Politicheskii ekstremizm v Rossii (Moscow: Institut eksperimental'noi sotsiologii, 1996); Aleksandr Dreiling, 'Politicheskaya mifologiya sovremennogo russkogo radikal'nogo natsionalizma', Politicheskii monitoring, 1996, 11, pp. 1-10.
34. Michael Urban & Vladimir Gel'man, 'The Development of Political Parties in Russia', in K. Dawisha & B. Parrott (eds), Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 184-185, 188, 193-195, 198-199, 202-205.
35. Interviews with Vyacheslav Igrunov (3 May 1996), Vladimir Isakov (14 December 1996), Leonid Smirnyagin (21 December 1996), Viktor Sergeev (1 July 1997) and Igor Chubais (9 July 1997). See Yevgeny Krasnikov, 'Regional Elections: a Velvet Revanche', Moscow News, 27 November-3 December 1996, p. 3.
36. Examples of those close to the presidential commission who counsel the importance of formulating an 'integrative' idea would include Tat'yana Alekseeva, Boris Kapustin & Igor' Pantin, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya: priglashenie razmyshleniyu', Vlast', 1966, 11, pp. 23-30; Valentina Fedotova, 'Volya vmesto svobody', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 15 January 1997, p. 2; Valentina Fedotova, 'Vozmozhna li modernizatsiya bez rusofobii?', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, p. 7. Vladimir Filatov & Sergei Fateev, 'Mify liberal'noi ekonomiki', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, pp. 1, 6; Aleksei Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhen li Rossii 'Pravo-Levyi sintez'?', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 November 1996, p. 2. Examples of essays emphasising ideological integration by those remote from or opposed to the work of the presidential commission would include N. A. Kosolapov, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya dlya Rossii', Voprosy filosofii, 1994, 1, pp. 3-24; Sergei Mitrokhin, 'Kak izbezhat' raspada Rossii', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 January 1997, p. 2; Vladimir Shevchenko, 'Dva kryla dlya rovnogo poleta', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 January 1997, p. 2.
37. Examples of those close to the presidential commission who counsel the importance of formulating an 'integrative' idea would include Tat'yana Alekseeva, Boris Kapustin & Igor' Pantin, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya: priglashenie razmyshleniyu', Vlast', 1966, 11, pp. 23-30; Valentina Fedotova, 'Volya vmesto svobody', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 15 January 1997, p. 2; Valentina Fedotova, 'Vozmozhna li modernizatsiya bez rusofobii?', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, p. 7. Vladimir Filatov & Sergei Fateev, 'Mify liberal'noi ekonomiki', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, pp. 1, 6; Aleksei Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhen li Rossii 'Pravo-Levyi sintez'?', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 November 1996, p. 2. Examples of essays emphasising ideological integration by those remote from or opposed to the work of the presidential commission would include N. A. Kosolapov, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya dlya Rossii', Voprosy filosofii, 1994, 1, pp. 3-24; Sergei Mitrokhin, 'Kak izbezhat' raspada Rossii', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 January 1997, p. 2; Vladimir Shevchenko, 'Dva kryla dlya rovnogo poleta', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 January 1997, p. 2.
38. Examples of those close to the presidential commission who counsel the importance of formulating an 'integrative' idea would include Tat'yana Alekseeva, Boris Kapustin & Igor' Pantin, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya: priglashenie razmyshleniyu', Vlast', 1966, 11, pp. 23-30; Valentina Fedotova, 'Volya vmesto svobody', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 15 January 1997, p. 2; Valentina Fedotova, 'Vozmozhna li modernizatsiya bez rusofobii?', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, p. 7. Vladimir Filatov & Sergei Fateev, 'Mify liberal'noi ekonomiki', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, pp. 1, 6; Aleksei Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhen li Rossii 'Pravo-Levyi sintez'?', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 November 1996, p. 2. Examples of essays emphasising ideological integration by those remote from or opposed to the work of the presidential commission would include N. A. Kosolapov, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya dlya Rossii', Voprosy filosofii, 1994, 1, pp. 3-24; Sergei Mitrokhin, 'Kak izbezhat' raspada Rossii', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 January 1997, p. 2; Vladimir Shevchenko, 'Dva kryla dlya rovnogo poleta', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 January 1997, p. 2.
39. Examples of those close to the presidential commission who counsel the importance of formulating an 'integrative' idea would include Tat'yana Alekseeva, Boris Kapustin & Igor' Pantin, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya: priglashenie razmyshleniyu', Vlast', 1966, 11, pp. 23-30; Valentina Fedotova, 'Volya vmesto svobody', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 15 January 1997, p. 2; Valentina Fedotova, 'Vozmozhna li modernizatsiya bez rusofobii?', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, p. 7. Vladimir Filatov & Sergei Fateev, 'Mify liberal'noi ekonomiki', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, pp. 1, 6; Aleksei Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhen li Rossii 'Pravo-Levyi sintez'?', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 November 1996, p. 2. Examples of essays emphasising ideological integration by those remote from or opposed to the work of the presidential commission would include N. A. Kosolapov, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya dlya Rossii', Voprosy filosofii, 1994, 1, pp. 3-24; Sergei Mitrokhin, 'Kak izbezhat' raspada Rossii', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 January 1997, p. 2; Vladimir Shevchenko, 'Dva kryla dlya rovnogo poleta', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 January 1997, p. 2.
40. Examples of those close to the presidential commission who counsel the importance of formulating an 'integrative' idea would include Tat'yana Alekseeva, Boris Kapustin & Igor' Pantin, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya: priglashenie razmyshleniyu', Vlast', 1966, 11, pp. 23-30; Valentina Fedotova, 'Volya vmesto svobody', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 15 January 1997, p. 2; Valentina Fedotova, 'Vozmozhna li modernizatsiya bez rusofobii?', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, p. 7. Vladimir Filatov & Sergei Fateev, 'Mify liberal'noi ekonomiki', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, pp. 1, 6; Aleksei Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhen li Rossii 'Pravo-Levyi sintez'?', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 November 1996, p. 2. Examples of essays emphasising ideological integration by those remote from or opposed to the work of the presidential commission would include N. A. Kosolapov, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya dlya Rossii', Voprosy filosofii, 1994, 1, pp. 3-24; Sergei Mitrokhin, 'Kak izbezhat' raspada Rossii', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 January 1997, p. 2; Vladimir Shevchenko, 'Dva kryla dlya rovnogo poleta', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 January 1997, p. 2.
41. Examples of those close to the presidential commission who counsel the importance of formulating an 'integrative' idea would include Tat'yana Alekseeva, Boris Kapustin & Igor' Pantin, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya: priglashenie razmyshleniyu', Vlast', 1966, 11, pp. 23-30; Valentina Fedotova, 'Volya vmesto svobody', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 15 January 1997, p. 2; Valentina Fedotova, 'Vozmozhna li modernizatsiya bez rusofobii?', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, p. 7. Vladimir Filatov & Sergei Fateev, 'Mify liberal'noi ekonomiki', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, pp. 1, 6; Aleksei Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhen li Rossii 'Pravo-Levyi sintez'?', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 November 1996, p. 2. Examples of essays emphasising ideological integration by those remote from or opposed to the work of the presidential commission would include N. A. Kosolapov, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya dlya Rossii', Voprosy filosofii, 1994, 1, pp. 3-24; Sergei Mitrokhin, 'Kak izbezhat' raspada Rossii', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 January 1997, p. 2; Vladimir Shevchenko, 'Dva kryla dlya rovnogo poleta', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 January 1997, p. 2.
42. Examples of those close to the presidential commission who counsel the importance of formulating an 'integrative' idea would include Tat'yana Alekseeva, Boris Kapustin & Igor' Pantin, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya: priglashenie razmyshleniyu', Vlast', 1966, 11, pp. 23-30; Valentina Fedotova, 'Volya vmesto svobody', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 15 January 1997, p. 2; Valentina Fedotova, 'Vozmozhna li modernizatsiya bez rusofobii?', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, p. 7. Vladimir Filatov & Sergei Fateev, 'Mify liberal'noi ekonomiki', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, pp. 1, 6; Aleksei Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhen li Rossii 'Pravo-Levyi sintez'?', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 November 1996, p. 2. Examples of essays emphasising ideological integration by those remote from or opposed to the work of the presidential commission would include N. A. Kosolapov, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya dlya Rossii', Voprosy filosofii, 1994, 1, pp. 3-24; Sergei Mitrokhin, 'Kak izbezhat' raspada Rossii', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 January 1997, p. 2; Vladimir Shevchenko, 'Dva kryla dlya rovnogo poleta', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 January 1997, p. 2.
43. Examples of those close to the presidential commission who counsel the importance of formulating an 'integrative' idea would include Tat'yana Alekseeva, Boris Kapustin & Igor' Pantin, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya: priglashenie razmyshleniyu', Vlast', 1966, 11, pp. 23-30; Valentina Fedotova, 'Volya vmesto svobody', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 15 January 1997, p. 2; Valentina Fedotova, 'Vozmozhna li modernizatsiya bez rusofobii?', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, p. 7. Vladimir Filatov & Sergei Fateev, 'Mify liberal'noi ekonomiki', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, pp. 1, 6; Aleksei Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhen li Rossii 'Pravo-Levyi sintez'?', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 November 1996, p. 2. Examples of essays emphasising ideological integration by those remote from or opposed to the work of the presidential commission would include N. A. Kosolapov, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya dlya Rossii', Voprosy filosofii, 1994, 1, pp. 3-24; Sergei Mitrokhin, 'Kak izbezhat' raspada Rossii', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 January 1997, p. 2; Vladimir Shevchenko, 'Dva kryla dlya rovnogo poleta', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 January 1997, p. 2.
44. In addition to the texts that are examined below, good examples of these characteristics can be found in A. A. Silin, 'Podnimetsya li Rossiya?', Predstavitel'naya vlast', 1996, 8, pp. 23-32; and Gurii Sudakov, 'Shest' printsip rossiyanosti', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 17 September 1996, p. 4.
45. In addition to the texts that are examined below, good examples of these characteristics can be found in A. A. Silin, 'Podnimetsya li Rossiya?', Predstavitel'naya vlast', 1996, 8, pp. 23-32; and Gurii Sudakov, 'Shest' printsip rossiyanosti', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 17 September 1996, p. 4.
46. Aleksei Kara-Murza, Mezhdu 'Imperiei i Smutoi' (Moscow, IFRAN, 1996), pp. 7-12.
47. Iurii Lotman, The Universe of the Mind: A Semiotic Theory of Culture (London, I. B. Tauris, 1990), pp. 27-47. For an application of this concept to Russian political discourse and politics see Michael Urban, 'The Politics of Identity in Russia's Postcommunist Transition: The Nation Against Itself', Slavic Review, 53, Fall 1994, pp. 733-765.
48. Iurii Lotman, The Universe of the Mind: A Semiotic Theory of Culture (London, I. B. Tauris, 1990), pp. 27-47. For an application of this concept to Russian political discourse and politics see Michael Urban, 'The Politics of Identity in Russia's Postcommunist Transition: The Nation Against Itself', Slavic Review, 53, Fall 1994, pp. 733-765.
49. Nancy Ries, Russian Talk: Culture and Conversation during Perestroika (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1997), especially pp. 126-160.
50. His statement appears in Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 April 1997.
51. Vladimir Molchanovsky, '"Natsiya", "natsional'nyi interes", "natsional'naya bezopasnost'"', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 31 May 1997, p. 6.
52. Vladimir Ivanitskii, 'Poryadok', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 21 March 1997, p. 8.
53. Mark Beissinger uses a similar approach in developing his 'contentious theory of nationalism'. See his 'How Nationalisms Spread: Eastern Europe Adrift the Tides and Cycles of Nationalist Contention', Social Research, 63, Spring, 1996, pp. 97-146.
54. Kara-Murza, Mezhdu 'Imperiei i Smutoi', p. 12. For a similar analysis of the sources of this 'objection to the objection' with particular attention to the current situation, see Aleksei Malashenko, 'Gosudarstvo v poiskakh ravnovesiya', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 7, pp. 1-2.
55. Kara-Murza, Mezhdu 'Imperiei i Smutoi', p. 12. For a similar analysis of the sources of this 'objection to the objection' with particular attention to the current situation, see Aleksei Malashenko, 'Gosudarstvo v poiskakh ravnovesiya', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 7, pp. 1-2.
56. Michael Urban, The Rebirth of Politics in Russia (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 28-52.
57. Ibid., pp. 89-92, 167-169, 172-193.
58. This point has often been made to me in conversation with Russian political activists and observers who have been associated with the democratic camp, most forcibly by Vyacheslav Igrunov (19 September 1994) and Igor' Chubais (9 July 1997).
59. Urban, 'Contending Conceptions of Nation and State in Russian Politics', pp. 1-13.
60. Egor Gaidar, Gosudarstvo i evolyutsiya (Moscow, Evraziya, 1995), especially, pp. 41, 58, 200.
61. Leonid Gozman made these remarks during a roundtable assessing Gaidar's reforms which appeared in NG-STSENARII, 1997, 2, p. 4.
62. Segodnya, 6 June 1996, p. 2.
63. Quoted in Segodnya, 25 June 1996, p. 2. It seems that, by this juncture, Lebed had embraced another economic programme sharply at odds with the free market hosannas that Naishul' had penned for him. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 June 1996, pp. 1, 3.
64. Quoted in Segodnya, 25 June 1996, p. 2. It seems that, by this juncture, Lebed had embraced another economic programme sharply at odds with the free market hosannas that Naishul' had penned for him. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 June 1996, pp. 1, 3.
65. I am relying on a somewhat abbreviated version of Naishul's extended essay, published as 'O normakh sovremennoi rossiiskoi gosudarstvennosti', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 May 1996, pp. 4-5.
66. Along these same lines, Chubais seemed enthusiastic during an interview (9 July 1997) about all manner of little things - the fact that the Russkoe Bystro fast-food firm seems to be out-competing McDonald's in the capital, middle-aged women singing folk songs a cappella in the metro where previously Western or classical music was about all there was to be heard there, or simple conversations overheard on public transport containing phrases such as 'we [should do things] in our own way' (nashi po-nashemu) - that to his mind indicated that national self-consciousness was regenerating itself in salutary ways.
67. Igor' Chubais, Ot Russkoi idei - k idee Novoi Rossii (Moscow, GITIS, 1996), pp. 13-46.
68. Ibid., pp. 69-97; interview given by Igor' Chubais to Aleksandr Shchuplov and Evgenii Lesin, Knizhnoe obozrenie, 1997, 27 (8 July), pp. 16-17.
69. Ibid., pp. 69-97; interview given by Igor' Chubais to Aleksandr Shchuplov and Evgenii Lesin, Knizhnoe obozrenie, 1997, 27 (8 July), pp. 16-17.
70. Chubais, Ot Russkoi idei ...,p. 3.
71. Ibid., pp. 4-7; Chubais, Knizhnoe obozrenie, 1997, 27 (8 July), p. 8. Interestingly, when confronted during an interview (9 July 1997) by the present writer with the counter-argument that the problem could be regarded as a plethora of competing national ideas rather than a dearth of the same, Chubais smiled and replied: 'That's debatable' (in a way indicating that he was not of a mind to do any debating about this).
72. Ibid., pp. 4-7; Chubais, Knizhnoe obozrenie, 1997, 27 (8 July), p. 8. Interestingly, when confronted during an interview (9 July 1997) by the present writer with the counter-argument that the problem could be regarded as a plethora of competing national ideas rather than a dearth of the same, Chubais smiled and replied: 'That's debatable' (in a way indicating that he was not of a mind to do any debating about this).
73. For a particularly truculent version of this position see Chubais's essay, 'Rossiiskii ideinyi krizis v dvukh aktakh', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 11 (9 October), p. 6. For countering views depicting the Soviet period as organically joined to Russia's national history, see Pastukhov, Tri vremeni Rossii ..., pp. 16-36; Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhen li Rossii ...', p. 2.
74. For a particularly truculent version of this position see Chubais's essay, 'Rossiiskii ideinyi krizis v dvukh aktakh', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 11 (9 October), p. 6. For countering views depicting the Soviet period as organically joined to Russia's national history, see Pastukhov, Tri vremeni Rossii ..., pp. 16-36; Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhen li Rossii ...', p. 2.
75. For a particularly truculent version of this position see Chubais's essay, 'Rossiiskii ideinyi krizis v dvukh aktakh', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 11 (9 October), p. 6. For countering views depicting the Soviet period as organically joined to Russia's national history, see Pastukhov, Tri vremeni Rossii ..., pp. 16-36; Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhen li Rossii ...', p. 2.
76. Interview with present writer (9 July 1997); Chubais, Knizhnoe obozrenie, 1997, 27 (8 July), p. 17.
77. Chubais, Ot Russkoi idei ..., pp. 69-78.
78. Chubais, Knizhnoe obozrenie, 1997, 27 (8 July), pp. 8, 17.
79. On the history of collaboration between orthodox communists and ultra-nationalists see Alexander Yanov, The Russian New Right (Berkeley, Institute for International Studies, University of California, 1978) and The Russian Challenge and the Year 2000 (New York, Basil Blackwell, 1987).
80. On the history of collaboration between orthodox communists and ultra-nationalists see Alexander Yanov, The Russian New Right (Berkeley, Institute for International Studies, University of California, 1978) and The Russian Challenge and the Year 2000 (New York, Basil Blackwell, 1987).
81. Urban, The Rebirth of Politics in Russia, pp. 180-182, 276-277.
82. Viktor Aksyuchits, 'Odin narod - edinoe gosudarstvo', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 27 February 1997, p. 2.
83. Interview given to Sergei Mulin by Aleksei Podberezkin, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 December 1996, p. 2.
84. See, for a clear example, Gennadii Zyuganov's remarks at the Third Congress of Spiritual Heritage in April 1997 in which he refers to the 'spiritual war' being waged against Russia by El'tsin and his government, who do the bidding of their 'Western masters'. Reported in Kommersant-daily, 10 April 1997, p. 3.
85. Francois Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981), especially pp. 46-53; Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984), pp. 10-57; William Sewell, Jr, A Rhetoric of Bourgeois Revolution: The Abbé Sieyes and What Is the Third Estate (Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 1994), pp. 32-56, 134-144.
86. Francois Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981), especially pp. 46-53; Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984), pp. 10-57; William Sewell, Jr, A Rhetoric of Bourgeois Revolution: The Abbé Sieyes and What Is the Third Estate (Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 1994), pp. 32-56, 134-144.
87. Francois Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981), especially pp. 46-53; Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984), pp. 10-57; William Sewell, Jr, A Rhetoric of Bourgeois Revolution: The Abbé Sieyes and What Is the Third Estate (Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 1994), pp. 32-56, 134-144.
88. Nikolai Biryukov, Jeffrey Gleisner & Viktor Sergeyev, 'The Crisis of Sobornost': Parliamentary Discourse in Present-Day Russia', Discourse and Society, 6, 2, 1995, pp. 149-171; J. Gleisner, L. Byzov, N. Biryukov & V. Sergeyev. 'The Parliament and the Cabinet: Parties, Factions and Parliamentary Control in Russia (1990-93)', Journal of Contemporary History, 3, 2, 1996, pp. 427- 461.
89. Nikolai Biryukov, Jeffrey Gleisner & Viktor Sergeyev, 'The Crisis of Sobornost': Parliamentary Discourse in Present-Day Russia', Discourse and Society, 6, 2, 1995, pp. 149-171; J. Gleisner, L. Byzov, N. Biryukov & V. Sergeyev. 'The Parliament and the Cabinet: Parties, Factions and Parliamentary Control in Russia (1990-93)', Journal of Contemporary History, 3, 2, 1996, pp. 427-461.
90. The ideology and programme of the Russian All-People's Union can be found in Za edinuyu velikuyu Rossiyu: istoriya rossiiskogo obshchenarodnogo soyuza v dokumentakh (Moscow, Novator, 1995).
91. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 30 April 1997, p. 2.
92. Yevgenii Krasnikov, 'Left Opposition Has Started to Crumble', Moscow News, 25-31 December 1996, pp. 1-2.
93. Aleksei Podberezkin, 'Radikal'nyi protest maloproduktiven', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 9 April 1997, p. 2.
94. Gleb Cherkasov, 'KPRF stanovitsya "otvetstvennoi oppozitsiei"', Segodnya, 19 December 1996, p. 2.
95. Petr Zhuravlev, 'Partiinyi portret v inter'ere', Itogi, 1996, 31 (10 December), p. 16.
96. Aleksei Podberezkin, 'Levaya oppozitsiya i vlast", Nezavisimaya gazeta, 11 December 1996, p. 2.
97. On Spiritual Heritage and Podberezkin, see Zhuravlev, 'Partiinyi portret ...', pp. 16-17; Yevgeny Krasnikov, 'Podberezkin: Communist and/or Nationalist', Moscow News, 7-13 August 1997, p. 3.
98. On Spiritual Heritage and Podberezkin, see Zhuravlev, 'Partiinyi portret ...', pp. 16-17; Yevgeny Krasnikov, 'Podberezkin: Communist and/or Nationalist', Moscow News, 7-13 August 1997, p. 3.
99. G. A. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya (Moscow, Informpechat', 1996), pp. 213-215, 220, 288-289; Aleksei Podberezkin, Russkii put' (Moscow, Dukhovnoe nasledie, 1996), pp. 5-6.
100. G. A. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya (Moscow, Informpechat', 1996), pp. 213-215, 220, 288-289; Aleksei Podberezkin, Russkii put' (Moscow, Dukhovnoe nasledie, 1996), pp. 5-6.
101. For analyses of CPSU discourse that proceed along these lines see Michael Urban & John McClure, 'The Folklore of State Socialism: Semiotics and the Study of the Soviet State', Soviet Studies, 35, 4, October 1983, pp. 471-486; Alexandre Bourmeyster, 'Utopie, idéologie et skaz', Essais sur le discours soviétique, 1983, 3, pp. 1-53.
102. For analyses of CPSU discourse that proceed along these lines see Michael Urban & John McClure, 'The Folklore of State Socialism: Semiotics and the Study of the Soviet State', Soviet Studies, 35, 4, October 1983, pp. 471-486; Alexandre Bourmeyster, 'Utopie, idéologie et skaz', Essais sur le discours soviétique, 1983, 3, pp. 1-53.
103. Podberezkin, Russkii put', pp. 3, 7-8; Gennadii Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu (Voronezh, Voronezh, 1995), p. 27.
104. Podberezkin, Russkii put', pp. 3, 7-8; Gennadii Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu (Voronezh, Voronezh, 1995), p. 27.
105. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, pp. 5-13; Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 50-51, 55.
106. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, pp. 5-13; Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 50-51, 55.
107. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, pp. 15-18; Podberezkin, Russkii put', p. 7.
108. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, pp. 15-18; Podberezkin, Russkii put', p. 7.
109. Podberezkin, Russkii put', pp. 6-31; Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, p. 220.
110. Podberezkin, Russkii put', pp. 6-31; Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, p. 220.
111. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, p. 346; Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 202, 209, 278.
112. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, p. 346; Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 202, 209, 278.
113. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 222-225, 271; Podberezkin, Russkii put', p. 41.
114. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 222-225, 271; Podberezkin, Russkii put', p. 41.
115. Podberezkin, Russkii put', p. 34.
116. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, especially pp. 4-5, 232-235.
117. Ibid., pp. 5-12, 50-51.
118. Ibid., p. 65; Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 55-58, 222.
119. Ibid., p. 65; Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 55-58, 222.
120. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, p. 46.
121. Ibid., pp. 49-50, 110.
122. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, p. 55.
123. Ibid., p. 221.
124. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, p. 349.
125. Ibid., pp. 13, 53-54, 79, 165, 228-229; Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 196-200.
126. Ibid., pp. 13, 53-54, 79, 165, 228-229; Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 196-200.
127. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, p. 171.
128. Quoted in Segodnya, 11 June 1996, p. 2.
129. T. Pushai, quoted in Podberezkin, Russkii put', p. 36.
130. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, p. 218.
131. Podberezkin, Russkii put', p. 42.
132. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, p. 283.
133. Podberezkin, 'Radikal'nyi protest maloproduktiven', p. 2.
134. Podberezkin, Russkii put', pp. 3, 12-15, 21, 43, 52-55.
135. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 24-26; Podberezkin, Russkii put', p. 4.
136. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 24-26; Podberezkin, Russkii put', p. 4.
137. Liliya Shevtsova, Politicheskie zigzagi postkommunisticheskoi Rossii (Moscow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1997), pp. 43-44.
138. For an overview of El'tsin's rhetoric in this regard see George Breslauer & Catherine Dale, 'Boris Yel'tsin and the Invention of a Russian Nation-State', Post-Soviet Affairs, 13, October-December 1997, pp. 303-332.
139. Dmitrii Pinsker, 'Devyat' mesyatsev odnogo goda', Itogi, 1997, 28 (15 July), p. 18.
140. Tim McDaniel, The Agony of the Russian Idea (Princeton, 1996), pp. 162-186. Boris Kagarlitsky has also called attention to the correspondence between features of the particular version of capitalism that has taken shape in Russia and the fact that its architects had all been amply schooled on the nature of capitalism by the Soviet educational system. See his 'Pyat' let v poiskakh rukovodyashchei idei', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 January 1997, p. 2.
141. Tim McDaniel, The Agony of the Russian Idea (Princeton, 1996), pp. 162-186. Boris Kagarlitsky has also called attention to the correspondence between features of the particular version of capitalism that has taken shape in Russia and the fact that its architects had all been amply schooled on the nature of capitalism by the Soviet educational system. See his 'Pyat' let v poiskakh rukovodyashchei idei', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 January 1997, p. 2.
142. Fedotova, 'Vozmozhna li modernizatsiya bez rusofobii?', p. 7. For some disturbing data on the resurgence of superstition - particularly among the young - which is apparently eclipsing faith in religious doctrines, see Tat'yana Varzanova, 'Vo chto veryat rossiyane', NG-RELIGII, 1997, 2, p. 3. On the relationship between the state's policies in the economic sector and the reproduction of Manichaean forms of social consciousness, see Stefan Hedlund, The Russian Economy: A Case of Pathological Institutions? (Uppsala, Department of East European Studies, University of Uppsala, September, 1997).
143. Fedotova, 'Vozmozhna li modernizatsiya bez rusofobii?', p. 7. For some disturbing data on the resurgence of superstition - particularly among the young - which is apparently eclipsing faith in religious doctrines, see Tat'yana Varzanova, 'Vo chto veryat rossiyane', NG-RELIGII, 1997, 2, p. 3. On the relationship between the state's policies in the economic sector and the reproduction of Manichaean forms of social consciousness, see Stefan Hedlund, The Russian Economy: A Case of Pathological Institutions? (Uppsala, Department of East European Studies, University of Uppsala, September, 1997).
144. Fedotova, 'Vozmozhna li modernizatsiya bez rusofobii?', p. 7. For some disturbing data on the resurgence of superstition - particularly among the young - which is apparently eclipsing faith in religious doctrines, see Tat'yana Varzanova, 'Vo chto veryat rossiyane', NG-RELIGII, 1997, 2, p. 3. On the relationship between the state's policies in the economic sector and the reproduction of Manichaean forms of social consciousness, see Stefan Hedlund, The Russian Economy: A Case of Pathological Institutions? (Uppsala, Department of East European Studies, University of Uppsala, September, 1997).
145. In addition to the cases mentioned above - the rebuilding of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour and the statue erected of Peter the Great - another example taken from Moscow in the summer of 1997 bears mention. This involves an exhibit at the Malyi Manezh organised by the government of Moscow as part of the commemoration of the city's 850-year anniversary. The fact that the exhibit - entitled Orthodoxy, Army and Fleet - had nothing whatsoever to do with Moscow itself, along with its blend of religious and martial images, indicated that its apparent purpose was to instill patriotic feelings. In that respect it has been a resounding failure. The present writer visited the exhibition on 11 July 1997, finding himself in the company of only two other patrons (one of whom was an artist painting copies of some of the exhibits). In reply to my question about the frequency of visitors, an attendant informed me that the number of us there at the time was representative, although often the exhibition was completely devoid of guests. Most visitors, she said, seemed to drop in by chance and stayed but a few minutes.
146. Author's interview with member of president's commission (21 December 1996).
147. Ibid.; 'National Ideas in the World History and Culture: The Project's Outline' (ms; Moscow, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Ideology, Public Politics and Social Consciousness, 'Volkhonka 14', 1997).
148. Ibid.; 'National Ideas in the World History and Culture: The Project's Outline' (ms; Moscow, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Ideology, Public Politics and Social Consciousness, 'Volkhonka 14', 1997).
149. Quoted in Pinsker, 'Devyat' mesyatsev ...', p. 18.
150. G. Satarov (ed.), Rossiya v poiskakh idei: Analiz pressy: Sbornik 1 (Moscow, Upravlenie delami Prezidenta, 1997)
151. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 30 July 1996, announced its competition, 'Konkurs "Ideya dlya Rossii"', under an unusual headline reading 'Who are we? Where are we going?' above a large photograph of an Il'ya Glazunov painting - depicting in the background a bevy of churches atop a ring of hills from which descends into the foreground a mass of historically prominent religious and cultural figures over whom towers a massive crucified Christ. Throughout the autumn and winter, its pages featured dozens of essays and scores of letters on this topic. First prize was awarded to Guru Sudakov, a deputy of the Vologda regional legislature, for his piece on 'Characteristics of a restless [or 'troubled'] Russian soul' ('Svoistva bespokoinoi russkoi dushi', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 11 February 1997, p. 4). The judges were apparently especially taken by his turn of phrase 'Russia is for me, I'm for Russia', using it as the title for the article announcing their award (18 January 1997, p. 1). Sudakov's essay - however banal - is emblematic of the orientation among those on the presidential commission. Specifically, it features a reverential bow to old Russia, an acknowledgement of the crucial importance of faith for the Russian soul, and an effort to redirect the satisfaction of that need away from its previous objects - the official religion, the empire - and toward new outlets. Sudakov renews the mythology of the national idea's origins, claiming that its pre-Soviet version - faith, tsar and fatherland - was born spontaneously in the bosom of the people. Officials and intellectuals only hastened its propagation among the masses. And so it is today, as the people have begun to respond to their new situations, shedding messianism in favour of more mundane but all the more vital purposes such as living together as a nation based on the interlocking, harmonious networks of family and friends (a diluted sobornost'). The apprehension of this 'collective', the whole nation, leads him to affirm that 'Russia is not above the rest, it is simply the best place on earth. Russia is not a great derzhava [major power], it is simply the best derzhava'.
152. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 30 July 1996, announced its competition, 'Konkurs "Ideya dlya Rossii"', under an unusual headline reading 'Who are we? Where are we going?' above a large photograph of an Il'ya Glazunov painting - depicting in the background a bevy of churches atop a ring of hills from which descends into the foreground a mass of historically prominent religious and cultural figures over whom towers a massive crucified Christ. Throughout the autumn and winter, its pages featured dozens of essays and scores of letters on this topic. First prize was awarded to Guru Sudakov, a deputy of the Vologda regional legislature, for his piece on 'Characteristics of a restless [or 'troubled'] Russian soul' ('Svoistva bespokoinoi russkoi dushi', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 11 February 1997, p. 4). The judges were apparently especially taken by his turn of phrase 'Russia is for me, I'm for Russia', using it as the title for the article announcing their award (18 January 1997, p. 1). Sudakov's essay - however banal - is emblematic of the orientation among those on the presidential commission. Specifically, it features a reverential bow to old Russia, an acknowledgement of the crucial importance of faith for the Russian soul, and an effort to redirect the satisfaction of that need away from its previous objects - the official religion, the empire - and toward new outlets. Sudakov renews the mythology of the national idea's origins, claiming that its pre-Soviet version - faith, tsar and fatherland - was born spontaneously in the bosom of the people. Officials and intellectuals only hastened its propagation among the masses. And so it is today, as the people have begun to respond to their new situations, shedding messianism in favour of more mundane but all the more vital purposes such as living together as a nation based on the interlocking, harmonious networks of family and friends (a diluted sobornost'). The apprehension of this 'collective', the whole nation, leads him to affirm that 'Russia is not above the rest, it is simply the best place on earth. Russia is not a great derzhava [major power], it is simply the best derzhava'.
153. Dmitrii Likhachev, 'Obshchenatsional'naya ideya v kachestve panatsei ot vsekh bed - kraine opasnaya glupost", Novaya gazeta, 9 December 1996, p. 1; Vyacheslav Kostikov, 'A Time to Rule Through Action', Moscow News, 9-15 October
154. Dmitrii Likhachev, 'Obshchenatsional'naya ideya v kachestve panatsei ot vsekh bed - kraine opasnaya glupost", Novaya gazeta, 9 December 1996, p. 1; Vyacheslav Kostikov, 'A Time to Rule Through Action', Moscow News, 9-15 October 1996, p. 4; Aleksandr Solov'ev, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya: panatseya? lovushka? mistifikatsiya?', Vlast', 1997, 2, pp. 22-26.
155. Dmitrii Likhachev, 'Obshchenatsional'naya ideya v kachestve panatsei ot vsekh bed - kraine opasnaya glupost", Novaya gazeta, 9 December 1996, p. 1; Vyacheslav Kostikov, 'A Time to Rule Through Action', Moscow News, 9-15 October 1996, p. 4; Aleksandr Solov'ev, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya: panatseya? lovushka? mistifikatsiya?', Vlast', 1997, 2, pp. 22-26.
156. 'Russian "Experts" Preparing Ideological Development' (Moscow, Interfax, 23 September 1997).
157. G. A. Cherneiko et al. (eds), Gosudarstvennaya ideologiya i Obshchenatsional'naya ideya (Moscow, Klub 'Realisty', 1997).
158. Interviews with members of the presidential commission (21 December 1996 and 9 September 1997) and Aleksei Kara-Murza (19 December 1996). Aleksei Kiva, 'Velikaya ideya ne dolzhna popast' na ulitsu', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 9 January 1997, p. 3.
159. This term was used by a commission member in an interview (21 December 1996). See also Pinsker, 'Devyat' mesyatsev ...', p. 18.
160. For an extended treatment of this current in the thinking of the presidential commission, see Alekseeva, Kapustin & Pantin, 'Integrativnaya ideologiya: priglashenie k razmyshleniyu', pp. 23-30.
161. A. A. Kara-Murza, 'Nuzhna li Rossii novaya ideologiya, i esli nuzhna, to kakaya?', typescript of address delivered to the Svobodnoe slovo club, 13 September 1996.
162. Interview with commission member (21 December 1996).
163. Kostikov, 'A Time to Rule ...', p. 4.
164. 'Ideologiya kak fenomen obshchestvennogo soznaniya', in Satarov (ed.), Rossiya v poiskakh idei, p. 119.
165. Interpretatsii "natsional'noi idei" v politicheskom diskurse', in Satarov (ed.), Rossiiya v poiskakh idei, p. 130; M. K. Gorshkov, 'Nuzhna li Rossii gosudarstvennaya ideologiya?', in Cherneiko et al. (eds), Gosudarstvennaya ideologiya i obshchenatsional'naya ideya, pp. 8-13.
166. Interpretatsii "natsional'noi idei" v politicheskom diskurse', in Satarov (ed.), Rossiiya v poiskakh idei, p. 130; M. K. Gorshkov, 'Nuzhna li Rossii gosudarstvennaya ideologiya?', in Cherneiko et al. (eds), Gosudarstvennaya ideologiya i obshchenatsional'naya ideya, pp. 8-13.
167. 'Integrativnye tsennosti kak elementy ideologii i obshchestvennoi psikhologii', in Cherneiko et al. (eds), Gosudarstvennaya ideologiya i obshchenatsional'naya ideya, pp. 175-181.
168. Pinsker, 'Devyat' mesyatsev ...', p. 18.
169. This comment was made by Vitalii Ignatenko, deputy premier in charge of the mass media, on 1 March 1996 at a meeting of local media personnel in Krasnodar. It was quoted in Segodnya, 2 March 1996, p. 2.
170. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, pp. 52-54; Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 178-179.
171. Zyuganov, Veryu v Rossiyu, pp. 52-54; Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 178-179.
172. In addition to the statements of Likhachev, Kostikov and Solov'ev cited, above (note 96), see Svetlana Klishina, 'Russia's National Idea: A Cultural Value and a Political Threat', Moscow News, 20-26 March 1997, p. 5.
173. Some survey data on the matter of the way in which different groups in society respond to one or another formulation of national identity can be found in Tat'yana Kutkovets & Igor' Klyamkin, 'Russkie idei', NG-STSENARII, 1997, 1, pp. 2-3.
174. Vladimir Shumeiko seemed to have summed up the tacit credo of Russia's political class on this issue in his remark that in his view 'contemporary Russia is divided into two parts: the national and the non-national'. See his 'Rossiya dolzhna stat' natsional'noi', in Cherneiko et al. (eds), Gosudarstvennaya ideologiya i obshchenatsional'naya ideya, p. 85. Similarly, a member of the presidential commission opined during an interview (9 September 1997) that 'the national idea will not be accepted by all, of course, but by a sizeable majority'. See also the roundtable on this question moderated by Lyudmila Telen, 'Why Hasn't the Russian National Idea Seized the Masses Yet?', Moscow News, 27 March-2 April 1997, p. 5.
175. Vladimir Shumeiko seemed to have summed up the tacit credo of Russia's political class on this issue in his remark that in his view 'contemporary Russia is divided into two parts: the national and the non-national'. See his 'Rossiya dolzhna stat' natsional'noi', in Cherneiko et al. (eds), Gosudarstvennaya ideologiya i obshchenatsional'naya ideya, p. 85. Similarly, a member of the presidential commission opined during an interview (9 September 1997) that 'the national idea will not be accepted by all, of course, but by a sizeable majority'. See also the roundtable on this question moderated by Lyudmila Telen, 'Why Hasn't the Russian National Idea Seized the Masses Yet?', Moscow News, 27 March-2 April 1997, p. 5.
176. Vladimir Shumeiko seemed to have summed up the tacit credo of Russia's political class on this issue in his remark that in his view 'contemporary Russia is divided into two parts: the national and the non-national'. See his 'Rossiya dolzhna stat' natsional'noi', in Cherneiko et al. (eds), Gosudarstvennaya ideologiya i obshchenatsional'naya ideya, p. 85. Similarly, a member of the presidential commission opined during an interview (9 September 1997) that 'the national idea will not be accepted by all, of course, but by a sizeable majority'. See also the roundtable on this question moderated by Lyudmila Telen, 'Why Hasn't the Russian National Idea Seized the Masses Yet?', Moscow News, 27 March-2 April 1997, p. 5.
177. Vyacheslav Kostikov, 'To Serve the Country, Not an Idea', Moscow News, 10-16 April 1997, p. 5.
178. Podberezkin, 'Radikal'nyi protest maloproduktiven', p. 2.
179. Although a discussion of the role of the Russian Orthodox Church, especially in light of the September 1997 law that effectively confers on it the status of state religion, would be beyond the scope of this study, mention needs to be made here of that aspect of what I am calling a 'new phase'. On the attempts by the government and opposition to bolster their political capital via association with the Russian Orthodox Church, see Andrei Savcl'ev, 'Tserkov' i pretendenty na "simfoniyu"' and the roundtable discussion that follows it, NG-RELIGII, 23 January 1998, pp. 4-5.
180. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 262-272.
181. Sergei Kortunov, 'Dogovor ne mozhet byt' platoi za rasshirenie', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 13 February 1997, p. 5.
182. Andrei Ryabov, 'Novye Rossiiskie mify', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 13 February 1997, p. 5.
183. Boris Berezovsky, 'Litsom k litsu', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 20 February 1997, p. 1.
184. Vyacheslav Nikonov, 'Tsentral'noevropeiskii mirazh', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18 February 1997, p. 2.
185. For a similar argument see Natalya Kalashnikova's essay in Russia's most Western-oriented daily, Segodnya, 25 February 1997, p. 1.
186. Interview with present writer (19 December 1996).