The impact of treatment on HPA axis activity in unipolar major depression

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 183-192

  McKay, Martha S ^a   Zakzanis, Konstantine K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

HPA; Major depression; Meta analysis; Treatment

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; DEXAMETHASONE; HYDROCORTISONE; MIRTAZAPINE; PAROXETINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ADULT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG RESPONSE; EFFECT SIZE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE BLOOD LEVEL; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LITERATURE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REMISSION; REVIEW; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TREATMENT DURATION;

ADULT; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 77649337127     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.07.012     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Ahrens T., Deuschle M., Krumm B., van der Pompe G., den Boer J.A., Lederbogen F. Pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic nervous system responses to stress in women remitted from major depression. Psychosomatic Medicine 2008, 70(4):461-467.
2. Aihara M., Ida I., Yuuki N., Oshima A., Kumano H., Takahashi K., et al. HPA axis dysfunction in unmedicated major depressive disorder and its normalization by pharmacotherapy correlates with alteration of neural activity in prefrontal cortex and limbic/paralimbic regions. Psychiatry Research 2007, 155:245-256.
3. Amsterdam J.D., Maislin G., Droba M., Winokur A. The ACTH stimulation test before and after clinical recovery from depression. Psychiatry Research 1987, 20:325-336.
4. Amsterdam J.D., Winokur A., Abelman E. Cosyntropin (ACTH a1-24) stimulation test in depressed patients and healthy subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 1983, 140:907-909.
5. Apernia B. Hormone pattern and post-treatment attitudes in patients with major depressive disorder given electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatria Scandanavia 1986, 73:271-274.
6. Aperia B., Thoren M., Zettergren M., Wetterberg L. Plasma pattern of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol during electroconvulsive therapy in patients with major depressive illness. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavia 1984, 70:359-361.
7. Arana G.W., Santos A.B., Laraia M.T., McLeod-Bryant S., Beale M.D., Rames L.J., et al. Dexamethasom for the treatment of depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 152:265-267.
8. Barden N., Reul M.H.M., Holsboer F. Do antidepressant stabilize mood through actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system?. Trends in Neuroscience 1995, 18:6-11.
9. Bear M.F., Connors B.W., Paradiso M.A. Neuroscience: exploring the brain 2007, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. 3rd ed.
10. Binder E.B., Kunzel H.E., Nickel T., Kern N., Pfennig A., Majer M., et al. HPA-axis regulation at in-patient admission is associated with antidepressant therapy outcome in male but not in female depressed patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34:99-109.
11. Binneman B., Feltner D., Kolluri S., Shi Y., Qui R., Stiger T. A 6-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial of CP-316, 311 (a selective CRH1 antagonist) in the treatment of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:617-620.
12. Board F., Wadeson R., Persky H. Depressive affect and endocrine functions: blood levels of adrenal cortex and thyroid hormones in patients suffering from depressive reactions. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry 1957, 78:612-620.
13. Brady L.S., Gold P.W., Herkenham M., Lynn A.B., Whitfield H.R. The antidepressants fluoxetine, idazoxan and phenelzine alter corticotropin-releasing hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in rat brain: therapeutic implications. Brain Research 1992, 572:117-125.
14. Brugue E., Colom F., Sanchez-Moreno J., Cruz N., Vieta E. Depression subtypes in bipolar I and II disorders. Psychopathology 2008, 41:111-114.
15. Bschor T., Adli M., Baethge U., Ising M., Uhr M., Modell S., et al. Lithium augmentation increases the ACTH and cortisol response in the combined DEX/CRH test in unipolar major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002, 27(3):470-478.
16. Bschor T., Baethge C., Adli M., Eichmann U., Ising M., Uhr M., et al. Lithium augmentation increases post-dexamethasone cortisol in the dexamethasone suppression test in unipolar major depression. Depression and Anxiety 2003, 17:43-48.
17. Budziszewska B. Effect of antidepressant drugs on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and glucocorticoid receptor function. Polish Journal of Pharmacology 2002, 54:343-349.
18. Burke H.M., Davis M.C., Otte C., Mohr D.C. Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrine 2005, 30:846-856.
19. Carroll B.J., Cassidy F., Naftolowitz D., Tatham N.E., Wilson W.H., Iranmanesh A., et al. Pathophysiology of hypercortisolism in depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavia 2007, 115:90-103.
20. Carroll B.J., Curtis G.C., Davies B.M., Mendels J., Sugerman A.A. Urinary free cortisol excretion in depression. Psychological Medicine 1976, 6:43-50.
21. Carroll B.J., Feinburg M., Greden J.F., Tarika J., Albala A.A., Haskett R.F., et al. A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia, standardization validation, and clinical utility. Archives of General Psychiatry 1981, 38:15-22.
22. Carroll B.J., Curtis G.C., Mendels J. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma free cortisol concentrations in depression. Psychological Medicine 1976, 6:235-244.
23. Claes J.S. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in psychiatry: from stress to psychopathology. Annals of Medicine 2004, 36:50-61.
24. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1988, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
25. Cooney J.M., Dinan T.G. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis early-feedback responses are preserved in melancholic depression: a study of sertraline treatment. Human Psychopharmacology 2000, 15:351-356.
26. Cooper H., Hedges L.V. The handbook of research synthesis 1994, Russell Sage Foundation, NY, New York.
27. DeBattista C., Belanoff J. The use of mifepristone in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Trends in Endocorinology and Metabolism 2006, 17:117-121.
28. De Bellis M.D., Gold P.W., Geracioti T.D., Listwak S.J., Kling M.A. Association of fluoxetine treatment with reductions in CSF concentration of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in patients with major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993, 150:656-657.
29. de Kloet E.R., Vreugdenhil E., Oitzl M.S., Joels M. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocrine Review 1998, 19:269-301.
30. Deuschle M., Hamann B., Meichel C., Krumm B., Lederbogen F., Kniest A., et al. Antidepressive treatment with amitriptyline and paroxetine: effects on saliva cortisol concentrations. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2003, 23(2):201-205.
31. Deuschle M., Schmider J., Weber B., Standhardt H., Korner A., Lammers C.H., et al. Pulse-dosing and conventional application of doxepine: effects on psychopathology and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997, 17(3):156-160.
32. Duval F., Mokrani M.C., Monreal-Ortiz J.A., Fattah S., Champeval C., Schulz P., et al. Cortisol hypersecretion in unipolar major depression with melancholic and psychotic features: dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and thyroid correlates. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006, 31:876-888.
33. Gibbons J.L., McHugh P.R. Plasma cortisol in depressive illness. Psychiatry Research 1963, 1:162-171.
34. Gold P.W., Chrousos G., Kellner C., Post R., Roy A., Augerinos P., et al. Psychiatric implications of basic and clinical studies with corticotropin-releasing factor. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984, 141:619-627.
35. Gold P.W., Chrousos G.P. Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high vs low CRH/NE states. Molecular Psychiatry 2002, 7:254-275.
36. Gold P.W., Goodwin F.K., Chrousos G.P. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: relation of the neurobiology of stress. New England Journal of Medicine 1988, 319:348-353.
37. Golden R.N., Hsiao J.K., Lane E., Ekstrom D., Rogers S., Hicks R., et al. Abnormal neuroendocrine responsivity to acute i.v. clomipramine challenge in depressed patients. Psychiatry Research 1990, 31:39-47.
38. Greden J.F., Gardner R., King D., Grunhaus L., Carroll B.J., Kronfol Z. Dexametasone suppression tests in antidepressant treatment of melancholia. The process of normalization and test-retest reproducibility. Archives of General Psychiatry 1983, 40:493-500.
39. Halbreich V., Anis G., Shindledecker R., Zumoff B., Swami Nathan R. Cortisol secretion in endogenous depression I. Basal plasma levels. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985, 42:904-914.
40. Hayley S., Poulter M.O., Merali Z., Anisman H. The pathogenesis of clinical depression: stressor- and cytokine-induced alterations of neuroplasticity. Neuroscience 2005, 135:659-678.
41. Hedges L.V., Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis 1985, Academic Press, NY, New York.
42. Hennings J.M., Owashi T., Binder E.B., Horstmann S., Menke A., Kloiber S., et al. Clinical characteristics, treatment outcome in a representative sample of depressed inpatients - findings from the Munich Antidepressant Response Signature (MARS) project. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 11:204.
43. Hernandez M.E., Mendieta D., Martinez-Fong D., Loria F., Moreno J., Estrada I., et al. Variations in circulating cytokine levels during 52 week course of treatment with SSRI for major depressive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 18:917-924.
44. Heuser I., Bissette G., Dettling M., Schweiger U., Gotthardt U., Schmider J., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, and somatostatin in depressed patients and healthy controls: response to amitriptyline treatment. Depression and Anxiety 1998, 8:71-79.
45. Himmerich H., Binder E.B., Kunzel H.E., Schuld A., Lucae S., Uhr M., et al. Successful antidepressant therapy restores the disturbed interplay between TNF-α system and HPA axis. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 60:882-888.
46. Holsboer F. The rationale for corticptropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) antagonist to treat depression and anxiety. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1999, 33:181-214.
47. Holsboer F. Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: implications for therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders 2001, 62:77-91.
48. Holsboer F., Barden N. Antidepressants and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation. Endocrine Review 1996, 17:187-205.
49. Holsboer F., Ising M. Central CRH system in depression and anxiety-evidence from clinical studies with CRH1 receptor antagonists. European Journal of Pharmacology 2008, 583:350-357.
50. Holsboer F., Liebl R., Hofschuster E. Repeated dexamethasone suppression test during depressive illness. Normalisation of test result compared with clinical improvement. Journal of Affective Disorders 1982, 4:93-101.
51. Holsboer F., VonBardeleben U., Gerken A., Stalla G.K., Muller O.A. Blunted corticotropin and normal cortisol response to human corticotropin-releasing factor in depression. New England Journal of Medicine 1984, 311:1127.
52. Holtzheimer P.E., Nemeroff C.B. Novel targets for antidepressant therapies. Current Psychiatry Reports 2008, 10:465-473.
53. Huber T.J., Issa K., Schik G., Wolf O.T. The cortisol awakening response is blunted in psychotherapy inpatients suffering from depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006, 31:900-904.
54. Hunter J.E., Schmidt F.L. Methods of meta-analysis 1990, Sage Publications, CA, Newbury Park.
55. Isaac M.B., Isaac M.T. Effect of pindolol and milnacipran versus milnacipran and placebo on plasma prolactin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone in depressed subjects. Human Psychopharmacology 2003, 18:569-574.
56. Ising M., Horstmann S., Kloiber S., Lucae S., Binder E.B., Kern N., et al. Combined dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone test predicts treatment response in major depression-a potential biomarker?. Biological Psychiatry 2007, 62:47-54.
57. Ising M., Kunzel H.E., Binder E.B., Modell S., Holsboer F. The combined dexamethasone/CRH test as a potential surrogate marker in depression. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 2005, 29:1085-1093.
58. Jahn H., Kiefer F., Kellner M., Yassouridis A., Wiedemann K. Metyrapone as additive treatment in major depression: a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004, 61(12):1235-1244.
59. Jarrett D.B., Coble P.A., Kupfer D.J. Reduced Cortisol latency in depressive-illness. Archives of General Psychiatry 1983, 40(5):506-511.
60. Kauffman R.P., Castracane V.D., White D.L., Baldock S.D., Owens R. Impact f the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram on insulin sensitivity, leptin and basal cortisol secretion in depressed and non-depressed euglycemic women of reproductive age. Gynecological Endocrinology 2005, 21:129-137.
61. Kudielka B.M., Kirschbaum C. Sex differences in HPA axis response to stress: a review. Biological Psychology 2005, 69:113-132.
62. Laakman G., Hennig J., Baghai T., Schule C. Mirtazapine acutely inhibits salivary cortisol concentrations in depressed patients. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 2004, 1032:279-282.
63. Leonard B.E. The HPA and immune axes in stress: the involvement of the serotonergic system. European Psychiatry 2005, 20(Suppl. 3):S302-S306.
64. Lipsey M.W., Wilson D.B. The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment. American Psychologist 1993, 12:1181-1209.
65. Matheson K., Anisman H. Systems of coping associated with dysphoria, anxiety and depressive illness: a multivariate profile perspective. Stress 2003, 6:223-234.
66. Michaud K., Matheson K., Kelly O., Anisman H. Impact of stressors in a natural context on release of cortisol in healthy human adults. Stress 2008, 11:177-197.
67. Navines R., Martin-Santos R., Gomez-Gil E., Martinez de Osaba M.J., Imaz M.L., Gasto C. Effects of citalopram treatment on hypothermic and hormonal responses to the 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone in patients with major depression and therapeutic response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007, 32:411-416.
68. Nemeroff C.B., Krishnan K.R., Reed D., Leder R., Beam C., Dunnick N.R. Adrenal gland enlargement in major depression. A computed tomographic study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992, 49:384-387.
69. Nemeroff C.B., Widerlov E., Bissette G., Walleus H., Karlsson I., Eklund K., et al. Elevated concentrations of CSF cortocotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 1984, 226:1342-1344.
70. Nickel T., Sonntag A., Schill J., Zobel A., Ackl N., Brunnauer A., et al. Clinical and neurobiological effects of tianeptine and paroxetine in major depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2003, 23(2):155-168.
71. Nikisch G., Mathe A.A., Czernik A., Thiele J., Bohner J., Eap C.B., et al. Long-term citalopram administration reduces responsiveness of HPA axis in patients with major depression: relationship with S-citalopram concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and clinical response. Psychopharmacology 2005, 181:751-760.
72. Oldehinkel A.J., van den Berg M.D., Flentge F., Bouhuys A.L., ter Horst G.J., Ormel J. Urinary free cortisol excretion in elderly persons with minor and major depression. Psychiatry Research 2001, 104:39-47.
73. O'Keane V., McLoughlin D., Dinan T. D-fenfluramine-induced prolactin and cortisol release in major depression: response to treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders 1992, 26:143-150.
74. Orwin R.G. A fail safe N for effect size. Journal of Educational Statistics 1983, 8:157-159.
75. Oshima A., Yamashita S., Owashi T., Murata T., Tadokoro D., Miyaoka H., et al. The differential ACTH response to combined dexamethasone/CRH administration in major depressive and dysthymic disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2000, 34:325-328.
76. Owashi T., Otsubo T., Oshima A., Nakagome K., Higuchi T., Kamijima K. Relationships of DEX/CRH and GHRH test results to the outcome of depression - preliminary results suggest the GHRH test may predict relapse after discharge. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2008, 42:356-364.
77. Pariante C.M. The glucocorticoid receptor: part of the solution or part of the problem?. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2006, 20(Suppl.):79-84.
78. Pariante C.M., Miller A.H. Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biological Psychiatry 2001, 49:391-404.
79. Pariante C.M., Lightman S.L. The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends in Neurosciences 2008, 31:464-468.
80. Paykel E.S., Weismann M.M., Prusoff B.A. Social maladjustment and severity of depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1978, 19(2):121-128.
81. Peeters B.W., van der Heijden R., Gubbels D.G., Vanderheyden P.M. Effects of chronic antidepressant treatment on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of Wistar rats. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1994, 746:449-452.
82. Purba J.S., Hoogendijk W.J., Hofman M.A., Swaab D.F. Increased number of vasopressin- and oxytocin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1996, 53:137-143.
83. Raadsheer F.C., Hoogendijk W.J.G., Stam F.C., Tilders F.J.H., Swaab D.F. Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expression neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology 1994, 60(4):436-444.
84. Ravindran A.V., Matheson K., Griffith J., Merali Z., Anisman H. Stress, coping, uplifts, and quality of life in subtypes of depression: a conceptual model and emerging data. Journal of Affective Disorders 2002, 71:121-130.
85. Ribeiro S.C., Tandon R., Grunhaus L., Greden J.F. The DST as a predictor of outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993, 150:1618-1629.
86. Roa U., Ott G.E., Lin K.M., Gertsik L., Poland R.E. Effect of buproprion on nocturnal urinary free cortisol and its association with antidepressant response. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2005, 39:183-190.
87. Rogoz Z., Skuza G., Wojcikowski J., Daniel W.A., Wrobel A., Dudek D., et al. Effect of metyrapone supplementation on imipramine therapy in patients with treatment-resistant unipolar depression. Polish Journal of Psychiatry 2004, 56:849-855.
88. Rosenthal R. Meta-analytic procedures for social research 1991, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
89. Rosenthal R. Writing meta-analytic reviews. Psychological Bulletin 1995, 118:183-192.
90. Rota E., Broda R., Cangemi L., Migliaretti G., Paccotti P., Rosso C., et al. Neuroendocrine (HPA axis) and clinical correlates during fluvoxamine and amitriptyline treatment. Psychiatry Research 2005, 133:281-284.
91. Schmid D.A., Wichniak A., Uhr M., Ising M., Brunner H., Held K., et al. Changes of sleep architecture, spectral composition of sleep EEG, the nocturnal secretion of cortisol, ACTH, GH, prolactin, melatonin, ghrelin, and leptin and the DEX-CRH test in depressed patients during treatment with mirtazapine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:832-844.
92. Schule C., Baghai T.C., Eser D., Schwarz M., Bondy B., Rupprecht R. Effects of mirtazapine on dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate and cortisol plasma concentrations in depressed patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2009, 43:538-545.
93. Schule C., Baghai T., Zwanzger P., Ella R., Eser D., Padberg F., et al. Attentuation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical hyperactivity in depressed patients by mirtazapine. Psychopharmacology 2003, 166(3):271-275.
94. Schule C. Neuroendocrinological mechanisms of actions of antidepressant drugs. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2007, 19:213-226.
95. Schule C., Baghai T.C., Eser D., Zwanger P., Jordan M., Buechs R., et al. Time course of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity during treatment with reboxetine and mirtazapine in depressed patients. Psychopharmacology 2006, 186:601-611.
96. Schwarzer R. Meta-analysis (version 5.3) [computer software]; 1989. http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/health/meta_e.htm.
97. Shah P.J., Ebmeier K.P., Klaus P., Glabus M.F., Goodwin G.M. Cortical grey matter reductions associated with treatment-resistant chronic unipolar depression. Controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1998, 172(6):527-532.
98. Smith S.M., Vale W.W. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress. Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience 2006, 8(4):383-395.
99. Swaab D.F., Bao A.M., Lucassen P.J. The stress system in the human brain in depression and neurodegeneration. Ageing Research Review 2005, 4:141-194.
100. Tafet G.E., Bernardini R. Psychoneuroendocrinological links between chronic stress and depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 2003, 27:893-903.
101. Tafet G.E., Smolovich J. Psychoneuroendocrinological studies on chronic stress and depression. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1032:276-278.
102. Targum S.D. Persistent neuroendocrine dysregulation in major depressive disorder: a marker for early relapse. Biological Psychiatry 1984, 19:305-318.
103. Thakore J.H., Barnes C., Joyce J., Medbak S., Dinan T.G. Effects of antidepressant treatment on corticotrophin-induced cortisol responses in patients with melancholic depression. Psychiatry Research 1997, 73:27-32.
104. Tilbrook A.J., Clarke I.J. Neuroendocrine mechanisms of innate status of attenuated responsiveness of the hypothalami-pituitary adrenal axis to stress. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 2006, 27:285-307.
105. Van Horn J.D., McManus I.C. Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of studies of the ventricular: brain ratio(VBR). British Journal of Psychiatry 1992, 160:687-697.
106. Vythilingam M., Vermetten E., Anderson G.M., Luckenbaugh D., Anderson E.R., Snow J., et al. Hippocampal volume, memory, and cortisol status in major depressive disorder: effects of treatment. Biological Psychiatry 2004, 56:101-112.
107. Weber-Hamann B., Gilles M., Lederbogen F., Heuser I., Deuschle M. Improved insulin sensitivity in 80 nondiabetic patients with MDD after clinical remission in a double-blind, randomized trial of amitriptyline and paroxetine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2006, 67:1856-1861.
108. Werstiuk E.S., Coote M., Griffith L., Shannon H., Steiner M. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on peripheral adrenoceptors, plasma, noradrenaline, MHPG, and cortisol in depressed patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996, 169:758-765.
109. Wolf F.M. Meta-analysis: quantitative methods for research synthesis 1986, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
110. Wolkowitz O.M., Reus V.I., Chan T., Manfredi F., Raum W., Johnson R., et al. Antiglucocorticoid treatment of depression: double-blind ketoconazole. Biological Psychiatry 1999, 45:1070-1074.
111. Yehuda R., Boisoneau D., Giller E.L. Glucocorticoid receptor number and cortisol excretion in mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders. Biological Psychiatry 1993, 34:18-25.
112. Zakzanis K.K. Brain is related to behavior (p<05). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 1998, 20:419-427.
113. Zakzanis K.K. Statistics to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth: formulae, illustrative numerical examples, and heuristic interpretation of effect size analyses for neuropsychological researchers. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2001, 16:653-667.
114. Zobel A.W., Yassouridis A., Frieboes R.M., Holsboer F. Prediction of medium-term outcome by cortisol response to the combined dexamethasone-CRH test in patients with remitted depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1999, 156:949-951.
115. Zobel A.W., Nickel T., Kunzel H.F., Ackl N., Sonntag A., Ising M., et al. Effects of the high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: the first 20 patients treated. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2000, 34(3):171-181.
116. Zwanger P., Baghai T.C., Padberg F., Ella R., Minov C., Mikhaiel P., et al. The combined dexamethasone-CRH test before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003, 28:378-385.