Automatic activation of individual differences: A test of the gatekeeper model in the domain of spontaneous helping

European Journal of Personality

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 465-476

  Perugini, Marco ^a   Conner, Mark ^b   O'Gorman, Rick ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Explicit; Gatekeeper; Helping; Implicit; Priming

Indexed keywords

EID: 81355161584     PISSN: 08902070     EISSN: 10990984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/per.826     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Aarts, H., Chartrand, T. L., Custers, R., Danner, U., Dik, G., Jefferis, V. E., et al. (2005). Social stereotypes and automatic goal pursuit. Social Cognition, 23, 465-490.
2. Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R., & Mücke, D. (2002). Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 380-393.
3. Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2009). Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 533-548.
4. Bargh, J. A. (2006). What have we been priming all these years? On the development, mechanisms, and ecology of nonconscious social behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 147-168.
5. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2000). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H. T. Reis, & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 253-285). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
6. Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Troetschel, R. (2001). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1014-1027.
7. Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 282-316). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
8. Batson, C. D., & Oleson, K. C. (1991). Current status of the empathy-altruism hypothesis. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Prosocial behavior (Vol. 12, pp. 62-85). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
9. Batson, C. D., Sager, K., Garst, E., Kang, M., Rubchinsky, K., & Dawson, K. (1997). Is empathy-induced helping due to self-other merging? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 495-509.
10. Baumert, A., Gollwitzer, M., Staubach, M., & Schmitt, M. (in press). Justice sensitivity and the processing of justice-related information. European Journal of Personality.
11. Brooks, M. L., Buhrmester, M., & Swann, W. B. (2010). Interactionism spoken like a true situationist. European Journal of Personality, 24, 483-485.
12. Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Di Giunta, L., Panerai, L., & Eisenberg, N. (2010). The contribution of agreeableness and self-efficacy beliefs to prosociality. European Journal of Personality, 24, 36-55.
13. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Conner, M. T., Perugini, M., O'Gorman, R., Ayres, K., & Prestwich, A. (2007). Relations between implicit and explicit measures of attitudes and measures of behavior: Evidence of moderation by individual difference variables. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1727-1740.
15. Deutsch, R., & Strack, F. (2010). Building blocks of social behavior: Reflective and impulsive processes. In B. Gawronski, & K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp 62-79). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
16. Dijksterhuis, A., & Bargh, J. A. (2001). The perception-behavior expressway: Automatic effects of social perception on social behavior. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp 1-40). New York, NY: Academic Press.
17. Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2010). Keeping the person in person-situation integration. European Journal of Personality, 24, 485-488.
18. Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgement and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255-278.
19. Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Schmitt, M. (2008). When and why do implicit measures predict behavior? Empirical evidence for the moderating role of opportunity, motivation, and process reliance. European Review of Social Psychology, 19, 285-338.
20. Furr, R. M. (2009). Personality psychology as a truly behavioural science. European Journal of Personality, 23, 369-401.
21. Garcia, S. M., Weaver, K., Moskowitz, G. B., & Darley, J. M. (2002). Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 843-853.
22. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
23. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
24. Greitemeyer, T. (2009a). Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial thoughts, affect, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 186-190.
25. Greitemeyer, T. (2009b). The effect of anticipated affect on persistence and performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 172-186.
26. Guimond, S., Chatard, A., & Kang, P. (2010). Personality, social comparison and self-categorization. European Journal of Personality, 24, 488-492.
27. Independent Sector and United Nations Volunteers (2001). Measuring Volunteering: A practical toolkit. Washington, DC: Independent Sector.
28. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2004). LISREL 8.7 for Windows [Computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
29. Liljenquist, K., Zhong, C. B., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010). The smell of virtue: Clean scents promote reciprocity and charity. Psychological Science, 21, 381-383.
30. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Milne, A. B. (1998). Saying 'no' to unwanted thoughts: Self-focus and the regulation of mental life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 578-589.
31. McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96, 690-702.
32. Meier, B. P., Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2004). Why good guys wear white: Automatic inferences about stimulus valence based on color. Psychological Science, 15, 82-87.
33. Moors, A., & De Houwer, J. (2006). Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 297-326.
34. Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 106, 226-254.
35. Nelson, L. D., & Norton, M. I. (2005). From student to superhero: Situational primes shape future helping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 423-430.
36. Penner, L. A. 2002. The causes of sustained volunteerism: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 447-467.
37. Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Schroeder, D. A., & Piliavin, J. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365-392.
38. Penner, L. A., Fritzsche, B. A., Craiger, J. P., & Freifeld, T. S. (1995). Measuring the prosocial personality. In J. N. Butcher, & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 10, pp. 147-163). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
39. Perugini, M., & Leone, L. (2009). Implicit self-concept and moral action. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 747-754.
40. Perugini, M., & Prestwich, A. (2007). The gatekeeper: Individual differences are key in the chain from perception to behavior. European Journal of Personality, 21, 303-317.
41. Perugini, M., Richetin, J., & Zogmaister, C. (2010). Prediction of behavior. In B. Gawronski, & K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp 255-278). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
42. Reynolds K. J., Turner J. C., Branscombe, N. R., Mavor, K. I., Bizumic B., & Subasic, E. (2010). Interactionism in personality and social psychology: An integrated approach to understanding the mind and behaviour. European Journal of Personality, 24, 458-482.
43. Richetin, J., Richardson, D. S., & Mason, G. (2010). Predictive validity of IAT aggressiveness in the context of provocation. Social Psychology, 41, 27-34.
44. Robinson, M. D. (2007). Lives lived in milliseconds: Using cognitive methods in personality research. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley, & R. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 345-359). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
45. Schmitt, M., & Baumert, A. (2010). On the diversity of dynamic person×situation interactions. European Journal of Personality, 24, 497-500.
46. Schnabel, K., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2010). The self-concept: New insights from implicit measurement procedures. In B. Gawronski, & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition (pp. 408-425). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
47. Sheldon, K. M., King, L. A., Houser-Marko, L., Osbaldiston, R., & Gunz, A. (2007). Comparing IAT and TAT measures of power versus intimacy motivation. European Journal of Personality, 21, 263-280.
48. Slabbinck, H., De Houwer, J., & Van Kenhove, P. (2011). A pictorial attitude IAT as a measure of implicit motives. European Journal of Personality, 25, 76-86.
49. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220-247.
50. Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 469-478.
51. Zemack-Rugar, Y., Bettman, J. R., & Fitzsimons, G. J. (2007). The effects of nonconsciously priming emotion concepts on behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 927-939.
52. Zettler, I., & Hilbig, B. E. (2010). Honesty-humility and a person-situation interaction at work. European Journal of Personality, 24, 569-582.
53. Zhong, C. B., Lake, V. B., & Gino, F. (2010). A good lamp is the best police: Darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior. Psychological Science, 21, 311-314.