Update on meningiomas

Oncologist

Volumn 16, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1604-1613

  Saraf, Santosh ^a   McCarthy, Bridget J ^a   Villano, J Lee ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain tumor; Epidemiology; Meningiomas; Tumor registry

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ALPHA2B INTERFERON; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOXORUBICIN; FLUTAMIDE; HYDROXYUREA; IMATINIB; MIFEPRISTONE; OCTREOTIDE; PASIREOTIDE; SOMATOSTATIN; TAMOXIFEN; VINCRISTINE;

ARTICLE; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER SURGERY; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; IONIZING RADIATION; MENINGIOMA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SURVIVAL RATE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

HUMANS; MENINGEAL NEOPLASMS; MENINGIOMA; NEOPLASM GRADING; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 82355190571     PISSN: 10837159     EISSN: 1549490X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0193     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS). CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2004-2006. Hinsdale, IL: CBTRUS, 2010. Available at http://www.cbtrus.org/2010-NPCR-SEER/CBTRUS-WEBREPORT, accessed March 2, 2010.
2. Schellinger KA, Propp JM, Villano JL et al. Descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord tumors. J Neurooncol 2008;87:173-179.
3. Bondy M, Ligon BL. Epidemiology and etiology of intracranial meningiomas: A review. J Neurooncol 1996;29:197-205.
4. Longstreth WT Jr, Dennis LK, McGuire VM et al. Epidemiology of intracranial meningioma. Cancer 1993;72:639-648.
5. Buetow MP, Buetow PC, Smirniotopoulos JG. Typical, atypical, and misleading features in meningioma. Radiographics 1991;11:1087-1106.
6. Kendall B, Symon L. Investigation of patients presenting with cerebellopontine angle syndromes. Neuroradiology 1977;13:65-84.
7. New PF, Aronow S, Hesselink JR. National Cancer Institute study: Evaluation of computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial neoplasms. IV. Meningiomas. Radiology 1980;136: 665-675.
8. Rohringer M, Sutherland GR, Louw DF et al. Incidence and clinicopathological features of meningioma. J Neurosurg 1989;71:665-672.
9. Wood MW, White RJ, Kernohan JW. One hundred intracranial meningiomas found incidentally at necropsy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1957;16: 337-340.
10. Lusins JO, Nakagawa H. Multiple meningiomas evaluated by computed tomography. Neurosurgery 1981;9:137-141.
11. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD et al. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2007;114:97-109.
12. Perry A, Stafford SL, Scheithauer BW et al. Meningioma grading: An analysis of histologic parameters. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:1455-1465.
13. Whittle IR, Smith C, Navoo P et al. Meningiomas. Lancet 2004;363:1535-1543.
14. Lamszus K. Meningioma pathology, genetics, and biology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004;63: 275-286.
15. Perry A, Gutmann DH, Reifenberger G. Molecular pathogenesis of meningiomas. J Neurooncol 2004;70:183-202.
16. Perry A, Scheithauer BW, Stafford SL et al. "Malignancy" in meningiomas: A clinicopathologic study of 116 patients, with grading implications. Cancer 1999;85:2046-2056.
17. Preston-Martin S, Henderson BE, Peters JM. Descriptive epidemiology of central nervous system neoplasms in Los Angeles County. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982;381:202-208.
18. Larjavaara S, Haapasalo H, Sankila R et al. Is the incidence of meningiomas underestimated? A regional survey. Br J Cancer 2008;99:182-184.
19. Hoffman S, Propp JM, McCarthy BJ. Temporal trends in incidence of primary brain tumors in the United States, 1985-1999. Neuro Oncol 2006; 8:27-37.
20. Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Tanghe HL et al. Incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1821-1828.
21. Nakasu S, Hirano A, Shimura T et al. Incidental meningiomas in autopsy study. Surg Neurol 1987;27:319-322.
22. Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Kruchko C. Meningiomas: Causes and risk factors. Neurosurg Focus 2007;23:E2.
23. Helseth A, Mrk SJ, Glattre E. Neoplasms of the central nervous system in Norway. V. Meningioma and cancer of other sites An analysis of the occurrence of multiple primary neoplasms in meningioma patients in Norway from 1955 through 1986. APMIS 1989;97:738-744.
24. Hatch EE, Linet MS, Zhang J et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of brain tumors in adult females. Int J Cancer 2005;114:797-805.
25. Jhawar BS, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA et al. Sex steroid hormone exposures and risk for meningioma. J Neurosurg 2003;99:848-853.
26. Custer B, Longstreth WT Jr, Phillips LE et al. Hormonal exposures and the risk of intracranial meningioma in women: A population-based casecontrol study. BMC Cancer 2006;6:152.
27. Wigertz A, Lönn S, Mathiesen T et al. Risk of brain tumors associated with exposure to exogenous female sex hormones. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 164:629-636.
28. Lee E, Grutsch J, Persky V et al. Association of meningioma with reproductive factors. Int J Cancer 2006;119:1152-1157.
29. Sadetzki S, Modan B, Chetrit A et al. An iatrogenic epidemic of benign meningioma. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:266-272.
30. Munk J, Peyser E, Gruszkiewicz J. Radiation induced intracranial meningiomas. Clin Radiol 1969;20:90-94.
31. Sadetzki S, Chetrit A, Freedman L et al. Longterm follow-up for brain tumor development after childhood exposure to ionizing radiation for tinea capitis. Radiat Res 2005;163:424-432.
32. Ron E, Modan B, Boice JD Jr et al. Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1033-1039.
33. Thompson DE, Mabuchi K, Ron E et al. Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part II: Solid tumors, 1958-1987. Radiat Res 1994;137(2 suppl):S17-S67.
34. Sadamori N, Shibata S, Mine M et al. Incidence of intracranial meningiomas in Nagasaki atomic-bomb survivors. Int J Cancer 1996;67:318-322.
35. Shintani T, Hayakawa N, Hoshi M et al. High incidence of meningioma among Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 1999;40:49-57.
36. Preston-Martin S, Henderson BE, Bernstein L. Medical and dental x rays as risk factors for recently diagnosed tumors of the head. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1985;69:175-179.
37. Preston-Martin S, Mack W, Henderson BE. Risk factors for gliomas and meningiomas in males in Los Angeles County. Cancer Res 1989;49:6137-6143.
38. Al-Mefty O, Topsakal C, Pravdenkova S et al. Radiation-induced meningiomas: Clinical, pathological, cytokinetic, and cytogenetic characteristics. J Neurosurg 2004;100:1002-1013.
39. Harrison MJ, Wolfe DE, Lau TS et al. Radiation-induced meningiomas: Experience at the Mount Sinai Hospital and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 1991;75:564-574.
40. Hijiya N, Hudson MM, Lensing S et al. Cumulative incidence of secondary neoplasms as a first event after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JAMA 2007;297:1207-1215.
41. Mack EE, Wilson CB. Meningiomas induced by high-dose cranial irradiation. J Neurosurg 1993; 79:28-31.
42. Moss SD, Rockswold GL, Chou SN et al. Radiation-induced meningiomas in pediatric patients. Neurosurgery 1988;22:758-761.
43. Neglia JP, Robison LL, Stovall M et al. New primary neoplasms of the central nervous system in survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98:1528-1537.
44. Walter AW, Hancock ML, Pui CH et al. Secondary brain tumors in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia at St Jude Children's Research Hospital. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3761-3767.
45. Rubinstein AB, Shalit MN, Cohen ML et al. Radiation-induced cerebral meningioma: A recognizable entity. J Neurosurg 1984;61:966-971.
46. Soffer D, Pittaluga S, Feiner M et al. Intracranial meningiomas following low-dose irradiation to the head. J Neurosurg 1983;59:1048-1053.
47. Lambe M, Coogan P, Baron J. Reproductive factors and the risk of brain tumors: A populationbased study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 1997;72:389-393.
48. Schlehofer B, Blettner M, Wahrendorf J. Association between brain tumors and menopausal status. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:1346-1349.
49. Custer BS, Koepsell TD, Mueller BA. The association between breast carcinoma and meningioma in women. Cancer 2002;94:1626-1635.
50. Schoenberg BS, Christine BW, Whisnant JP. Nervous system neoplasms and primary malignancies of other sites. The unique association between meningiomas and breast cancer. Neurology 1975; 25:705-712.
51. Martuza RL, Eldridge R. Neurofibromatosis 2 (bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis). N Engl J Med 1988;318:684-688.
52. Bigner DD, McLendon RE, Bruner JM et al. Russell and Rubinstein's Pathology of Tumors of the Nervous System. London and New York: Arnold; copublished in the U.S. by Oxford University Press, 1998:427-475.
53. Lamszus K, Vahldiek F, Mautner VF et al. Allelic losses in neurofibromatosis 2-associated meningiomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000;59: 504-512.
54. Antinheimo J, Haapasalo H, Haltia M et al. Proliferation potential and histological features in www.TheOncologist.com neurofibromatosis 2-associated and sporadic meningiomas. J Neurosurg 1997;87:610-614.
55. Hemminki K, Li X. Familial risks in nervous system tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:1137-1142.
56. Flint-Richter P, Sadetzki S. Genetic predisposition for the development of radiation-associated meningioma: An epidemiological study. Lancet Oncol 2007;8:403-410.
57. Sadetzki S, Flint-Richter P, Starinsky S et al. Genotyping of patients with sporadic and radiation-associated meningiomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:969-976.
58. Rajaraman P, Hutchinson A, Rothman N et al. Oxidative response gene polymorphisms and risk of adult brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 2008;10:709-715.
59. De Roos AJ, Rothman N, Inskip PD et al. Genetic polymorphisms in GSTM1,-P1,-T1, and CYP2E1 and the risk of adult brain tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:14-22.
60. Rajaraman P, Brenner AV, Neta G et al. Risk of meningioma and common variation in genes related to innate immunity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19:1356-1361.
61. Rajaraman P, Hutchinson A, Wichner S et al. DNA repair gene polymorphisms and risk of adult meningioma, glioma, and acoustic neuroma. Neuro Oncol 2010;12:37-48.
62. Zang KD, Singer H. Chromosomal constitution of meningiomas. Nature 1967;216:84-85.
63. Zankl H, Zang KD. Cytological and cytogenetical studies on brain tumors. 4. Identification of the missing G chromosome in human meningiomas as no. 22 by fluorescence technique. Humangenetik 1972;14:167-169.
64. Seizinger BR, de la Monte S, Atkins L et al. Molecular genetic approach to human meningioma: Loss of genes on chromosome 22. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987;84:5419-5423.
65. Ruttledge MH, Sarrazin J, Rangaratnam S et al. Evidence for the complete inactivation of the NF2 gene in the majority of sporadic meningiomas. Nat Genet 1994;6:180-184.
66. Wellenreuther R, Kraus JA, Lenartz D et al. Analysis of the neurofibromatosis 2 gene reveals molecular variants of meningioma. Am J Pathol 1995;146:827-832.
67. Ueki K, Wen-Bin C, Narita Y et al. Tight association of loss of merlin expression with loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 22q in sporadic meningiomas. Cancer Res 1999;59:5995-5998.
68. Gusella JF, Ramesh V, MacCollin M et al. Merlin: The neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1423:M29-M36.
69. Shaw RJ, Paez JG, Curto M et al. The Nf2 tumor suppressor, merlin, functions in Rac-dependent signaling. Dev Cell 2001;1:63-72.
70. Lallemand D, Curto M, Saotome I et al. NF2 deficiency promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis by destabilizing adherens junctions. Genes Dev 2003;17:1090-1100.
71. Gutmann DH, Donahoe J, Perry A et al. Loss of DAL-1, a protein 4.1-related tumor suppressor, is an important early event in the pathogenesis of meningiomas. Hum Mol Genet 2000;9:1495-1500.
72. Perry A, Cai DX, Scheithauer BW et al. Merlin, DAL-1, and progesterone receptor expression in clinicopathologic subsets of meningioma: A correlative immunohistochemical study of 175 cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000;59:872-879.
73. Carroll RS, Glowacka D, Dashner K et al. Progesterone receptor expression in meningiomas. Cancer Res 1993;53:1312-1316.
74. Carroll RS, Zhang J, Dashner K et al. Progesterone and glucocorticoid receptor activation in meningiomas. Neurosurgery 1995;37:92-97.
75. Rubinstein AB, Loven D, Geier A et al. Hormone receptors in initially excised versus recurrent intracranial meningiomas. J Neurosurg 1994;81: 184-187.
76. Verhagen A, Go KG, Visser GM et al. The presence of progesterone receptors in arachnoid granulations and in the lining of arachnoid cysts: Its relevance to expression of progesterone receptors in meningiomas. Br J Neurosurg 1995;9:47-50.
77. Hsu DW, Efird JT, Hedley-Whyte ET. Progesterone and estrogen receptors in meningiomas: Prognostic considerations. J Neurosurg 1997;86: 113-120.
78. Tonn JC, Ott MM, Bouterfa H et al. Inverse correlation of cell proliferation and expression of progesterone receptors in tumor spheroids and monolayer cultures of human meningiomas. Neurosurgery 1997;41:1152-1159.
79. Sanson M, Cornu P. Biology of meningiomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2000;142:493-505.
80. Johnson MD, Woodard A, Kim P et al. Evidence for mitogen-associated protein kinase activation and transduction of mitogenic signals by platelet-derived growth factor in human meningioma cells. J Neurosurg 2001;94:293-300.
81. Torp SH, Helseth E, Dalen A et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in human meningiomas and meningeal tissue. APMIS 1992;100: 797-802.
82. Nordqvist AC, Peyrard M, Pettersson H et al. A high ratio of insulin-like growth factor II/insulinlike growth factor binding protein 2 messenger RNA as a marker for anaplasia in meningiomas. Cancer Res 1997;57:2611-2614.
83. Harland SP, Kuc RE, Pickard JD et al. Expression of endothelin(A) receptors in human gliomas and meningiomas, with high affinity for the selective antagonist PD156707. Neurosurgery 1998;43: 890-898; discussion 898-899.
84. Bchges R, Ichimura K, Weber RG et al. Allelic gain and amplification on the long arm of chromosome 17 in anaplastic meningiomas. Brain Pathol 2002;12:145-153.
85. Cai DX, Banerjee R, Scheithauer BW et al. Chromosome 1p and 14q FISH analysis in clinicopathologic subsets of meningioma: Diagnostic and prognostic implications. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001;60:628-636.
86. Lamszus K, Kluwe L, Matschke J et al. Allelic losses at 1p, 9q, 10q, 14q, and 22q in the progression of aggressive meningiomas and undifferentiated meningeal sarcomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1999;110:103-110.
87. Weber RG, Boström J, Wolter M et al. Analysis of genomic alterations in benign, atypical, and anaplastic meningiomas: Toward a genetic model of meningioma progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:14719-14724.
88. Simon M, Park TW, Leuenroth S et al. Telomerase activity and expression of the telomerase catalytic subunit, hTERT, in meningioma progression. J Neurosurg 2000;92:832-840.
89. Shono T, Inamura T, Torisu M et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and malignant transformation of a meningioma: Case report. Neurol Res 2000;22:189-193.
90. Sankila R, Kallio M, Jääskelainen J et al. Long-term survival of 1986 patients with intracranial meningioma diagnosed from 1953 to 1984 in Finland. Comparison of the observed and expected survival rates in a population-based series. Cancer 1992;70:1568-1576.
91. Mirimanoff RO, Dosoretz DE, Linggood RM et al. Meningioma: Analysis of recurrence and progression following neurosurgical resection. J Neurosurg 1985;62:18-24.
92. Talbäck M, Stenbeck M, Rosén M. Up-to-date long-term survival of cancer patients: An evaluation of period analysis on Swedish Cancer Registry data. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:1361-1372.
93. Stafford SL, Perry A, Suman VJ et al. Primarily resected meningiomas: Outcome and prognostic factors in 581 Mayo Clinic patients, 1978 through 1988. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:936-942.
94. McCarthy BJ, Davis FG, Freels S et al. Factors associated with survival in patients with meningioma. J Neurosurg 1998;88:831-839.
95. Simpson D. The recurrence of intracranial meningiomas after surgical treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1957;20:22-39.
96. Jääskelainen J. Seemingly complete removal of histologically benign intracranial meningioma: Late recurrence rate and factors predicting recurrence in 657 patients. A multivariate analysis. Surg Neurol 1986;26:461-469.
97. Rockhill J, Mrugala M, Chamberlain MC. Intracranial meningiomas: An overview of diagnosis and treatment. Neurosurg Focus 2007;23:E1.
98. Fotopoulos AD, Alexiou GA, Goussia A et al. (99m)Tc-Tetrofosmin brain SPECT in the assessment of meningiomas- correlation with histological grade and proliferation index. J Neurooncol 2008;89:225-230.
99. Amatya VJ, Takeshima Y, Sugiyama K et al. Immunohistochemical study of Ki-67 (MIB-1), p53 protein, p21WAF1, and p27KIP1 expression in benign, atypical, and anaplastic meningiomas. Hum Pathol 2001;32:970-975.
100. Sandberg DI, Edgar MA, Resch L et al. MIB-1 staining index of pediatric meningiomas. Neurosurgery 2001;48:590-595; discussion 595-597.
101. Ho DM, Hsu CY, Ting LT et al. Histopathology and MIB-1 labeling index predicted recurrence of meningiomas: A proposal of diagnostic criteria for patients with atypical meningioma. Cancer 2002;94:1538-1547.
102. Strik HM, Strobelt I, Pietsch-Breitfeld B et al. The impact of progesterone receptor expression on relapse in the long-term clinical course of 93 benign meningiomas. In Vivo 2002;16:265-270.
103. Langford LA, Piatyszek MA, Xu R et al. Telomerase activity in ordinary meningiomas predicts poor outcome. Hum Pathol 1997;28:416-420.
104. Yamasaki F, Yoshioka H, Hama S et al. Recurrence of meningiomas. Cancer 2000;89:1102-1110.
105. Maillo A, Orfao A, Sayagues JM et al. New classification scheme for the prognostic stratification of meningioma on the basis of chromosome 14 abnormalities, patient age, and tumor histopathology. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:3285-3295.
106. Watson MA, Gutmann DH, Peterson K et al. Molecular characterization of human meningiomas by gene expression profiling using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. Am J Pathol 2002;161: 665-672.
107. Bohuslavizki KH, Brenner W, Braunsdorf WE et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of meningioma. Nucl Med Commun 1996;17:302-310.
108. Saeed P, Tanck MW, Freling N et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy for optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Ophthalmology 2009;116:1581-1586.
109. Black PM, Villavicencio AT, Rhouddou C et al. Aggressive surgery and focal radiation in the management of meningiomas of the skull base: Preservation of function with maintenance of local control. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143:555-562.
110. O'Sullivan MG, van Loveren HR, Tew JM Jr. The surgical resectability of meningiomas of the cavernous sinus. Neurosurgery 1997;40:238-244; discussion 245-247.
111. Roberti F, Sekhar LN, Kalavakonda C et al. Posterior fossa meningiomas: Surgical experience in 161 cases. Surg Neurol 2001;56:8-20; discussion 20-21.
112. Debus J, Wuendrich M, Pirzkall A et al. High efficacy of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy of large base-of-skull meningiomas: Long-term results. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3547-3553.
113. Goldsmith BJ, Wara WM, Wilson CB et al. Postoperative irradiation for subtotally resected meningiomas. A retrospective analysis of 140 patients treated from 1967 to 1990. J Neurosurg 1994; 80:195-201.
114. Kokubo M, Shibamoto Y, Takahashi JA et al. Efficacy of conventional radiotherapy for recurrent meningioma. J Neurooncol 2000;48:51-55.
115. Jääskelainen J, Haltia M, Servo A. Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas: Radiology, surgery, radiotherapy, and outcome. Surg Neurol 1986;25: 233-242.
116. Barbaro NM, Gutin PH, Wilson CB et al. Radiation therapy in the treatment of partially resected meningiomas. Neurosurgery 1987;20:525-528.
117. Black PM. Hormones, radiosurgery and virtual reality: New aspects of meningioma management. Can J Neurol Sci 1997;24:302-306.
118. Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Maitz AH et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery of imaging-diagnosed intracranial meningioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;56:801-806.
119. Morita A, Coffey RJ, Foote RL et al. Risk of injury to cranial nerves after gamma knife radiosurgery for skull base meningiomas: Experience in 88 patients. J Neurosurg 1999;90:42-49.
120. Ojemann SG, Sneed PK, Larson DA et al. Radiosurgery for malignant meningioma: Results in 22 patients. J Neurosurg 2000;93(suppl 3):62-67.
121. Stafford SL, Pollock BE, Foote RL et al. Meningioma radiosurgery: Tumor control, outcomes, and complications among 190 consecutive patients. Neurosurg 2001;49:1029-1037; discussion 1037-1038.
122. Kondziolka D, Mathieu D, Lunsford LD et al. Radiosurgery as definitive management of intracranial meningiomas. Neurosurgery 2008;62:53-58; discussion 58-60.
123. Spiegelmann R, Cohen ZR, Nissim O et al. Cavernous sinus meningiomas: A large LINAC radiosurgery series. J Neurooncol 2010;98:195-202.
124. Colombo F, Casentini L, Cavedon C et al. Cyberknife radiosurgery for benign meningiomas: Short-term results in 199 patients. Neurosurgery 2009;64(2 suppl):A7-A13.
125. Weber DC, Lomax AJ, Rutz HP et al. Spotscanning proton radiation therapy for recurrent, residual or untreated intracranial meningiomas. Radiother Oncol 2004;71:251-258.
126. Bendszus M, Martin-Schrader I, Schlake HP et al. Embolisation of intracranial meningiomas without subsequent surgery. Neuroradiology 2003; 45:451-455.
127. Grunberg SM, Weiss MH, Spitz IM et al. Treatment of unresectable meningiomas with the antiprogesterone agent mifepristone. J Neurosurg 1991;74:861-866.
128. Lamberts SW, Tanghe HL, Avezaat CJ et al. Mifepristone (RU 486) treatment of meningiomas. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55:486-490.
129. Grunberg SM, Rankin C, Townsend J et al. Phase III double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of mifepristone (RU) for the treatment of unresectable meningioma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2001;20:222.
130. Grunberg SM, Weiss MH, Russell CA et al. Long-term administration of mifepristone (RU486): Clinical tolerance during extended treatment of meningioma. Cancer Invest 2006;24:727-733.
131. Goodwin JW, Crowley J, Eyre HJ et al. A phase II evaluation of tamoxifen in unresectable or refractory meningiomas: A Southwest Oncology Group study. J Neurooncol 1993;15:75-77.
132. Norden AD, Drappatz J, Wen PY. Targeted drug therapy for meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus 2007;23:E12.
133. Schrell UM, Rittig MG, Anders M et al. Hydroxyurea for treatment of unresectable and recurrent meningiomas. II. Decrease in the size of meningiomas in patients treated with hydroxyurea. J Neurosurg 1997;86:840-844.
134. Newton HB, Slivka MA, Stevens C. Hydroxyurea chemotherapy for unresectable or residual meningioma. J Neurooncol 2000;49:165-170.
135. Newton HB, Scott SR, Volpi C. Hydroxyurea chemotherapy for meningiomas: Enlarged cohort with extended follow-up. Br J Neurosurg 2004;18:495-499.
136. Fuentes S, Chinot O, Dufour H et al. [Hydroxyurea treatment for unresectable meningioma]. Neurochirurgie 2004;50:461-467.
137. Swinnen LJ, Rankin C, Rushing EJ et al. Phase II study of hydroxyurea for unresectable meningioma (Southwest Oncology Group S9811). J Clin Oncol 2009;27(15 suppl):2063.
138. Chamberlain MC. Adjuvant combined modality therapy for malignant meningiomas. J Neurosurg 1996;84:733-736.
139. Kaba SE, DeMonte F, Bruner JM et al. The treatment of recurrent unresectable and malignant meningiomas with interferon ÷-2B. Neurosurgery 1997;40:271-275.
140. Muhr C, Gudjonsson O, Lilja A et al. Meningioma treated with interferon-alpha, evaluated with [(11)C]-L-methionine positron emission tomography. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:2269-2276.
141. Chamberlain MC, Glantz MJ. Interferonalpha for recurrent World Health Organization grade 1 intracranial meningiomas. Cancer 2008; 113:2146-2151.
142. Schulz S, Pauli SU, Schulz S et al. Immuno-histochemical determination of five somatostatin receptors in meningioma reveals frequent overexpression of somatostatin receptor subtype sst2A. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:1865-1874.
143. Kunert-Radek J, Stepien H, Radek A et al. Somatostatin suppression of meningioma cell proliferation in vitro. Acta Neurol Scand 1987;75: 434-436.
144. Chamberlain MC, Glantz MJ, Fadul CE. Recurrent meningioma: Salvage therapy with long-acting somatostatin analogue. Neurology 2007;69: 969-973.
145. Bruns C, Lewis I, Briner U et al. SOM230: A novel somatostatin peptidomimetic with broad somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF) receptor binding and a unique antisecretory profile. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;146:707-716.
146. Wen PY, Yung WK, Lamborn KR et al. Phase II study of imatinib mesylate for recurrent meningiomas (North American Brain Tumor Consortium study 01-08). Neuro Oncol 2009;11:853-860.
147. Norden AD, Raizer JJ, Abrey LE et al. Phase II trials of erlotinib or gefitinib in patients with recurrent meningioma. J Neurooncol 2010;96:211-217.
148. Kaley T, Wen P, Karimi S et al. Phase II trial of sunitinib (SU011248) in patients with recurrent or inoperable meningioma. Neuro Oncol 2008;10: 817.
149. Deboer R, Grimm S, Chandler J et al. A phase II trial of PTK787/ZK 222584 in recurrent or progressive meningioma. Neuro Oncol 2008;10: 824.