Lithium monotherapy increases ACTH and cortisol response in the DEX/CRH test in unipolar depressed subjects. A study with 30 treatment-naive patients

PLoS ONE

Volumn 6, Issue 11, 2011, Pages

  Bschor, Tom ^a,b,e   Ritter, Dirk ^b   Winkelmann, Patricia ^b   Erbe, Sebastian ^a   Uhr, Manfred ^c   Ising, Marcus ^c   Lewitzka, Ute ^b,d,e  

^a Schlosspark Clinic   (Germany)

^b DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY   (Germany)

^d IWK HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^e International Group for the Study of Lithium Treated Patients (IGSLI)   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; DEXAMETHASONE; HYDROCORTISONE; LITHIUM CARBONATE; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; LITHIUM;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATAXIA; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIARRHEA; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENDOCRINE FUNCTION TEST; FEMALE; HORMONE RESPONSE; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MONOTHERAPY; POLYURIA; REMISSION; SIDE EFFECT; THIRST; TREMOR; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; ADOLESCENT; AGED; BLOOD; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DOSE RESPONSE; MIDDLE AGED; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADOLESCENT; ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; ADULT; AGED; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DEXAMETHASONE; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; LITHIUM; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 81755171925     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027613     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Bauer M, Bschor T, Pfennig A, Whybrow PC, Angst J, et al. (2007) World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders in Primary Care. World J Biol Psychiatry 8: 67-104.
2. NICE- National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health NIoCE (2006) Depression: Management of depression in primary and secondary care. Clinical Practice Guideline.
3. Bschor T, (2010) Therapy-resistant depression. Expert Rev Neurother 10: 77-86.
4. Belmaker RH, Agam G, (2008) Major depressive disorder. N Engl J Med 358: 55-68.
5. Kunugi H, Ida I, Owashi T, Kimura M, Inoue Y, et al. (2006) Assessment of the dexamethasone/CRH test as a state-dependent marker for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis abnormalities in major depressive episode: a Multicenter Study. Neuropsychopharmacology 31: 212-220.
6. Hatzinger M, Hemmeter UM, Baumann K, Brand S, Holsboer-Trachsler E, (2002) The combined DEX-CRH test in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression. J Psychiatr Res 36: 287-297.
7. Pariante CM, Lightman SL, (2008) The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci 31: 464-468.
8. Schule C, (2007) Neuroendocrinological mechanisms of actions of antidepressant drugs. J Neuroendocrinol 19: 213-226.
9. Cowen PJ, (2010) Not fade away: the HPA axis and depression. Psychol Med 40: 1-4.
10. Thomson F, Craighead M, (2008) Innovative approaches for the treatment of depression: targeting the HPA axis. Neurochem Res 33: 691-707.
11. van Calker D, (2006) Lithium and cellular signal transduction pathways. In: Bauer M, Grof P, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, editors. Lithium in Neuropsychiatry London informa healthcare pp. 341-364.
12. Pasquali L, Busceti CL, Fulceri F, Paparelli A, Fornai F, (2010) Intracellular pathways underlying the effects of lithium. Behav Pharmacol 21: 473-492.
13. Quiroz JA, Gould TD, Manji HK, (2004) Molecular effects of lithium. Mol Interv 4: 259-272.
14. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Schaffer A, Parikh SV, Beaulieu S, et al. (2009) Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2009. Bipolar Disord 11: 225-255.
15. Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Berghofer A, Bauer M, (2002) Bipolar disorder. Lancet 359: 241-247.
16. Burgess S, Geddes J, Hawton K, Townsend E, Jamison K, et al. (2001) Lithium for maintenance treatment of mood disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev pp. CD003013.
17. Cipriani A, Smith K, Burgess S, Carney S, Goodwin G, et al. (2006) Lithium versus antidepressants in the long-term treatment of unipolar affective disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev pp. CD003492.
18. Crossley NA, Bauer M, (2007) Acceleration and augmentation of antidepressants with lithium for depressive disorders: two meta-analyses of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 68: 935-940.
19. Bschor T, Bauer M, (2006) Efficacy and mechanisms of action of lithium augmentation in refractory major depression. Curr Pharm Des 12: 2985-2992.
20. Linder J, Fyro B, Pettersson U, Werner S, (1989) Acute antidepressant effect of lithium is associated with fluctuation of calcium and magnesium in plasma. A double-blind study on the antidepressant effect of lithium and clomipramine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80: 27-36.
21. Khan MC, Wickham EA, Reed JV, (1987) Lithium versus placebo in acute depression: a clinical trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2: 47-54.
22. Khan MC, (1981) Lithium carbonate in the treatment of acute depressive illness. Bibl Psychiatr pp. 244-248.
23. Arieli A, Lepkifker E, (1981) The antidepressant effect of lithium. Curr Dev Psychopharmacol 6: 165-190.
24. Worrall EP, Moody JP, Peet M, Dick P, Smith A, et al. (1979) Controlled studies of the acute antidepressant effects of lithium. Br J Psychiatry 135: 255-262.
25. Watanabe S, Ishino H, Otsuki S, (1975) Double-blind comparison of lithium carbonate and imipramine in treatment of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32: 659-668.
26. Mendels J, Secunda SK, Dyson WL, (1972) A controlled study of the antidepressant effects of lithium carbonate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26: 154-157.
27. Adli M, Bschor T, Canata B, Dopfmer S, Bauer M, (1998) [Lithium in the treatment of acute depression]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 66: 435-441.
28. Semba J, Watanabe H, Suhara T, Akanuma N, (2000) Chronic lithium chloride injection increases glucocorticoid receptor but not mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in rat brain. Neurosci Res 38: 313-319.
29. Peiffer A, Veilleux S, Barden N, (1991) Antidepressant and other centrally acting drugs regulate glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA levels in rat brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16: 505-515.
30. Sugawara M, Hashimoto K, Hattori T, Takao T, Suemaru S, et al. (1988) Effects of lithium on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Endocrinol Jpn 35: 655-663.
31. Zatz M, Reisine TD, (1985) Lithium induces corticotropin secretion and desensitization in cultured anterior pituitary cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82: 1286-1290.
32. Reisine T, Zatz M, (1987) Interactions among lithium, calcium, diacylglycerides, and phorbol esters in the regulation of adrenocorticotropin hormone release from AtT-20 cells. J Neurochem 49: 884-889.
33. Vatal M, Aiyar AS, (1983) Some aspects of corticosterone metabolism in lithium treated rats. Chem Biol Interact 45: 277-282.
34. Jacobs JJ, (1978) Effect of lithium chloride on adrenocortical function in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 157: 163-167.
35. Platman SR, Hilton JG, Koss MC, Kelly WG, (1971) Production of cortisol in patients with manic-depressive psychosis treated with Lithium Carbonate. Dis Nerv Syst 32: 542-544.
36. Platman SR, Fieve RR, (1968) Lithium carbonate and plasma cortisol response in the affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 18: 591-594.
37. Sachar EJ, Hellman L, Kream J, Fukushima DK, Gallagher TF, (1970) Effect of lithium-carbonate therapy on adrenocortical activity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 22: 304-307.
38. Smigan L, Perris C, (1984) Cortisol changes in long-term lithium therapy. Neuropsychobiology 11: 219-223.
39. Bschor T, Adli M, Baethge C, Eichmann U, Ising M, et al. (2002) Lithium augmentation increases the ACTH and cortisol response in the combined DEX/CRH test in unipolar major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 27: 470-478.
40. Bschor T, Baethge C, Adli M, Eichmann U, Ising M, et al. (2003) Lithium augmentation increases post-dexamethasone cortisol in the dexamethasone suppression test in unipolar major depression. Depress Anxiety 17: 43-48.
41. Ising M, Kunzel HE, Binder EB, Nickel T, Modell S, et al. (2005) The combined dexamethasone/CRH test as a potential surrogate marker in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29: 1085-1093.
42. Bschor T, Baethge C, Adli M, Eichmann U, Ising M, et al. (2003) Association between response to lithium augmentation and the combined DEX/CRH test in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 37: 135-143.
43. Segal DL, Hersen M, Van Hasselt VB, (1994) Reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R: an evaluative review. Compr Psychiatry 35: 316-327.
44. Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB, Spitzer RL, Davies M, et al. (1992) The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). II. Multisite test-retest reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 630-636.
45. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB, (1992) The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: History, rationale, and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 624-629.
46. Hamilton M, (1960) A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 23: 56-62.
47. Berghöfer A, Grof P, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, (2006) Recommendations for the safe use of lithium. In: Bauer M, Grof P, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, editors. Lithium in Neuropsychiatry The Comprehensive Guide London Informa healthcare pp. 443-464.
48. Guy W, (1976) ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology Rockville, Md U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, Psychopharmacology Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research Programs.
49. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J, (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 4: 561-571.
50. Hirschfeld RM, Montgomery SA, Aguglia E, Amore M, Delgado PL, et al. (2002) Partial response and nonresponse to antidepressant therapy: current approaches and treatment options. J Clin Psychiatry 63: 826-837.
51. Riedel M, Moller HJ, Obermeier M, Schennach-Wolff R, Bauer M, et al. (2010) Response and remission criteria in major depression-a validation of current practice. J Psychiatr Res 44: 1063-1068.
52. Holsboer F, (2000) The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 23: 477-501.
53. Heuser I, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F, (1994) The combined dexamethasone/CRH test: a refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 28: 341-356.
54. Appelhof BC, Huyser J, Verweij M, Brouwer JP, van Dyck R, et al. (2006) Glucocorticoids and relapse of major depression (dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test in relation to relapse of major depression). Biol Psychiatry 59: 696-701.
55. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A, (2007) G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39: 175-191.
56. Papakostas GI, Fava M, (2009) Does the probability of receiving placebo influence clinical trial outcome? A meta-regression of double-blind, randomized clinical trials in MDD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 19: 34-40.
57. Watson S, Gallagher P, Smith MS, Young AH, Ferrier IN, (2007) Lithium, arginine vasopressin and the dex/CRH test in mood disordered patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32: 464-469.
58. McKay MS, Zakzanis KK, (2010) The impact of treatment on HPA axis activity in unipolar major depression. J Psychiatr Res 44: 183-192.
59. De Montigny C, Grunberg F, Mayer A, Deschenes JP, (1981) Lithium induces rapid relief of depression in tricyclic antidepressant drug non-responders. Br J Psychiatry 138: 252-256.
60. De Montigny C, (1981) Enhancement of the 5-HT neurotransmission by antidepressant treatments. J Physiol (Paris) 77: 455-461.
61. Schou M, Kampf D, (2006) Lithium and the kidneys. In: Bauer M, Grof P, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, editors. Lithium in Neuropsychiatry Abingdon informa healthcare pp. 251-258.
62. Gitlin M, (1999) Lithium and the kidney: an updated review. Drug Saf 20: 231-243.
63. Anai H, Ueta Y, Serino R, Nomura M, Kabashima N, et al. (1997) Upregulation of the expression of vasopressin gene in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the lithium-induced diabetes insipidus rat. Brain Res 772: 161-166.
64. von Bardeleben U, Holsboer F, Stalla GK, Muller OA, (1985) Combined administration of human corticotropin-releasing factor and lysine vasopressin induces cortisol escape from dexamethasone suppression in healthy subjects. Life Sci 37: 1613-1618.
65. Keck ME, Wigger A, Welt T, Muller MB, Gesing A, et al. (2002) Vasopressin mediates the response of the combined dexamethasone/CRH test in hyper-anxious rats: implications for pathogenesis of affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 26: 94-105.
66. Landgraf R, (2006) The involvement of the vasopressin system in stress-related disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 5: 167-179.
67. Murgatroyd C, Wigger A, Frank E, Singewald N, Bunck M, et al. (2004) Impaired repression at a vasopressin promoter polymorphism underlies overexpression of vasopressin in a rat model of trait anxiety. J Neurosci 24: 7762-7770.
68. Spencer CM, Jahng JW, Ryu V, Houpt TA, (2005) Lithium-induced gene expression of inducible cyclic adenosine monophosphate early repressor in the rat adrenal gland. J Neurosci Res 82: 273-282.
69. Frieboes RM, Sonntag A, Yassouridis A, Eap CB, Baumann P, et al. (2003) Clinical outcome after trimipramine in patients with delusional depression- a pilot study. Pharmacopsychiatry 36: 12-17.
70. Deuschle M, Schmider J, Weber B, Standhardt H, Korner A, et al. (1997) Pulse-dosing and conventional application of doxepin: effects on psychopathology and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system. J Clin Psychopharmacol 17: 156-160.
71. Heuser IJ, Schweiger U, Gotthardt U, Schmider J, Lammers CH, et al. (1996) Pituitary-adrenal-system regulation and psychopathology during amitriptyline treatment in elderly depressed patients and normal comparison subjects. Am J Psychiatry 153: 93-99.
72. Holsboer-Trachsler E, Hemmeter U, Hatzinger M, Seifritz E, Gerhard U, et al. (1994) Sleep deprivation and bright light as potential augmenters of antidepressant drug treatment-neurobiological and psychometric assessment of course. J Psychiatr Res 28: 381-399.
73. Laakmann G, Daffner-Bujia C, Voderholzer U, Baghai T, (1992) Effects of psychotropic drugs and releasing hormones on pituitary hormone stimulation in depressed patients. Clin Neuropharmacol 15 (Suppl 1 Pt A): 206A-207A.
74. Laakmann G, Hinz A, Voderholzer U, Daffner C, Muller OA, et al. (1990) The influence of psychotropic drugs and releasing hormones on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in healthy subjects and depressed patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 23: 18-26.
75. Laakmann G, Wittmann M, Gugath M, Mueller OA, Treusch J, et al. (1984) Effects of psychotropic drugs (desimipramine, chlorimipramine, sulpiride and diazepam) on the human HPA axis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 84: 66-70.
76. De Bellis MD, Gold PW, Geracioti TD Jr, Listwak SJ, Kling MA, (1993) Association of fluoxetine treatment with reductions in CSF concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in patients with major depression. Am J Psychiatry 150: 656-657.
77. Nickel T, Sonntag A, Schill J, Zobel AW, Ackl N, et al. (2003) Clinical and neurobiological effects of tianeptine and paroxetine in major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23: 155-168.
78. Nikisch G, Mathe AA, Czernik A, Thiele J, Bohner J, et al. (2005) Long-term citalopram administration reduces responsiveness of HPA axis in patients with major depression: relationship with S-citalopram concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and clinical response. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 181: 751-760.
79. Holsboer F, (2000) The stress hormone system is back on the map. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2: 454-456.
80. Holsboer F, Barden N, (1996) Antidepressants and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation. Endocr Rev 17: 187-205.
81. Pariante CM, (2009) Risk factors for development of depression and psychosis. Glucocorticoid receptors and pituitary implications for treatment with antidepressant and glucocorticoids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1179: 144-152.
82. Horstmann S, Dose T, Lucae S, Kloiber S, Menke A, et al. (2009) Suppressive effect of mirtazapine on the HPA system in acutely depressed women seems to be transient and not related to antidepressant action. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34: 238-248.
83. Schule C, Baghai T, Zwanzger P, Ella R, Eser D, et al. (2003) Attenuation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical hyperactivity in depressed patients by mirtazapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 166: 271-275.