Recent advances in the measurement of strongly radiating, turbulent reacting flows

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 41-61

  Nathan, G J ^a   Kalt, P A M ^a   Alwahabi, Z T ^a   Dally, B B ^a   Medwell, P R ^a   Chan, Q N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Laser diagnostics; Radiation heat transfer; Soot; Turbulent reacting flows

Indexed keywords

CONTROLLING PARAMETERS; DIAGNOSTIC METHODS; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES; FINE PARTICLES; LASER-BASED MEASUREMENT; MIXTURE FRACTION; PARTICLE NUMBER DENSITY; RADIATION PROPAGATION; RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER; REACTING FLOWS; SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT; SOOT VOLUME FRACTION; TURBULENT REACTING FLOWS;

HEAT RADIATION; HEAT TRANSFER; LASER DIAGNOSTICS;

SOOT;

EID: 81755179409     PISSN: 03601285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2011.04.001     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. A.F. Sarofim Radiative heat transfer in combustion: friend or foe Proc Combust Inst 21 1986 1 23
2. R.P. Lindstedt, and S.A. Louloudi Joint-scalar transported PDF modeling of soot formation and oxidation Proc Combust Inst 30 2005 775 783
3. H. Watanabe, R. Kurose, S. Komori, and H. Pitsch Effects of radiation on spray flame characteristics and soot formation Combust Flame 152 2008 2 13 (Pubitemid 351625148)
4. R.S. Mehta, D.C. Haworth, and M.F. Modest Composition PDF/photon Monte Carlo modelling of moderately sooting turbulent jet flames Combust Flame 157 2010 982 994
5. T.H. Song, and R. Viskanta Interaction of radiation with turbulence: application to a combustion system J Thermophys Heat Tr 1 1987 56 62 (Pubitemid 17574818)
6. P.J. Coelho Numerical simulation of the interaction between turbulence and radiation in reactive flows Prog Energy Combust Sci 33 2007 311 383 (Pubitemid 46898685)
7. K. Kohse-Höinghaus, and J.B. Jeffries Applied combustion diagnostics 2002 Taylor & Francis London, UK
8. R. Viskanta, and M.P. Mengüc Radiation heat transfer in combustion systems Prog Energy Combust Sci 13 1987 37 160
9. R. Sims, R. Schock, A. Adegbululgbe, J. Fenhann, I. Konstantinaviciute, and W. Moomaw B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer, Energy supply in climate change 2007: mitigation contribution of working group III fourth assessment report of the IPCC 2007 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK
10. A. Demibras Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels Prog Energy Combust Sci 30 2004 219 230
11. A. Z'Graggen, P. Haueter, D. Trommer, M. Romero, J.C. de Jesus, and A. Steinfeld Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of petroleum coke using concentrated solar power - II. Reactor design, testing, and modeling Int J Hydrogen Energy 31 2006 797 811
12. A. Z'Graggen, and A. Steinfeld Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy - V. Reactor modeling, optimization, and scale-up Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 2008 5484 5492
13. 2 kinetics Proc Combust Inst 31 2007 1633 1640 (Pubitemid 47424543)
14. D.O. Lignell, J.H. Chen, and P.J. Smith Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of soot formation and transport in a temporally-evolving, nonpremixed ethylene jet flame Combust Flame 155 2008 316 333
15. T. Lu, and C.K. Law Toward accommodating realistic fuel chemistry in large-scale computations Prog Energy Combust Sci 35 2009 192 215
16. F. Battin-Leclerc Detailed chemical kinetic models for the low-temperature combustion of hydrocarbons with application to gasoline and diesel fuel surrogates Prog Energy Combust Sci 34 2008 440 498
17. S. Dooley, S.H. Won, M. Chaos, J. Heyne, Y. Ju, and F.L. Dryer A jet fuel surrogate formulated by real fuel properties Combust Flame 157 2010 2333 2339
18. R.S. Barlow Laser diagnostics and their interplay with computations to understand turbulent combustion Proc Combust Inst 31 2007 49 75 (Pubitemid 47424380)
19. G.J. Nathan, J. Mi, Z.T. Alwahabi, J.R. Newbold, and D.S. Nobes Impacts of a jet's exit flow pattern on mixing and combustion performance Prog Energy Combust Sci 32 2006 496 538 (Pubitemid 44550241)
20. Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames Workshop Available at: http://public.ca. sandia.gov/TNF/abstract.html 2010
21. J. Mi, and G.J. Nathan The influence of probe resolution on the measurement of a passive scalar and its derivatives Exp Fluids 34 2003 687 696 (Pubitemid 36884980)
22. R.W. Bilger Some aspects of scalar dissipation Flow Turb Comb 72 2004 93 114
23. W.M. Pitts, C.D. Richards, and M.S. Levenson Large and small-scale structures and their interactions in an axisymmetric jet Report No. NISTIR 6393 1999 National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States Department of Commerce Technology Administration
24. G.H. Wang, R.S. Barlow, and N.T. Clemens Quantification of resolution and noise effects on thermal dissipation measurements in turbulent non-premixed jet flames Proc Combust Inst 31 2007 1525 1532 (Pubitemid 47424530)
25. M.J. Zimberg, S.H. Frankel, J.P. Gore, and Y.R. Sivathanu A study of coupled turbulent mixing, soot chemistry, and radiation effects using the linear eddy model Combust Flame 113 1998 454 469 (Pubitemid 28166534)
26. Y. Xin, J.P. Gore, K.B. McGrattan, R.G. Rehm, and H.R. Baum Fire dynamics simulation of a turbulent buoyant flame using a mixture-fraction-based combustion model Combust Flame 141 2005 329 335
27. K.M. Leung, R.P. Lindstedt, and W.P. Jones A simplified reaction mechanism for soot formation in non-premixed flame Combust Flame 87 1991 289 305
28. B.F. Magnussen, and B.H. Hjertager On mathematical modeling of turbulent combustion with special emphasis on soot formation and combustion Proc Combust Inst 16 1977 719 729 (Pubitemid 8544356)
29. M.P. Lee, B.K. McMillin, and R.K. Hanson Temperature measurements in gases by use of planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of NO Appl Opt 32 1993 5379 5396
30. C. Kuhr, S. Staus, and A. Schönbucher Modelling of the thermal radiation of pool fires Prog Comp Fluid Dyn 3 2003 151 156 (Pubitemid 36941494)
31. D.B. Spalding Colloquium on modelling principals: the art of partial modelling Proc Combust Inst 9 1963 833 843
32. R. Weber Scaling characteristics of aerodynamics, heat transfer, and pollutant emissions in industrial flames Proc Combust Inst 26 1996 3343 3354
33. A. Sayre, N. Lallemant, J. Dugué, and R. Weber Effect of radiation on Nitrogen Oxide emissions from nonsooty swirling flames of natural gas Proc Combust Inst 25 1994 235 242
34. x and optimisation of burnout with an aerodynamically airstaged burner and an air staged pre-combustor burner J Inst Energy 62 1989 237 245
35. x emissions in gas fired rotary kilns J Inst Energy 73 2000 25 34 (Pubitemid 30578407)
36. R. Weber, S. Orsino, A.L. Verlaan, and N. Lallemant Combustion of light and heavy fuel oils in high-temperature air J Inst Energy 74 2001 38 47
37. J.J. Murphy, and C.R. Shaddix Soot property measurements in a two-meter diameter JP-8 pool fire Combust Sci Technol 178 2006 865 894
38. S.P. Kearney, K. Frederickson, and T.W. Grasser Dual-pump coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering thermometry in a sooting turbulent pool fire Proc Combust Inst 32 2009 871 878
39. K. Frederickson, S.P. Kearney, and T.W. Grasser Laser-induced incandescence measurements of soot in turbulent pool fires Appl Opt 50 2011 A49 A59
40. R.A. Antonia, B.R. Satyaprakash, and A.K.M.F. Hussain Measurements of dissipation rate and some other characteristics of turbulent plane and circular jets Phys Fluids 23 1980 695 700
41. G.T. Kalghatgi Blow-out stability of gaseous jet flames. Part I: in still air Comb Sci Tech 26 1981 233 239
42. A.S. Langman, G.J. Nathan, J. Mi, and P.J. Ashman The influence of geometric nozzle profile on the global properties of a turbulent diffusion flame Proc Combust Inst 31 2007 1599 1607 (Pubitemid 47424539)
43. J.H. Kent, and S.J. Bastin Parametric effects on sooting in turbulent acetylene diffusion flames Combust Flame 56 1984 29 42 (Pubitemid 14632121)
44. S.R. Turns, and F.H. Myhr Oxides of nitrogen emissions from turbulent jet flames: part I - fuel effects and flame radiation Combust Flame 87 1991 319 335
45. M.E. Decroix, and W.L. Roberts Transient flow field effects on soot volume fraction in diffusion flames Comb Sci Tech 160 2000 165 189 (Pubitemid 32527607)
46. N.H. Qamar, G.J. Nathan, Z.T. Alwahabi, and K.D. King The effect of global mixing on soot volume fraction: measurements in simple jet, processing jet, and bluff body flames Proc Combust Inst 30 2005 1493 1500
47. A.R. Masri, R.W. Dibble, and R.S. Barlow The structure of turbulent nonpremixed flames revealed by Raman-Rayleigh-LIF measurements Prog Energy Combust Sci 22 1996 307 362 (Pubitemid 126354552)
48. B.B. Dally, A.R. Masri, R.S. Barlow, and G.J. Fiechtner Instantaneous and mean compositional structure of bluff-body stabilised nonpremixed flames Combust Flame 114 1998 119 148 (Pubitemid 28211278)
49. J. Dugué, R. Weber, and H. Horsman The effect of combustion on swirling flows expanding in a medium confinement furnace IFRF Document No F 59/y/7 1990 International Flame Research Foundation
50. J. Dugué, and P.R. Ereaut Laser sheet visualisation in cold flows, gas and coal flames IFRF Document No. K 70/y/241-12 1990 International Flame Research Foundation
51. Frederickson K, Kearney SP, Grassner TW, Castaneda JN. Joint temperature and soot-volume-fraction measurements in turbulent meter-scale pool fires. In: 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. AIAA 2009-1264. Orlando, USA; 2009.
52. A.C. Eckbreth Laser diagnostics for combustion temperature and species 1996 Gordon and Breach Publishers Amsterdam
53. D. Hoffman, and A. Leipertz Temperature field measurements in a sooting flame by Filtered Rayleigh Scattering (FRS) Proc Combust Inst 26 1996 945 950
54. R.B. Miles, J.N. Forkey, and W.R. Lempert Filtered Rayleigh Scattering measurements in supersonic/hypersonic facilities AIAA 17th Aerospace Ground Testing Conference, AIAA-92-3894 1992 AIAA Nashville, USA
55. A.P. Yalin, and R.B. Miles Ultraviolet Filtered Rayleigh Scattering temperature measurements with a mercury filter Opt Lett 24 1999 590 592 (Pubitemid 129580167)
56. D. Hoffman, K.U. Münch, and A. Leipertz Two-dimensional temperature determination in sooting flames by filtered Rayleigh scattering Opt Lett 21 1996 525 527 (Pubitemid 126572786)
57. G.S. Elliott, N. Glumac, and C.D. Carter Molecular Filtered Rayleigh Scattering applied to combustion Meas Sci Technol 12 2001 452 466 (Pubitemid 32305379)
58. S.P. Kearney, R.W. Schefer, S.J. Beresh, and T.W. Grasser Temperature imaging in nonpremixed flames by joint filtered Rayleigh and Raman scattering Appl Opt 44 2005 1548 1558 (Pubitemid 40429604)
59. F.-Q. Zhao, and H. Hiroyasu The applications of laser Rayleigh scattering to combustion diagnostics Prog Energy Combust Sci 19 1993 447 485
60. W. Meier, P. Weigand, X.R. Duan, and R. Giezendanner-Thoben Detailed characterization of the dynamics of thermoacoustic pulsations in a lean premixed swirl flame Combust Flame 150 2007 2 26 (Pubitemid 46879720)
61. M. Afzelius, P.E. Bengtsson, J. Bood, C. Brackmann, and A. Kurtz Development of multipoint vibrational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for flame applications Appl Opt 45 2006 1177 1186
62. W. Stricker, R. Lückerath, U. Meier, and W. Meier Temperature measurements in combustion - not only with CARS: a look back at one aspect of the European CARS Workshop J Raman Spectrosc 34 2003 922 931
63. 2 concentration measurements in the exhaust stream of a liquid-fuelled combustor using dual-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy Combust Flame 138 2004 273 284 (Pubitemid 39078270)
64. S. Roy, P.J. Kinnius, R.P. Lucht, and J.R. Gord Temperature measurements in reacting flows by time-resolved femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs-CARS) spectroscopy Opt Commun 281 2008 319 325 (Pubitemid 350137411)
65. M.C. Weikl, T. Seeger, M. Wendler, R. Sommer, F. Beyrau, and A. Leipertz Validation experiments for spatially resolved one-dimensional emission spectroscopy temperature measurements by dual-pump CARS in a sooting flame Proc Combust Inst 32 2009 745 752
66. A. Malarski, F. Beyrau, and A. Leipertz Interference effects of C2-radicals in Nitrogen vibrational CARS thermometry using a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser J Raman Spectrosc 36 2005 102 108 (Pubitemid 40299390)
67. K.P. Geigle, Y. Schneider-Kühnle, M.S. Tsurikov, R. Hadef, R. Lückerath, and R. Krüger Investigation of laminar pressurised flames for soot model validation using SV-CARS and LII Proc Combust Inst 30 2005 1645 1653
68. C.J. Kliewer, Y. Gao, T. Seeger, J. Kiefer, B.D. Patterson, and T.B. Setterson Picosecond time-resolved pure-rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy in sooting flames Proc Combust Inst 33 2011 831 838
69. S. Roy, J.R. Gord, and A.K. Patnaik Recent advances in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy: fundamental developments and applications in reacting flows Prog Energy Combust Sci 36 2010 280 306
70. A.T. Hartlieb, B. Atakan, and K. Kohse-Höinghaus Temperature measurement in fuel-rich non-sooting low-pressure hydrocarbon flames Appl Phys B 70 2000 435 445
71. J.M. Seitzman, R.K. Hanson, P.A. DeBarber, and C.F. Hess Application of quantitative two-line OH planar laser-induced fluorescence for temporally resolved planar thermometry in reacting flows Appl Opt 33 1994 4000 4012 (Pubitemid 283366)
72. R. Cattolica OH rotational temperature from two-line laser-excited fluorescence Appl Opt 20 1981 1156 1166 (Pubitemid 11497473)
73. R. Giezendanner-Thoben, U. Meier, W. Meier, and M. Aigner Phase-locked temperature measurements by two-line OH PLIF thermometry of a self-excited combustion instability in a gas turbine model combustor Flow Turbul Combust 75 2005 317 333 (Pubitemid 41660732)
74. W. Qin, Y.L. Chen, and J.W.L. Lewis Time-resolved temperature images of laser-ignition using OH two-line laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) thermometry IFRF Combust J 2005 Tech. Rep. Article Number 200508
75. J. Nygren, J. Engström, J. Walewski, C.F. Kaminski, and M. Aldén Applications and evaluation of two-line atomic LIF thermometry in sooting combustion environments Meas Sci Technol 12 2001 1294 1303 (Pubitemid 32760765)
76. U.E. Meier, D. Wolff-Gamann, and W. Stricker LIF imaging and 2D temperature mapping in a model combustor at elevated pressure Aerosp Sci Technol 4 2000 403 414
77. M. Haudiquert, A. Cessou, D. Stepowski, and A. Coppalle OH and soot measurements in a high-temperature laminar diffusion flame Combust Flame 111 1997 338 349 (Pubitemid 27446787)
78. M. Tamura, J. Luque, J.E. Harrington, P.A. Berg, G.P. Smith, and J.B. Jeffries Laser-induced fluorescence of seeded nitric oxide as a flame thermometer Appl Phys B 66 1998 503 510 (Pubitemid 128663294)
79. W.G. Bessler, F. Hildenbrand, and C. Schulz Two-line laser-induced fluorescence imaging of vibrational temperatures of seeded NO Appl Opt 40 2001 748 756
80. H. Kronemayer, P. Ifeacho, C. Hecht, T. Dreier, H. Wiggers, and C. Schulz Gas-temperature imaging in a low-pressure flame reactor for nano-particle synthesis with multi-line NO-LIF thermometry Appl Phys B 88 2007 373 377 (Pubitemid 47292954)
81. T. Lee, J.B. Jeffries, and R.K. Hanson Experimental evaluation of strategies for quantitative laser-induced-fluorescence imaging of nitric oxide in high-pressure flames (1-60 bar) Proc Combust Inst 31 2007 757 764 (Pubitemid 47424448)
82. B. Atakan, and A.T. Hartlieb Laser diagnostics of NO reburning in fuel-rich propene flames Appl Phys B 71 2000 697 702 (Pubitemid 32043471)
83. B.K. McMillin, J.L. Palmer, and R.K. Hanson Temporally resolved, two-line fluorescence imaging of NO temperature in a transverse jet in a supersonic cross flow Appl Opt 32 1993 7532 7545
84. C. Schulz, and V. Sick Tracer-LIF diagnostics: quantitative measurement of fuel concentration, temperature and fuel/air ratio in practical combustion systems Prog Energy Combust Sci 31 2005 75 121
85. R.K. Hanson, J.M. Seitzman, and P.H. Paul Planar laser-fluorescence imaging of combustion gases Appl Phys B 50 1990 441 454
86. S. Einecke, C. Schulz, and V. Sick Measurement of temperature, fuel concentration and equivalence ratio fields using tracer LIF in IC engine combustion Appl Phys B 71 2000 717 723
87. M. Luong, R. Zhang, C. Schulz, and V. Sick Toluene laser-induced fluorescence for in-cylinder temperature imaging in internal combustion engines Appl Phys B 91 2008 669 675
88. G.A. Robinson, R.P. Lucht, and N.M. Laurendeau Two-color planar laser-induced fluorescence thermometry in aqueous solutions Appl Opt 47 2008 2852 2858
89. D. Dabiri Digital particle image thermometry/velocimetry: a review Exp Fluids 46 2009 191 241
90. G. Särner, M. Richter, and M. Aldén Two-dimensional thermometry using temperature-induced line shifts of ZnO: Zn and ZnO: Ga fluorescence Opt Lett 33 2008 1327 1329
91. T. Hirasawa, Y. Kamata, T. Kaneba, and Y. Nakamura Visualization of ambient gas temperature based on two-color LIF 9th Asia-Pacific Conference on Combustion 2009 National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan
92. C.Th.J. Alkemade A theoretical discussion on some aspects of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy in flames Pure Appl Chem 23 1970 73 98
93. N. Omenetto, R. Browner, J. Winefordnerz, G. Rossi, and P. Benetti "Color temperature" atomic fluorescence method for flame temperature measurement Anal Chem 44 1972 1683 1686
94. N. Omenetto, P. Benetti, and G. Rossi Flame temperature measurements by means of atomic fluorescence spectrometry Spectrochim Acta B 27 1972 453 461
95. H. Haraguchi, B. Smith, S. Weeks, D.J. Johnson, and J.D. Winefordner Measurement of small volume flame temperatures by the two-line atomic fluorescence method Appl Spectrosc 31 1977 156 163
96. H. Haraguchi, and J.D. Winefordner Flame diagnostics: local temperature profiles and atomic fluorescence intensity profiles in air-acetylene flames Appl Spectrosc 31 1977 195 200
97. J. Engström, J. Nygren, M. Aldén, and C.F. Kaminski Two-line atomic fluorescence as a temperature probe for highly sooting flames Opt Lett 25 2000 1469 1471
98. M. Aldén, P. Grafströom, H. Lundberg, and S. Svanberg Spatially resolved temperature measurements in a flame using laser-excited two-line atomic fluorescence and diode-array detection Opt Lett 8 1983 241 243
99. R.G. Joklik, and J.W. Daily Two-line atomic fluorescence temperature measurement in flames: an experimental study Appl Opt 21 1982 4158 4162
100. C.F. Kaminski, J. Engström, and M. Aldén Quasi-instantaneous two-dimensional temperature measurements in a spark ignition engine using 2-line atomic fluorescence Proc Combust Inst 27 1998 85 93
101. J.E. Dec, and J.O. Keller High speed thermometry using two-line atomic fluorescence Proc Combust Inst 21 1986 1737 1745
102. J. Hult, I.S. Burns, and C.F. Kaminski Two-line atomic fluorescence flame thermometry using diode lasers Proc Combust Inst 30 2005 1535 1543
103. I.S. Burns, J. Hult, and C.F. Kaminski Spectroscopic use of a novel blue diode laser in a wavelength region around 450 nm Appl Phys B 79 2004 491 495
104. I.S. Burns, J. Hult, G. Hartung, and C.F. Kaminski A thermometry technique based on atomic lineshapes using diode laser LIF in flames Proc Combust Inst 31 2007 775 782 (Pubitemid 47424450)
105. P.R. Medwell, Q.N. Chan, P.A.M. Kalt, Z.T. Alwahabi, B.B. Dally, and G.J. Nathan Development of temperature imaging using two-line atomic fluorescence Appl Opt 48 2009 1237 1248
106. P.R. Medwell, Q.N. Chan, P.A.M. Kalt, Z.T. Alwahabi, B.B. Dally, and G.J. Nathan Instantaneous temperature imaging of diffusion flames using two-line atomic fluorescence Appl Spectrosc 64 2010 173 176
107. Q.N. Chan, P.R. Medwell, P.A.M. Kalt, Z.T. Alwahabi, B.B. Dally, and G.J. Nathan Simultaneous imaging of temperature and soot volume fraction Proc Combust Inst 33 2011 791 798
108. Q.N. Chan, P.R. Medwell, P.A.M. Kalt, Z.T. Alwahabi, B.B. Dally, and G.J. Nathan Solvent effects on two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) of Indium Appl Opt 49 2010 1257 1266
109. Q.N. Chan, P.R. Medwell, Z.T. Alwahabi, B.B. Dally, and G.J. Nathan Assessment of interferences to nonlinear two-line atomic fluorescence (NTLAF) in sooty flames Appl Phys B 2011 10.1007/s00340-011-4497-0
110. L.D. Timothy, A.F. Sarofim, and J.M. Beer Characteristics of single particle coal combustion Proc Combust Inst 19 1982 1123 1130 (Pubitemid 13529489)
111. D.A. Tichenor, R.E. Mitchell, K.R. Hencken, and S. Niksa Simultaneous in situ measurement of the size, temperature and velocity of particles in a combustion environment Proc Combust Inst 20 1984 1213 1221
112. F.R.A. Jorgensen, and M. Zuiderwyk Two-colour pyrometer measurement of the temperature of individual combusting particles J Phys E Sci Instrum 18 1985 486 491 (Pubitemid 15492129)
113. Y. Huang, Y. Yan, and G. Riley Vision-based measurement of temperature distribution in a 500 kW model furnace using the two-color method Measurement 28 2000 175 183
114. P.J. van Eyk, P.J. Ashman, Z.T. Alwahabi, and G.J. Nathan Simultaneous measurements of the release of atomic sodium, particle diameter and particle temperature for a single burning coal particle Proc Combust Inst 32 2009 2099 2106
115. W.L. Saw, G.J. Nathan, Z.T. Alwahabi, P.J. Ashman, and M. Hupa Simultaneous measurement of the surface temperature and the release of atomic sodium from a burning black liquor droplet Combust Flame 157 2010 769 777
116. W. Lee, and Y.D. Na Soot study in laminar diffusion flames at elevated pressure using two-color pyrometry and Abel inversion JSME Int J Ser B 43 2000 550 555
117. T.L.B. Yelverton, and W.L. Roberts Soot surface temperature measurements in pure and diluted flames at atmospheric and elevated pressures Exp Therm Fluid Sci 33 2008 17 22
118. J. Reimann, S.A. Kuhlmann, and S. Will Investigations on soot formation in heptane jet diffusion flames by optical techniques Microgravity Sci Tec 22 2010 499 505
119. J.J. Murphy, and C.R. Shaddix Influence of scattering and probe-volume heterogeneity on soot measurements using optical pyrometry Combust Flame 143 2005 1 10 (Pubitemid 41341380)
120. N.H. Qamar, Z.T. Alwahabi, Q.N. Chan, G.J. Nathan, D. Roekaerts, and K.D. King Soot volume fraction in a piloted turbulent jet non-premixed flame of natural gas Combust Flame 156 2009 1339 1347
121. T.P. Jenkins, and R.K. Hanson Soot pyrometry using modulated absorption/emission Combust Flame 126 2001 1669 1679
122. G. Lu, and Y. Yan Temperature profiling of pulverized coal flames using multicolor pyrometric and digital imaging techniques IEEE T Instrum Meas 55 2006 1303 1308 (Pubitemid 44111385)
123. T.R. Fu, Z. Wang, and X.F. Cheng Temperature measurements of diesel fuel combustion with multicolor pyrometry J Heat Trans 132 2010 0516021 0516027
124. A.Y. Klimenko Multicomponent diffusion of various admixtures in turbulent flow Fluid Dyn 25 1990 327 334
125. N. Peters Laminar flamelet concepts in turbulent combustion Proc Combust Inst 21 1986 1231 1250
126. R.W. Bilger Conditional moment closure for turbulent reacting flow Phys Fluids A 5 1993 436 444
127. A.G. Hsu, V. Narayanaswamy, N.T. Clemens, and J.H. Frank Mixture Fraction Imaging in turbulent non-premixed flames with two-photon LIF of krypton Proc Combust Inst 33 2010 759 766
128. Y.C. Chen, S.H. Starner, and A.R. Masri Characteristics of turbulent spray combustion in a piloted jet flame burner Proc Combust Inst 29 2002 625 632
129. A.R. Masri, J.B. Kelman, and B.B. Dally The instantaneous spatial structure of the recirculation zone in bluff-body stabilised flames Proc Combust Inst 27 1998 1031 1038
130. R.S. Barlow, J.H. Frank, A.N. Karpetis, and J.Y. Chen Piloted methane/air jet flames: transport effects and aspects of scalar structure Combust Flame 143 2005 433 449
131. M.A. Gregor, F. Seffrin, F. Fuest, D. Geyer, and A. Dreizler Multi-scalar measurements in a premixed swirl burner using 1D Raman/Rayleigh scattering Proc Combust Inst 32 2009 1739 1746
132. D. Geyer, A. Kempf, A. Dreizler, and J. Janicka Turbulent opposed-jet flames: a critical benchmark experiment for combustion LES Combust Flame 143 2005 524 548
133. A.C. Eckbreth Effects of laser-modulated particulate incandescence on Raman scattering diagnostics J Appl Phys 48 1977 4473 4479
134. B. Axelsson, R. Collin, and P.E. Bengtsson Laser-induced incandescence for soot particle size and volume measurements using on-line extinction calibration Appl Phys B 72 2001 367 372 (Pubitemid 32910113)
135. J. Appel, B. Jungfleisch, M. Marquardt, R. Suntz, and H. Bockhorn Assessment of soot volume fractions from laser-induced incandescence by comparison with extinction measurements in laminar, premixed, flat flames Proc Combust Inst 26 1996 2387 2395
136. R.L. Vander Wal, Z. Zhou, and M.Y. Choi Laser-induced incandescence calibration via gravimetric sampling Combust Flame 105 1996 462 470 (Pubitemid 26000355)
137. W.H. Dalzell, and A.F. Sarofim Optical constants of soot and their application to heat-flux calculations J Heat Trans-T ASME 91 1969 100 104
138. M.Y. Choi, G.W. Mulholland, A. Hamins, and T. Kashiwagi Comparisons of the soot volume fraction using gravimetric and light extinction techniques Combust Flame 102 1995 161 169
139. J. Zhu, M.Y. Choi, G.W. Mulholland, S.L. Manzello, L.A. Gritzo, and J.M. Suo-Anttila Measurement of visible and near-IR optical properties of soot produced from laminar flames Proc Combust Inst 29 2002 2367 2374
140. C.R. Shaddix, A.B. Palotas, C.M. Megaridis, M.Y. Choi, and N.Y.C. Yang Soot graphitic order in laminar diffusion flames and a large-scale JP-8 p.ol fire Int J Heat Mass Tran 48 2005 3604 3614
141. T.C. Williams, C.R. Shaddix, K.A. Jensen, and J.M. Suo-Anttila Measurement of the dimensionless extinction coefficient of soot within laminar diffusion flames Int J Heat Mass Tran 50 2007 1616 1630 (Pubitemid 46241131)
142. K.C. Smyth, and C.R. Shaddix The elusive history of m ̃ = 1.57-0.56i for the refractive index of soot Combust Flame 107 1996 314 320 (Pubitemid 26367260)
143. C.M. Sorensen Light scattering by fractal aggregates: a review Aerosol Sci Tech 35 2001 648 687 (Pubitemid 32727059)
144. F. Migliorini, K.A. Thomson, and G.J. Smallwood Investigation of optical properties of aging soot Appl Phys B 2011 10.1007/s00340-011-4396-4
145. J. Zerbs, K.P. Geigle, O. Lammel, J. Hader, R. Stirn, and R. Hadef The influence of wavelength in extinction measurements and beam steering in laser-induced incandescence measurements in sooting flames Appl Phys B 96 2009 683 694
146. P.E. Bengtsson, and M. Aldén Application of a pulsed laser for soot measurements in premixed flames Appl Phys B 48 1989 155 164
147. T.L. Henriksen, G.J. Nathan, Z.T. Alwahabi, N.H. Qamar, T.A. Ring, and E.G. Eddings Planar measurements of soot volume fraction and OH in a JP-8 pool fire Combust Flame 156 2009 1480 1492
148. S.Y. Lee, S.R. Turns, and R.J. Santoro Measurements of soot, OH, and PAH concentrations in turbulent ethylene/air jet flames Combust Flame 156 2009 2264 2275
149. C. Schoemaecker Moreau, E. Therssen, X. Mercier, J.F. Pauwels, and P. Desgroux Two-color laser-induced incandescence and cavity ring-down spectroscopy for sensitive and quantitative imaging of soot and PAHs in flames Appl Phys B 78 2004 485 492 (Pubitemid 40420811)
150. A. Ciajolo, R. Ragucci, B. Apicella, R. Barbella, M. de Joannon, and A. Tregrossi Fluorescence spectroscopy of aromatic species produced in rich premixed ethylene flames Chemosphere 42 2001 835 841 (Pubitemid 32150131)
151. A. Joedicke, N. Peters, and M. Mansour The stabilization mechanism and structure of turbulent hydrocarbon lifted flames Proc Combust Inst 30 2005 901 909
152. A. Ciajolo, A. Tregrossi, R. Barbella, R. Ragucci, B. Apicella, and M. de Joannon The relation between ultraviolet-excited fluorescence spectroscopy and aromatic species formed in rich laminar ethylene flames Combust Flame 125 2001 1225 1229
153. Alwahabi ZT, Qamar NH, Nathan GJ. Unpublished results.
154. M.Y. Choi, and A.A. Jensen Calibration and correction of laser induced incandescence for soot volume fraction measurement Combust Flame 112 1998 485 491 (Pubitemid 28036129)
155. H. Geitlinger, Streibel Th, R. Suntz, and H. Bockhorn Two-dimensional imaging of soot volume fraction, particle number densities and particle radii in laminar and turbulent diffusion flames Proc Combust Inst 27 1998 1613 1621
156. H. Bockhorn, H. Geitlinger, B. Jungfleisch, Th Lehre, A. Schön, and Streibel Th Progress in characterization of soot formation by optical methods Phys Chem Chem Phys 4 2002 3780 3793
157. D.L. Black, M.Q. McQuay, and M.P. Bonin Laser-based techniques for particle-size measurement: a review of sizing methods and their industrial applications Prog Energy Combust Sci 22 1996 267 306 (Pubitemid 126342980)
158. P.A.M. Kalt, G.J. Nathan, and R.M. Kelso Planar laser measurements of the aerodynamic agglomeration caused by Indigos Emitter 2005 School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide Report No. MECHTEST MT0659-3
159. H.M. Cassel, and I. Liebman The cooperative mechanism in the ignition of dust dispersions Combust Flame 3 1959 467 475
160. S. Dhodapkar, K. Jacobs, and S. Hu C.T. Crowe, Multiphase flow handbook: fluid-solid transport in ducts 2005 CRC Press Boca Raton, USA
161. N.L. Smith, G.J. Nathan, D.K. Zhang, and D.S. Nobes The significance of particle clusters in pulverised coal flames Proc Combust Inst 29 2002 797 804
162. J. Fan, H. Zhao, and K. Cen An experimental study of two-phase turbulent coaxial jets Exp Fluids 13 1992 279 287
163. E.K. Longmire, and J.K. Eaton Structure of a particle-laden round jet J Fluid Mech 236 1992 217 257
164. P.A.M. Kalt, C.H. Birzer, and G.J. Nathan Corrections to facilitate planar imaging of particle concentration in particle-laden flows using Mie-scattering, part 1: collimated laser sheets Appl Opt 46 2007 5823 5834 (Pubitemid 350069401)
165. P.A.M. Kalt, and G.J. Nathan Corrections to facilitate planar-imaging of particle concentration in particle-laden flow using Mie-scattering part 2: diverging laser sheets Appl Opt 46 2007 7227 7236
166. B. Herzhaft, and E. Guazzelli Experimental study of the sedimentation of dilute and semi-dilute suspensions of fibres J Fluid Mech 384 1999 133 158
167. E. Kuusela, J.M. Lahtinen, and T. Ala-Nissila Collective effects in settling of spheroids under steady-state sedimentation Phys Rev Lett 90 2003 094502
168. J.Z. Lin, X. Shi, and Z.S. Yu The motion of fibers in an evolving mixing layer Int J Multiphase Flow 29 2003 1355 1372 (Pubitemid 36990813)
169. E. Berrocal, E. Kristensson, M. Richter, M.A. Linne, and M. Aldén Application of structured illumination for multiple scattering suppression in planar laser imaging of dense sprays Opt Express 16 2008 17870 17881
170. E. Kristensson, E. Berrocal, M. Richter, S.G. Petterson, and M. Aldén High-speed structured planar laser illumination for contrast improvement of two-phase flow images Opt Lett 33 2008 2752 2754
171. A.K. Prasad Particle image velocimetry Curr Sci 79 2000 51 60
172. R.J. Adrian Twenty years of particle image velocimetry Exp Fluids 39 2003 159 169
173. D. Han, and M.G. Mungal Simultaneous measurements of velocity and CH distributions. Part 1: jet flames in co-flow Combust Flame 132 2003 565 590 (Pubitemid 36344130)
174. B.M. Cetegen, and S. Basu Soot topography in a planar diffusion flame wrapped by a line vortex Combust Flame 146 2006 687 697 (Pubitemid 44292648)
175. C.R. Shaddix, and K.C. Smyth Laser-induced incandescence measurements of soot production in steady and flickering methane, propane and ethylene diffusion flames Combust Flame 107 1996 418 452 (Pubitemid 26391522)
176. M.A. Delichatsios, J. de Ris, and L.L. Orloff An enhanced flame radiation burner Proc Combust Inst 24 1992 1075 1082
177. x formation in nonpremixed flames: experiments and modelling Prog Energy Combust Sci 21 1995 361 385
178. J.P. Smart, P. O'Nions, and G.S. Riley Radiation and convective heat transfer and burnout in oxy-coal combustion Fuel 89 2010 2468 2476
179. J. Chedaille, and Y. Braud J.M. Beer, M.W. Thring, Measurements in flames: industrial flames vol. 1 1972 Edward Arnold London
180. Medtherm Corporation Description and operating instructions Medtherm H-201 heat flux meter, model E 1987 The Corportation Alabama
181. Y.R. Sivathanu, and J.P. Gore Total radiative heat loss in jet flames from single point radiative flux measurements Combust Flame 94 1993 265 270 (Pubitemid 23226455)
182. Kalt PAM, Birzer CH, Nathan GJ. Quantified nephelometry: planar images of particle concentration in optically thick flows. In: Int Conf Multiphase Flows, 30 May-4 June, Florida, USA: 2010.