Improving livelihoods and nutrition in sub-saharan africa through the promotion of indigenous and exotic fruit production in smallholders' agroforestry systems: A review

International Forestry Review

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 338-354

  Jamnadass, R H ^a   Dawson, I K ^a   Franzel, S ^a   Leakey, R R B ^a,b   Mithfer, D ^a   Akinnifesi, F K ^a   Tchoundjeu, Z ^a  

^a WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE ICRAF   (Kenya)

^b JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

'south south' transfer

Indexed keywords

AGROFORESTRY; CULTIVAR; CULTIVATION; FRUIT PRODUCTION; NUTRITION; SMALLHOLDER;

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 81255143409     PISSN: 14655489     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1505/146554811798293836     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. AKINNIFESI, F.K., AJAYI, O.C., SILESHI, G., MATAKALA, P., KWESIGA, F.R., HAM, C., KADZERE, I., MHANGO, J., MNG'OMBA, S.A., CHILANGA, T. and MKONDA, A. 2008. Creating opportunities for domesticating and commercializing indigenous fruit trees in southern Africa. In: AKINNIFESI, F.K., LEAKEY, R. R.B., AJAYI, O.C., SILESHI, G., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., MATAKALA, P. and KWESIGA, F.R. (eds.) Indigenous fruit trees in the tropics: domestication, utilization and commercialization. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, in association with the World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 137-170.
2. AKINNIFESI, F.K., KWESIGA, F., MHANGO, J., CHILANGA, T., MKONDA, A., KADU, C.A.C., KADZERE, I., MITHÖFER, D., SAKA, J.D.K., SILESHI, G., RAMADHANI, T. and DHLIWAYO, P. 2006. Towards the development of miombo fruit trees as commercial tree crops in southern Africa. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 16: 103-121. (Pubitemid 43329093)
3. AKINNIFESI, F.K., SILESHI, G.W., AJAYI, O.C., AKINNIFESI, A.I., DE MOURA, E.G., LINHARES, J.F.P. and RODRIGUES, I. 2010. Biodiversity of urban homegardens of Sao Luis city, northeastern Brazil. Urban Ecosystem 13: 129-146.
4. ASAAH, E.K., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., LEAKEY, R.R.B., TAKOUSTING, B., NJONG, J. and EDANG, I. 2011. Trees, agroforestry and multifunctional agriculture in Cameroon. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9: 110-119.
5. ATANGANA, A.R., BEAULIEU, J. and KHASA, D.P. 2009. Wild genetic diversity preservation in a small-sized first generation breeding population of Allanblackia floribunda (Clusiaceae). Tree Genetics and Genomes 6: 127-136.
6. ATANGANA, A.R., VAN DER VLIS, E., KHASA, D.P., VAN HOUTEN, D., BEAULIEU, J. and HENDRICKX, H. 2011. Tree-to-tree variation in stearic and oleic acid content in seed fat from Allanblackia floribunda from wild stands: potential for tree breeding. Food Chemistry 126: 1579-1585.
7. AWONO, A., NDOYE, O., SCHRECKENBERG, K., TABUNA, H., ISSERI, F. and TEMPLE, L. 2002. Production and marketing of safou (Dacryodes edulis) in Cameroon and internationally: market development issues. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 12: 125-147. (Pubitemid 34707191)
8. AXTELL, B. and FELLOWS, P.J. (eds.). 2008. Opportunities in fruit and vegetable processing. Opportunities in food processing series. The African, Caribbean and Pacific-European Union (ACP-EU) Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
9. BAZZAZ, F.A. 1998. Tropical forests in a future climate: changes in biological diversity and impact on the global carbon cycle. Climate Change 39: 317-336. (Pubitemid 28360181)
10. BHUTTA, Z.A., AHMED, T., BLACK, R.E., COUSENS, S., DEWEY, K., GUIGLIANI, E., HAIDER, B.A., KIRKWOOD, B., MORRIS, S.S., SACHDEV, H.P.S. and SHEKAR, M. 2008. What works?. Interventions for maternal and child under-nutrition and survival. The Lancet 371: 417-440.
11. BLACK, R.E., ALLEN, L.H., BHUTTA, Z.A., CAULFIELD, L.E., DE ONIS, M., EZZATI, M., MATHERS, C. and RIVERA, J. 2008. Maternal and child under-nutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. The Lancet 371: 243-260.
12. BRANDI, E., LILLESø, J.-P.B., MOESTRUP, S. and KISERA, H.K. 2007. Do organisations provide quality seed to smallholders?.-A study on tree planting in Uganda, by NGOs and CBOs. Working Paper No. 8-2007, Development and Environment, Forest and Landscape Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark.
13. BRYCE, J., COITINHO, D., DARNTON-HILL, I., PELLETIER, D. and PINSTRUP-ANDERSEN, P. 2008. Maternal and child under-nutrition: effective action at national level. The Lancet 371: 510-526.
14. BUNDY, D., BURBANO, C., GROSH, M.E., GELLI, A., JUKE, M. and DRAKE, L. 2009. Rethinking school feeding: social safety nets, child development, and the education sector. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
15. CLEMENT, C.R., CORNELIUS, J.P., PINEDO-PANDURO, M.H. and YUYAMA, K. 2008. Native fruit tree improvement in Amazonia: an overview. In: AKINNIFESI, F.K., LEAKEY, R.R.B., AJAYI, O.C., SILESHI, G., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., MATAKALA, P. and KWESIGA, F.R. (eds.) Indigenous fruit trees in the tropics: domestication, utilization and commercialization. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, in association with the World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 100-119.
16. CORNELIUS, J.P., CLEMENT, C.R., WEBER, J.C., SOTELO-MONTES, C., VAN LEEUWEN, J., UGARTEGUERRA, L.J., RICSE-TEMBLADERA, A. and AREVALO-LOPEZ, L. 2006. The trade-off between genetic gain and conservation in a participatory improvement programme: the case of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth). Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 16: 17-34. (Pubitemid 43329088)
17. COSTELLO, A., ABBAS, M., ALLEN, A., BALL, S., BELL, S., BELLAMY, R., FRIEL, S., GROCE, N., JOHNSON, A., KETT, M., LEE, M., LEVY, C., MASLIN, M., MCCOY, D., MCGUIRE, B., MONTGOMERY, H., NAPIER, D., PAGEL, C., PATEL, J., DE OLIVEIRA, J.A.P., REDCLIFT, N., REES, H., ROGGER, D., SCOTT, J., STEPHENSON, J., TWIGG, J., WOLFF, J. and PATTERSON, C. 2009. Managing the health effects of climate change. The Lancet Commissions. The Lancet 373: 1693-1733.
18. DANTHU, P., TOURÉ, M.A., SOLOVIEV, P. and SAGNA, P. 2004. Vegetative propagation of Ziziphus mauritiana var. Gola by micrografting and its potential for dissemination in the Sahelian zone. Agroforestry Systems 60: 247-253.
19. DAWSON, I.K., GUARINO, L. and JAENICKE, H. 2007. Underutilised plant species: impacts of promotion on biodiversity. International Centre for Underutilised Crops Position Paper No. 2. International Centre for Underutilised Crops, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
20. DAWSON, I.K., HEDLEY, P., GUARINO, L. and JAENICKE, H. 2009a. Does biotechnology have a role in the promotion of underutilised crops?. Food Policy 34: 319-328.
21. DAWSON, I.K., LENGKEEK, A., WEBER, J.C. and JAMNADASS, R. 2009b. Managing genetic variation in tropical trees: linking knowledge with action in agroforestry ecosystems for improved conservation and enhanced livelihoods. Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 969-986.
22. DAWSON, I.K., VINCETI, B., WEBER, J.C., NEUFELDT, H., RUSSELL, J., LENGKEEK, A.G., KALINGANIRE, A., KINDT, R., LILLESø, J.-P.B., ROSHETKO, J. and JAMNADASS, R. 2011. Climate change and tree genetic resource management: maintaining and enhancing the productivity and value of smallholder tropical agro forestry landscapes. A review. Agroforestry Systems 81: 67-78.
23. DEGRANDE, A., FACHEUX, C., MFOUMOU, C., MBILE, P., TCHOUNDJEU, Z. and ASAAH E. 2006a. Feasibility of farmer-managed vegetative propagation nurseries in the Cameroon. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 16: 181-190. (Pubitemid 44018797)
24. DEGRANDE, A., SCHRECKENBERG, K., MBOSSO, C., ANEGBEH, P., OKAFOR, V. and KANMEGNE J. 2006b. Farmers' fruit tree-growing strategies in the humid forest zone of Cameroon and Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems 67: 159-175. (Pubitemid 43883071)
25. FACHEUX, C., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., FOUNDJEM-TITA, D., DEGRANDE, A. and MBOSSO, C. 2007. Optimizing the production and marketing of NTFPs. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 8: 1249-1254.
26. FAO. 2004. Value chain analysis: a case study of mangoes in Kenya. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
27. FAO. 2005a. The state of food insecurity in the world. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
28. FAO. 2005b. Tropical fruits compendium. Commodities and Trade Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Available at www.fao.org/es/esc/common/ecg/218/en/partcomp-2005.pdf
29. FAO. 2008. Rapid assessment of pollinators' status: a contribution to the International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Pollinators. Global Action on Pollination Services for Sustainable Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
30. FAO. 2010. Global forests resources assessment. FAO Forestry Paper No. 163. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
31. FAULKNER, L., HARRINGTON, J., LEVY, D. and THE, K. 2009. Commercial opportunities for fruit in Malawi. ICRAF Working Paper No. 86. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.
32. FRANZEL, S., AKINNIFESI, F.K. and HAM, C. 2008. Setting priorities among indigenous fruit tree species in Africa: examples from southern, eastern and western Africa regions. In: AKINNIFESI, F.K., LEAKEY, R.R.B., AJAYI, O.C., SILESHI, G., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., MATAKALA, P. and KWESIGA, F.R. (eds.) Indigenous fruit trees in the tropics: domestication, utilization and commercialization. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, in association with the World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 1-27.
33. FRANZEL, S., JAENICKE, H. and JANSSEN, W. 1996. Choosing the right trees: setting priorities for multipurpose tree improvement. ISNAR Research Report No. 8. International Service for National Agricultural Research, The Hague, The Netherlands.
34. GARRITY, D.P. 2004. Agroforestry and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Agroforestry Systems 61: 5-17. (Pubitemid 38983029)
35. GEPTS, P. 2004. Who Owns Biodiversity, and How Should the Owners Be Compensated?. Plant Physiology 134: 1295-1307. (Pubitemid 38527340)
36. GRAUDAL, L. and LILLESø, J.-P.B. 2007. Experiences and future prospects for tree seed supply in agricultural development support-based on lessons learnt in Danida supported programmes, 1965-2005. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Demark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
37. HALL, J.B., O'BRIEN, E.M. and SINCLAIR, F.L. (eds.). 2002. Sclerocarya birrea: a monograph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences Publication No. 19. University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom.
38. HAM, C., AKINNIFESI, F.K., FRANZEL, S., JORDAAN, D. DU P.S., HANSMANN, C., AJAYI, O.C. and DE KOCK, C. 2008. Opportunities for commercialization and enterprise development of indigenous fruits in southern Africa. In: AKINNIFESI, F.K., LEAKEY, R.R.B., AJAYI, O.C., SILESHI, G., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., MATAKALA, P. and KWESIGA, F.R. (eds.) Indigenous fruit trees in the tropics: domestication, utilization and commercialization. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, in association with the World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 254-272.
39. HERMANN, M. 2009. The impact of the European Novel Food Regulation on trade and food innovation based on traditional plant foods from developing countries. Food Policy 34: 499-507.
40. ICUC. 2003. Improvement of tropical underutilised fruits in Asia. International Centre for Underutilised Crops, Southampton, United Kingdom.
41. IMF. 2008. Coping with food price increases in sub-Saharan Africa. The International Monetary Fund, Washington DC, USA. Available at www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2008/CAR032008A.htm
42. IPGRI, GFU and MSSRF. 2005. Meeting the Millennium Development Goals with agricultural biodiversity. Bioversity International (formerly the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute), Rome, Italy, the Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized Species, Rome, Italy and the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
43. JACK, B.K., KOUSKY, C. and SIMS, K.R.E. 2008. Designing payments for ecosystem services: lessons from previous experience with incentive-based mechanisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105: 9465-9470.
44. JAMNADASS, R., DAWSON, I.K., ANEGBEH, P., ASAAH, E., ATANGANA, A., CORDEIRO, N., HENDRICKX, H., HENNEH, S., KADU, C.A.C., KATTAH, C., MISBAH, M., MUCHUGI, A., MUNJUGA, M., MWAURA, L., NDANGALASI, H.J., NJAU, C.S., NYAME, S.K., OFORI, D., PEPRAH, T., RUSSELL, J., RUTATINA, F., SAWE, C., SCHMIDT, L., TCHOUNDJEU, Z. and SIMONS, T. 2010. Allanblackia, a new tree crop in Africa for the global food industry: market development, smallholder cultivation and biodiversity management. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 19: 251-268.
45. JAMNADASS, R., LOWE, A. and DAWSON, I.K. 2009. Molecular markers and the management of tropical trees: the case of indigenous fruit. Tropical Plant Biology 2: 1-12.
46. JENSEN, J.S., BAYALA, J., SANOU, H., KORBO, A., RæBILD, A., KAMBOU, S., TOUGIANI, A., BOUDA, H-N., LARSEN, A.S. and PARKOUDA, C. 2011. A research approach supporting domestication of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) in West Africa. New Forests 41: 317-335.
47. JORDAAN, D. DU P.S., AKINNIFESI, F.K., HAM, C. and AJAYI, O.C. 2008. The feasibility of small-scale indigenous fruit processing enterprises in southern Africa. In: AKINNIFESI, F.K., LEAKEY, R.R.B., AJAYI, O.C., SILESHI, G., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., MATAKALA, P. and KWESIGA, F.R. (eds.) Indigenous fruit trees in the tropics: domestication, utilization and commercialization. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, in association with the World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 273-287.
48. KADU, C.A.C., IMBUGA, M., JAMNADASS, R. and DAWSON, I.K. 2006. Genetic management of indigenous fruit trees in southern Africa: a case study of Sclerocarya birrea based on nuclear and chloroplast variation. South African Journal of Botany 72: 421-427. (Pubitemid 43794974)
49. KADZERE, I., WATKINS, C.B., MERWIN, I.A., AKINNIFESI, F.K., SAKA, J.D.K. and MHANGO, J. 2006. Harvesting and post-harvesting handling practices and characteristics of Uapaca kirkiana (Muell. Agr.) fruits: a survey of roadside markets in Malawi. Agroforestry Systems 68: 133-142. (Pubitemid 44450741)
50. KALINGANIRE, A., WEBER, J.C., UWAMARIYA, A. and KONE, B. 2008. Domestication, utilization and marketing of indigenous fruit trees in West and Central Africa. In: AKINNIFESI, F.K., LEAKEY, R.R.B., AJAYI, O.C., SILESHI, G., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., MATAKALA, P. and KWESIGA, F.R. (eds.) Indigenous fruit trees in the tropics: domestication, utilization and commercialization. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, in association with the World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 171-185.
51. KEATINGE, J.D.H., WALIYAR, F., JAMNADASS, R.H., MOUSTAFA, A., ANDRADE, M., DRECHSEL, P., HUGHES, J.A., KADIRVEL, P. and LUTHER, K. 2010. Relearning old lessons for the future of food-by bread alone no longer: diversifying diets with fruit and vegetables. Crop Science 50: S51-S62.
52. KEHLENBECK, K., ROHDE, E., NJUGUNA, J.K., OMARI, F., WASILWA, L. and JAMNADASS, R. 2010. Mango cultivar diversity and its potential for improving mango productivity in Kenya. In: Transforming agriculture for improved livelihoods through agricultural product value chains. Proceedings of the 12th KARI biennial scientific conference, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 657-665.
53. KINDT, R., LILLESø, J.-P.B., VAN BREUGEL, P., NZISA, A., ORWA, C., GRAUDAL, L., NYABENGE, M. and JAMNADASS, R. 2008. Potential natural vegetation of south-western Kenya for selection of indigenous tree species: CD-ROM with electronic versions of the map, species selection tool and detailed descriptions for a subset of species. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
54. KIT, FAIDA MALI and IIRR. 2006. Chain empowerment: supporting African farmers to develop markets. Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Faida Market Link, Arusha, Tanzania and the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Nairobi, Kenya.
55. KOSKELA, J., VINCETI, B., DVORAK, W., BUSH, D., DAWSON, I., LOO, J., KJAER, E.D., NAVARRO, C., PADOLINA, C., BORDÁCS, S., JAMNADASS, R., GRAUDAL, L. and RAMAMONJISOA, L. 2009. The use and movement of forest genetic resources for food and agriculture. Background Study Paper No. 44. The Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
56. LEAKEY, R.R.B. 1999. Potential for novel food products from agroforestry trees. Food Chemistry 64: 1-14. (Pubitemid 29187316)
57. LEAKEY, R.R.B. 2004. Physiology of vegetative reproduction. In: BURLEY, J., EVANS, J and YOUNGQUIST, J.A. (eds.) Encyclopaedia of forest sciences. Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 1655-1668.
58. LEAKEY, R.R.B. 2010. Agroforestry: a delivery mechanism for multi-functional agriculture. In: KELLIMORE, L.R. (ed.) Handbook on agroforestry: management practices and environmental impact. Environmental Science, Engineering and Technology Series. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, USA, pp. 461-471.
59. LEAKEY, R.R.B. and AKINNIFESI, F.K. 2008. Towards a domestication strategy for indigenous fruit trees in the tropics. In: AKINNIFESI, F.K., LEAKEY, R.R.B., AJAYI, O.C., SILESHI, G., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., MATAKALA, P. and KWESIGA, F.R. (eds.) Indigenous fruit trees in the tropics: domestication, utilization and commercialization. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, in association with the World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 28-49.
60. LEAKEY, R.R.B., MESÉN, J.F., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., LONGMAN, K.A., DICK, J., NEWTON, A.C., MATIN, A., GRACE, J., MUNRO, R.C. and MUTHOKA, P.N. 1990. Low-technology techniques for the vegetative propagation of tropical trees. Commonwealth Forestry Review 69: 247-257.
61. LEAKEY, R.R.B. and NEWTON, A.C. 1994. Domestication of 'Cinderella' species as the start of a woody-plant revolution. In LEAKEY, R.R.B. and NEWTON, A.C. (eds.) Tropical trees: the potential for domestication and the rebuilding of forest resources. HMSO, London, UK, pp. 3-4.
62. LEAKEY, R.R.B. and PAGE, T. 2006. The 'ideotype concept' and its application to the selection of 'AFTP' cultivars. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 16: 5-16. (Pubitemid 43329087)
63. LEAKEY, R.R.B., SCHRECKENBERG, K. and TCHOUNDJEU, Z. 2003. The participatory domestication of West African indigenous fruits. International Forestry Review 5: 338-347. (Pubitemid 44178188)
64. LEAKEY, R.R.B., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., SCHRECKENBERG, K., SHACKLETON, S.E. and SHACKLETON, C.M. 2005. Agroforestry tree products (AFTPs): targeting poverty reduction and enhanced livelihoods. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 3: 1-23.
65. LEAKEY, R.R.B., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., SCHRECKENBERG, K., SIMONS, A.J., SHACKLETON, S., MANDER, M., WYNBERG, R., SHACKLETON, C. and SULLIVAN, C. 2007. Trees and markets for agroforestry tree products: targeting poverty reduction and enhanced livelihoods. In: GARRITY, D., OKONO, A., PARROTT, M. and PARROTT, S. (eds.) World agroforestry into the future. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 11-22.
66. LILLESø, J-P.B., GRAUDAL, L., MOESTRUP, S., KJæR, E.D., KINDT, R., MBORA, A., DAWSON, I., MURIUKI, J., RæBILD, A. and JAMNADASS, R. 2011. Innovation in input supply systems in smallholder agroforestry: seed sources, supply chains and support systems. Agroforestry Systems (Still in press).
67. LOMBARD, C. and LEAKEY, R.R.B. 2010. Protecting the rights of farmers and communities while securing long term market access for producers of non-timber forest products: experience in southern Africa. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 19: 235-249.
68. MAGHEMBE, J.A., SIMONS, A.J., KWESIGA, F. and RARIEYA, M. (eds.). 1998. Selecting indigenous fruit trees for domestication in southern Africa: priority setting with farmers in Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.
69. MILDER, B. 2008. Closing the gap: reaching the missing middle and rural poor through value chain finance. Enterprise Development and Microfinance 19: 301-316.
70. MILLER, R.P. and NAIR, P.K.R. 2006. Indigenous agroforestry systems in Amazonia: from prehistory to today. Agroforestry Systems 66: 151-164.
71. MNG'OMBA, S.A., AKINNIFESI, F.K., SILESHI, G., AJAYI, O.C., CHAKEREDZA, S. and MWASE, W.F. 2008. A decision support tool for propagating miombo indigenous fruit trees of southern Africa. African Journal of Biotechnology 7: 4677-4686.
72. MNG'OMBA, S.A., DU TOIT, E.S., AKINNIFESI, F.K. and VENTER, H.M. 2007a. Effective preconditioning methods for in vitro propagation of Uapaca kirkiana Müell Arg. tree species. African Journal of Biotechnology 6: 1670-1676. (Pubitemid 47195803)
73. MNG'OMBA, S.A., DU TOIT, E.S., AKINNIFESI, F.K. and VENTER, H.M. 2007b. Repeated exposure of jacket plum (Pappea capensis) micro-cuttings to indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) improved in vitro rooting capacity. South African Journal of Botany 73: 230-235. (Pubitemid 46507675)
74. MÜLLER, C., CRAMER, W., HARE, W.L. and LOTZECAMPEN, H. 2011. Climate change risks for African agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108: 4313-4315.
75. MUOK, B.O., OWUOR, B., DAWSON, I. and WERE, J. 2001. The potential of indigenous fruit trees: result of a study in Kitui District, Kenya. Agroforestry Today 12: 13-15.
76. MURIUKI, J.K. 2005. Informal agroforestry tree seed quality and supply systems: a case of peri-urban Nairobi, Meru and western Kenya. MSc thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
77. NAIR, P.K.R., KUMAR, B.M. and NAIR, V.D. 2009. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172: 10-23.
78. NATHAN, I., SHRESTHA, K.B., JHA, P.K. and SUVEDI, S. 2005. Commercial distribution of tree seed in small bags: results from a pilot and action research project in Nepal. Development and Environment Working Paper No. 9-2005. Forest and Landscape Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark.
79. NEGIN, J., REMANS, R., KARUTI, S. and FANZO, J.C. 2009. Integrating a broader notion of food security and gender empowerment into the African Green Revolution. Food Security 3: 351-360.
80. NEVEN, D. and REARDON, T. 2004. The rise of Kenyan supermarkets and the evolution of their horticulture product procurement systems. Development Policy Review 22: 669-699. (Pubitemid 39520049)
81. PEPRAH, T., OFORI, D.A., SIAW, D.E.K.A., ADDODANSO, S.D., COBBINAH, J.R., SIMONS, A.J. and JAMNADASS, R. 2009. Reproductive biology and characterization of Allanblackia parviflora A. Chev. in Ghana. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56: 1037-1044.
82. PETIT, R.J. and HAMPE, A. 2006. Some evolutionary consequences of being a tree. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37: 187-214. (Pubitemid 44907617)
83. POULTON, C. and POOLE, N. 2001. Poverty and fruit tree research. Issues and Options Paper. Agricultural Economics and Business Management Research Group, Imperial College at Wye, Ashford, UK.
84. PYE-SMITH, C. 2009. Chocolate berries! Gingerbread plums! New Scientist 2733, 53-55.
85. RæBILD, A., LARSEN, A.S., JENSEN, J.S., OUEDR AOGO, M., DE GROOTE, S., VAN DAMME, P., BAYALA, J., DIALLO, B.O., SANOU, H., KALINGANIRE, A. and KJAER, E.D. 2011. Advances in domestication of indigenous fruit trees in the West African Sahel. New Forests 41: 297-315.
86. RAY, P.K. 2002. Breeding tropical and subtropical fruits. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
87. RUEL, M.T., MINOT, N. and SMITH, L. 2005. Patterns and determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country comparison. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA.
88. RUSSELL, J.R., KADU, C.A.C., JAMNADASS, R., BOOTH, A., CORDEIRO, N.J., WOODHEAD, M. and DAWSON, I.K. 2009. AFLP and SSR diversity in the African fruit tree Allanblackia: implications for management of a genus newly subject to domestication for the edible oil industry. Tree Genetics and Genomes 5: 517-527.
89. SAKA, J.D.K. and MSONTHI, J.D. 1994. Nutritional value of edible fruits of indigenous wild trees in Malawi. Forest Ecology and Management 64: 245-248.
90. SAKA, J., RAPP, I., AKINNIFESI, F., NDOLO, V. and MHANGO, J. 2007. Physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of Uapaca kirkiana, Strychnos cocculoides, Adansonia digitata and Mangifera indica fruit products. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 42: 836-841. (Pubitemid 46945608)
91. SAMSON, J.A. 2003. Tropical fruits. Second edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom (reprint from 1986).
92. SANOU, H., KAMBOU, S., TEKLEHAIMANOT, Z., DEMBÉLÉ, M., YOSSI, H., SINA, S., DJINGDIA, L. and BOUVET J-M. 2004. Vegetative propagation of Vitellaria paradoxa by grafting. Agroforestry Systems 60: 93-99. (Pubitemid 38143351)
93. SCHERR, S.J. and MCNEELY, J.A. 2008. Biodiversity conservation and agricultural sustainability: towards a new paradigm of 'ecoagriculture' landscapes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363: 477-494. (Pubitemid 351437356)
94. SCHRECKENBERG, K., AWONO, A., DEGRANDE, A., MBOSSO, C., NDOYE, O. and TCHOUNDJEU, Z. 2006. Domesticating indigenous fruit trees as a contribution to poverty reduction. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 16: 35-51. (Pubitemid 43329089)
95. SHERMAN, J. 2003. From nutritional needs to classroom lessons: can we make a difference?. Food, Nutrition and Agriculture 33: 45-51.
96. SIDIBE, M. and WILLIAMS, J.T. 2002. Baobab. Adansonia digitata. International Centre for Underutilised Crops, Southampton, UK.
97. SIMITU, P., JAMNADASS, R., KINDT, R., KUNGU, J. and KIMIYWE, J. 2009. Consumption of dryland indigenous fruits to improve livelihoods in Kenya. The case of Mwingi District. Acta Horticulturae 806: 93-98.
98. SIMONS, A.J., JAENICKE, H., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., DAWSON, I., KINDT, R., OGINOSAKO, Z., LENGKEEK, A. and DE GRANDE, A. 2000. The future of trees is on farm: tree domestication in Africa. In: KRISHNAPILLAY, B., SOEPADMO, E., LOTFY ARSHAD, N., WONG, A., APPANAH, S., WAN CHIK, S., MANOKARAN, N., LAY TONG, H. and KEAN CHOON, K. (eds.) Forests and society: the role of research. Proceedings of the XXIst IUFRO World Congress, held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 2000, Sub-plenary Sessions vol. 1. IUFRO Secretariat, Vienna and the Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia, pp. 752-760.
99. SIMONS, A.J. and LEAKEY, R.R.B. 2004. Tree domestication in tropical agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems 61: 167-181. (Pubitemid 38983040)
100. STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I., KESSLER, M., BARKMANN, J., BOS, M.M., BUCHORI, D., ERASMI, S., FAUST, H., GEROLD, G., GLENK, K., GRADSTEIN, S.R., GUHARDJA, E., HARTEVELD, M., HERTEL, D., HOHN, P., KAPPAS, M., KOHLER, S., LEUSCHNER, C., MAERTENS, M., MARGGRAF, R., MIGGEKLEIAN, S., MOGEA, J., PITOPANG, R., SCHAEFER, M., SCHWARZE, S., SPORN, S.G., STEINGREBE, A., TJITROSOEDIRDJO, S.S., TJITROSOEMITO, S., TWELE, A., WEBER, R., WOLTMANN, L., ZELLER, M. and TSCHARNTKE, T. 2007. Tradeoffs between income, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning during tropical rainforest conversion and agroforestry intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104: 4973-4978. (Pubitemid 47186161)
101. TADJO, P. 2008. Evaluation de l'efficacité des pépinières rurales des zones d'intervention de l'ICRAF dans la distribution des plants d'arbres agroforestiers: cas des provinces de l'Ouest et du Nord-Ouest Cameroun. MSc thesis, University of Dschang, Cameroon.
102. TCHOUNDJEU, Z., ASAAH, E.K., ANEGBEH, P., DEGRANDE, A., MBILE, P., FACHEUX, C., TSOBENG, A., ATANGANA, A.R., NGO-MPECK, M.L. and SIMONS, A.J. 2006. Putting participatory domestication into practice in West and Central Africa. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 16: 53-69. (Pubitemid 43329090)
103. TCHOUNDJEU, Z., ATANGANA, A., ASAAH, E., TSOBENG, A. and FACHEUX, C. 2008. Domestication, utilisation, and marketing of indigenous fruit trees in West and Central Africa. In: AKINNIFESI, F.K., LEAKEY, R.R.B., AJAYI, O.C., SILESHI, G., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., MATAKALA, P. and KWESIGA, F.R. (eds.) Indigenous fruit trees in the tropics: domestication, utilization and commercialization. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, in association with the World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 137-170.
104. TCHOUNDJEU, Z., DEGRANDE, A., LEAKEY, R.R.B., NIMINO, G., KEMAJOU, E., ASAAH, E., FACHEUX, C., MBILE, P., MBOSSO, C., SADO, T. and TSOBENG, A. 2010. Impacts of participatory tree domestication on farmer livelihoods in West and Central Africa. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 19: 217-234.
105. THIONGO, M.K. and JAENICKE, H. 2000. Preliminary nutritional analysis of marula (Sclerocarya birrea) fruits from two Kenyan provenances. Acta Horticulturae 531: 245-249.
106. TSCHIRLEY, D., AYIEKO, M., HICHAAMBWA, M., GOEB, J. and LOESCHER, W. 2010. Modernizing Africa's fresh produce supply chains without rapid supermarket takeover: towards a definition of research and investment priorities. International Development Working Paper No. 106, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA.
107. UNICEF. 2007. The state of the world's children 2008. Child survival. The United Nations Children's Fund, New York, USA.
108. VANDENBOSCH, T.E., OUKO, B.A., GULEID, N.J., WERE, R.A., MUNGAI, P.P., MBITHE, D.D., NDANYI, M., CHESUMO, J., LAENEN-FOX, L., SMETS, K., KOSGEI, C.K. and WALEMA, B. 2009. Integrating food and nutrition, health, agricultural and environmental education towards education for sustainable development: lessons learned from the Healthy Learning Programme in Kenya. In: Sustainable initiatives in the decade of education for sustainable development: where are we?. Proceedings of the July 2009 Environmental Education Association of Southern Africa (EEASA) conference. Available at worldagroforestry.org/ publications/publicationsdetails?node=52930
109. VINCETI, B., DAWSON, I., KOSKELA, J. and JAMNADASS, R. 2009. Tree genetic resources: international interdependence in the face of climate change. In: FUJISAKA, S., HALEWOOD, M. and WILLIAMS, D. (eds.) The impact of climate change on countries' interdependence on genetic resources for food and agriculture. Background Study Paper No. 48. The Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp. 18-26.
110. WAIBEL, H., WESSELER, J. and MITHÖFER, D. 2005. R&D and private investment: how to conserve indigenous fruit biodiversity of Southern Africa. Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, held in Kiel, Germany, 2005, paper 35. Available at http://econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/19826/ 1/Waibel.pdf
111. WARUHIU, A.N., KENGUE, J., ATANGANA, A.R., TCHOUNDJEU, Z. and LEAKEY, R.R.B. 2004. Domestication of Dacryodes edulis: 2. Phenotypic variation of fruit traits in 200 trees from four populations in the humid lowlands of Cameroon. Food, Agriculture and Environment 2: 340-346.
112. WEBER, J.C., SOTELO-MONTES, C., UGARTE, J. and SIMONS, T. 2009. Phenotypic selection of Calycophyllum spruceanum on farms in the Peruvian Amazon: evaluating a low-intensity selection strategy. Silvae Genetica 58: 172-179.
113. WEINBERGER, K. and LUMPKIN, T.A. 2007. Diversification into horticulture and poverty reduction: a research agenda. World Development 35: 1464-1480. (Pubitemid 47411042)
114. WFP. 2008. Ghana: home grown school feeding case study. World Food Programme, Rome, Italy.
115. WFP. 2009. Home grown school feeding: a framework to link school feeding with local agricultural production. World Food Programme, Rome, Italy.
116. WHITE, T.L., ADAMS, W.T. and NEALE, D.B. 2007. Forest genetics. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
117. WORLD BANK. 2006. Repositioning nutrition as central to development. A strategy for large-scale action. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
118. WYNBERG, R.P., LAIRD, S.A., SHACKLETON, S., MANDER, M., SHACKLETON, C., DU PLESSIS, P., DEN ADEL, S., LEAKEY, R.R.B., BOTELLE, A., LOMBARD, C., SULLIVAN, C., CUNNINGHAM, T. and O'REGAN, D. 2003. Marula commercialisation for sustainable and equitable livelihoods. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 13: 203-215. (Pubitemid 37447007)
119. ZOMER, R.J., TRABUCCO, A., COE, R. and PLACE, F. 2009. Trees on farm: analysis of global extent and geographical patterns of agroforestry. Working Paper No. 89. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.