Childhood internalizing behaviour: Analysis and implications

Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing

Volumn 18, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 884-894

  Liu, J ^a   Chen, X ^b   Lewis, G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Behaviour problems; Children; Internalizing behaviour

Indexed keywords

PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONTROL; CULTURAL FACTOR; DEPRESSION; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEX RATIO; SOMATOFORM DISORDER; SUICIDE;

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; RISK FACTORS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SOMATOFORM DISORDERS; SUICIDE;

EID: 82255175171     PISSN: 13510126     EISSN: 13652850     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01743.x     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Achenbach T. (1978) The child behavior profile: I. Boys aged 6-11. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 46, 478-488.
2. Achenbach T. (1991) Manual for Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.
3. Ambrosini P., Metz C., Bianchi M., etal. (1991) Concurrent validity and psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory in outpatient adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30, 51-57.
4. American Psychiatric Association (1994) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
5. Austin A. & Churpita B. (2004) temperament, anxiety, and depression: comparisons across five ethnic groups of children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 33, 216-226.
6. Bada H., Das A., Bauer C., etal. (2007) school age impact of prenatal cocaine exposure on child behavior problems through school age. Pediatrics 119, e348-e359.
7. Baji I., Lopez-Duran N., Kovacs M., etal. (2009) Age and sex analyses of somatic complaints and symptom presentation of childhood depression in a Hungarian clinical sample. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70, 1467-1472.
8. Bass C. & Murphy M. (1995) Somatoform and personality disorders: syndromal comorbidity and overlapping developmental pathways. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 39, 403-427.
9. Beck A., Steer R. & Carbin M. (1988) Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review 8, 77-100.
10. Beidel D., Christ M. & Long P. (1991) Somatic complaints in anxious children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 19, 559-571.
11. Beidel D., Turner S., Hamlin K., etal. (2000) The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C): external and discriminative validity. Behavior Therapy 31, 75-87.
12. Bernstein G., Borchardt C. & Perwein A. (1996) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35, 1110-1119.
13. Biederman J., Faraone S., Hirshfeld-Becker D., etal. (2001a) Patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in high-risk children of parents with panic disorder and major depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 49-57.
14. Biederman J., Hirshfeld-Becker D., Rosenbaum J., etal. (2001b) Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children. The American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 1673-1679.
15. Birmaher B., Ryan N., Williamson D., etal. (1996) Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 37, 1427-1439.
16. Birmaher B., Brent D. & Bensonm R. (1998) Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 37, 1234-1238.
17. Bogels S. & Siqueland L. (2006) Family cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with clinical anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 445, 131-141.
18. Bourne P. & Nguyen D. (1967) A comparative study of neuropsychiatric causalities in the United States army and the army of the republic of Vietnam. Military Medicine 132, 904-909.
19. Brady E. & Kendall P. (1992) Social status and the co-morbidity of child depression and conduct disorder. Psychological Bulletin 111, 244-255.
20. Brent D. & Perper J. (1995) Research in adolescent suicide: implications for training, service delivery, and public policy. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 25, 222-230.
21. Bridge J., Iyengar S., Salary C., etal. (2007) Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association 297, 1683-1696.
22. Brooks T., Harris S., Thrall J., etal. (2002) Association of adolescent risk behaviors with mental health symptoms in high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health 31, 240-246.
23. Brown R. (2007) Introduction to the special issue on medically unexplained symptoms: background and future directions. Clinical Psychology Review 27, 769-780.
24. Carey M., Faulstich M., Gresham F., etal. (1987) Children's depression inventory: construct and discriminant validity across clinical and nonreferred (control) populations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55, 755-761.
25. Carter S., Paterson J., Gao W., etal. (2008) Maternal smoking during pregnancy and behaviour problems in a birth cohort of 2-year-old Pacific children in New Zealand. Early Human Development 84, 59-66.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006) Welcome to WISQARS (Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury and Prevention Control. Available at: (accessed 22 August 2007).
27. Chapman M. (2005) Neighborhood quality and somatic complaints among American youth. Journal of Adolescent Health 36, 244-252.
28. Chen X., Rubin K. & Li B. (1995) Depressed mood in Chinese children: relations with school performance and family environment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63, 938-947.
29. Chen X., Hastings P., Rubin K., etal. (1998) Childrearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: a cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology 34, 677-686.
30. Chen X., DeSouza A., Chen H., etal. (2006) Reticent behavior and experiences in peer interactions in Canadian and Chinese children. Developmental Psychology 42, 656-665.
31. Chen X., Chen H., Li D., etal. (2009) Early childhood behavioral inhibition and social and school adjustment in Chinese children: a five-year longitudinal study. Child Development 80, 1692-1704.
32. Chun C., Enomoto K. & Sue S. (1996) Health care issues among Asian Americans: implications of somatization. In: Handbook of Diversity Issues in Health Psychology (eds Kato, P.M. & Mann, T.), pp. 347-365. Plenum, New York.
33. Ciffone J. (2007) Suicide prevention: an analysis and replication of a curriculum-based high school program. Social Work 52, 41-49.
34. Cole D.A. & Carpentieri S. (1990) Social status and the comorbidity of child depression and conduct disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 58, 748-757.
35. Conger R., Conger K., Matthews L., etal. (1999) Pathways of economic influence on adolescent adjustment. American Journal of Community Psychology 27, 519-541.
36. Conwell Y. & Brent D. (1995) Suicide and aging I: patterns of psychiatric diagnosis. International Psychogeriatrics 7, 149-164.
37. Copeland W., Shanahan L., Costello J., etal. (2009) Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 764-772.
38. Costello E. & Angold A. (1995) Epidemiology. In: Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents (ed March, J.S.), pp. 109-124. Guilford, New York.
39. Costello E., Angold A., Burns B., etal. (1996) The Great Smoky Mountains Study of youth: goals, design, methods, and the prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 53, 1129-1136.
40. Craig T., Cox A. & Klein K. (2002) Intergenerational transmission of somatization behaviour: a study of chronic somatizers and their children. Psychological Medicine 32, 805-816.
41. Crijnen A., Achenbach T. & Verhulst F. (1999) Problems reported by parents of children in multiple cultures: the Child Behavior Checklist syndrome constructs. The American Journal of Psychiatry 156, 569-574.
42. Depression Guideline Panel (1993) Depression in Primary Care. Volume 2. Treatment of Major Depression. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 5, AHCPR Publication No. 93-0551. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Rockville, MD.
43. Dierker L., Albano A., Clarke G., etal. (2001) Screening for anxiety and depression in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, 929-936.
44. Domenech E., Claustre J., Canals J., etal. (2004) Parental reports of somatic symptoms in preschool children: prevalence and associations in a Spanish sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43, 598-604.
45. Duncan C., Birmaher B., Axelson D., etal. (2005) Fluoxetine for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: open-label, long-term extension to a controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 44, 1263-1270.
46. Egger H. & Angold A. (2006) Anxiety disorders. In: Handbook of Preschool Mental Health (ed Luby, J.L.), pp. 137-164. Guilford Press, New York; London.
47. Eisenberg N., Cumberland A., Spinrad T., etal. (2001) The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development 72, 1112-1134.
48. Eminson D. (2007) Medically unexplained symptoms in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review 27, 855-871.
49. Friedrich W. & Schafer L. (1995) Somatic symptoms in sexually abused children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 20, 661-670.
50. Gater R., Tansella M., Korten A., etal. (1998) Sex differences in the prevalence and detection of depressive and anxiety disorders in general health care settings. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 405-413.
51. Geller B., Chestnut E., Miller M., etal. (1985) Preliminary data on DSM-III associated features of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. The American Journal of Psychiatry 142, 643-644.
52. Gershon E., Hamovit J., Guroff J., etal. (1987) Birth-cohort changes in manic and depressive disorders in relatives of bipolar and schizoaffective patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 44, 314-319.
53. Ginsberg G. & Silverman W. (1996) Phobic and anxiety disorders in Hispanic and Caucasian youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 10, 517-528.
54. Goldston D., Molock S., Whitbeck L., etal. (2008) Cultural considerations in adolescent suicide prevention and psychosocial treatment. The American Psychologist 63, 14-31.
55. Gotlib I.H. & Hammen C.L. (2008) Handbook of Depression, 2nd edn. Guilford Publications, Inc., New York.
56. Gray K., Day N., Leech S., etal. (2005) Prenatal marijuana exposure: effect on child depressive symptoms at ten years of age. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 27, 439-448.
57. Grunau R., Whitfield M., Petrie J., etal. (1994) Early pain experience, child and family factors, as precursors of somatization: a prospective study of extremely premature and fullterm children. Pain 56, 353-359.
58. Haby M.M., Tonge B., Littlefield L., etal. (2004) Cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for major depression in children and adolescents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 38, 579-591.
59. Heldt E., Manfro G., Kipper L., etal. (2003) Treating Medication-resistant panic disorder: predictors and outcome of cognitive-behavior therapy in a Brazilian public hospital. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 72, 43-48.
60. Hinshaw S. (1987) On the distinction between attentional deficits/hyperactivity and conduct problems/aggression in child psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin 101, 443-463.
61. Hirshfeld-Becker D., Masek B., Biederman J., etal. (2010) Cognitive behavioral therapy for 4- to 7-year-old children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 78, 498-510.
62. Hughes A., Lourea-Waddell B. & Kendall P. (2007) Somatic complaints in children with anxiety disorders and their unique prediction of poorer academic performance. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 39, 211-220.
63. Jellinek M. & Snyder J. (1998) Depression and suicide in children and adolescents. Pediatrics in Review 19, 255-264.
64. Johnson S. & Melamed B. (1979) The assessment and treatment of children's fears. In: Advances in Clinical Child Psychology (eds Lahey, B.B. & Ollendick, T.), pp. 107-139. Plenum, New York.
65. Langhinrichsen-Rohling J., Friend J. & Powell A. (2009) Adolescent suicide, gender, and culture: a rate and risk factor analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior 14, 402-414.
66. Last C., Perrin S., Hersen M., etal. (1992) DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31, 1070-1076.
67. Lee M., Okazaki S. & Yoo H. (2006) Frequency and intensity of social anxiety in Asian Americans and European Americans. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 12, 291-305.
68. Lewinsohn P., Clarke G., Seeley J., etal. (1994) Major depression in community adolescents: age at onset, episode duration, and time to recurrence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33, 809-818.
69. Li J. (2002) The importance of research on adolescent suicide in China. China Youth Study 22, 46-50.
70. Liu J. (2004) Childhood externalizing behavior-theory and implication. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 17, 93-103.
71. Macdonald W., Bradley S., Bower P., etal. (2004) Primary mental health workers in child and adolescent mental health services. Journal of Advanced Nursing 46, 78-87.
72. March J., Sullivan K. & Parker J. (1999) Test-retest reliability of the multidimensional anxiety scale for children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13, 349-358.
73. Maruish M. (2004) The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment: Volume 2: Instruments for Children and Adolescents (The Use of Psychological Planning and Outcomes Assessment, Volume 2), 3rd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
74. Masi G., Favilla L., Millepiedi S., etal. (2000) Somatic symptoms in children and adolescents referred for emotional and behavioral disorders. Psychiatry 63, 140-149.
75. Maughan B. & McCarthy G. (1997) Childhood adversities and psychosocial disorders. British Medical Bulletin 53, 156-169.
76. Miller D., Eckert T. & Mazza J. (2009) Suicide prevention programs in the schools: a review and public health perspective. School Psychology Review 38, 168-188.
77. Muris P., Merckelbach H., Ollendick T., etal. (2002) Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40, 753-772.
78. National Center for Health Statistics (2007) Multiple Cause-of-Death Public-Use Data Files, 1990 Through 2004. US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD.
79. O'Kane D. (2011) A phenomenological study of child and adolescent mental health consultation in primary care. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 18, 185-188.
80. Ollendick T.H. & King N.J. (1991) Fears and phobias of childhood. In: Clinical Child Psychology: Social Learning, Development, and Behaviour (ed Herbert, M.), pp. 309-329. Wiley, Chichester.
81. Pelkonen M. & Marttunen M. (2003) Child and adolescent suicide: epidemiology, risk factors, and approaches to prevention. Pediatric Drugs 5, 243-263.
82. Pihlakoski L., Sourander A., Aromaa M., etal. (2006) The continuity of psychopathology from early childhood to preadolescence: a prospective cohort study of 3-12-year-old children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 15, 409-417.
83. Pine D. (1994) Child-adult anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33, 280-281.
84. Pine D., Cohen P., Gurley D., etal. (1998) The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 56-64.
85. Portzky G. & Heeringen K. (2006) Suicide prevention in adolescents: a controlled study of the effectiveness of a school-based psycho-educational program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47, 910-918.
86. Radloff L. (1991) The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 20, 149-166.
87. Raphel S. (2001) A National action agenda for children's mental health. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 14, 193-199.
88. Reinherz H., Giaconia R., Hauf A., etal. (1999) Major depression in the transition to adulthood: risks and impairments. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108, 500-510.
89. Richter P., Werner J., Heerlein A., etal. (1998) On the validity of the beck depression inventory. Psychopathology 31, 160-168.
90. Riggs P., Mikulich-Gilbertson S., Davies R., etal. (2007) A randomized controlled trial of fluoxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents with major depression, behavior problems, and substance use disorders. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 161, 1026-1034.
91. Rocha E., Prkachin K., Beaumont S., etal. (2003) Pain reactivity and somatization in kindergarten-age children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 28, 47-57.
92. Rubin K., Coplan R. & Bowker J. (2009) Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology 60, 141-171.
93. Ryan N.D. (2005) Treatment of depression in children and adolescents. Lancet 366, 933-940.
94. Saluja G., Iachan R., Scheidt P., etal. (2004) Prevalence of and risk factors for depressive symptoms among young adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 158, 760-765.
95. Sanders M., Shepherd R., Cleghorn G., etal. (1994) The treatment of recurrent abdominal pain in children: a controlled comparison of cognitive-behavioral family intervention and standard pediatric care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62, 306-314.
96. Saylor C., Spirito A. & Bennett B. (1984) The Children's Depression Inventory: a systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 52, 955-967.
97. Schwartz C., Snidman N. & Kagan J. (1999) Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38, 1008-1015.
98. Sciarillo W., Alexander G. & Farrell K. (1992) Lead Exposure and Child Behavior. American Journal of Public Health 82, 1356-1360.
99. Seligman L., Ollendick T., Langley A., etal. (2004) The utility of measures of child and adolescent anxiety: a meta-analytic review of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and the Child Behavior Checklist. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 33, 557-565.
100. Shaffer D., Gould M., Fisher P., etal. (1996) Psychiatric diagnosis in child and adolescent suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry 53, 339-348.
101. Sharp L. & Lipsky M. (2002) screening for depression across the lifespan: a review of measures for use in primary care settings. American Family Physician 66, 1001-1009.
102. Spirito A., Boergers J. & Donaldson D. (2000) Adolescent suicide attempters: post-attempt course and implications for treatment. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 7, 161-173.
103. Stein M., Walker J., Anderson G., etal. (1996) Childhood physical and sexual abuse in patients with anxiety disorders and in a community sample. The American Journal of Psychiatry 153, 275-277.
104. Sue S., Nakamura C., Chung R.C., etal. (1994) Mental health research on Asian Americans. Journal of Community Psychology 22, 61-67.
105. Tandon M., Cardeli E. & Luby J. (2009) Internalizing disorders in early childhood: a review of depressive and anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 18, 593-610.
106. Tongyonk J. (1972) Depression in Thailand in the perspective of comparative-transcultural psychiatry. Journal of Psychiatric Association of Thailand 17, 44-50.
107. Toth S. & Cicchetti D. (1996) Patterns of relatedness, depressive symptomatology, and perceived competence in maltreated children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64, 32-41.
108. Tully E., Iacono W. & McGue M. (2008) An adoption study of parental depression as an environmental liability for adolescent depression and childhood disruptive disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 1148-1154.
109. Twenge J. & Nolen-Hoeksema S. (2002) Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort differences on the children's depression inventory: a meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 111, 578-588.
110. Vaalamo I., Pulkkinen L., Kinnunen T., etal. (2002) Interactive effects of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors on recurrent pain in children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 27, 245-257.
111. Walkup J., Albano A., Iyengar S., etal. (2008) Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. The New England Journal of Medicine 359, 2753-2766.
112. Wickrama K., Noh S. & Bryant C. (2005) Racial differences in adolescent distress: differential effects of the family and community for Blacks and Whites. Journal of Community Psychology 33, 261-282.
113. Wight R., Aneshensel C., Botticello A., etal. (2005) A multilevel analysis of ethnic variation in depressive symptoms among adolescents in the United States. Social Science & Medicine 60, 2073-2084.