Computational physiology of the neural networks of the primate globus pallidus: Function and dysfunction

Neuroscience

Volumn 198, Issue , 2011, Pages 171-192

  Goldberg, J A ^a   Bergman, H ^b  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Basal ganglia; Correlations; Neurons; Oscillations; Parkinson's disease; Primate

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; BASAL GANGLION; BEHAVIOR CONTROL; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN FUNCTION; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; IN VIVO STUDY; MESENCEPHALON; NERVE CELL DEGENERATION; NERVE CELL EXCITABILITY; NERVE CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE PROJECTION; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRIATE CORTEX; SUBTHALAMUS; THALAMOCORTICAL TRACT;

ANIMALS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; HUMANS; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; NEURAL PATHWAYS; NEURONS; PRIMATES;

EID: 81255138059     PISSN: 03064522     EISSN: 18737544     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.068     Document Type: Review

References (243)

1. Abeles M. Local cortical circuits 1982, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York.
2. Abeles M. Quantification, smoothing, and confidence limits for single-units' histograms. J Neurosci Methods 1982, 5:317-325.
3. Abeles M. Corticonics-Neural circuits of the cerebral cortex 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
4. Adler A., Joshua M., Rivlin-Etzion M., Mitelman R., Marmor O., Prut Y., Bergman H. Neurons in both pallidal segments change their firing properties similarly prior to closure of the eyes. J Neurophysiol 2010, 103:346-359.
5. Aertsen A.M., Gerstein G.L., Habib M.K., Palm G. Dynamics of neuronal firing correlation: modulation of "effective connectivity". J Neurophysiol 1989, 61:900-917.
6. Albin R.L., Young A.B., Penney J.B. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci 1989, 12:366-375.
7. Aldridge J.W., Anderson R.J., Murphy J.T. Sensory-motor processing in the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus: a single-unit study in behaving primates. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1980, 58:1192-1201.
8. Alvarez L., Macias R., Lopez G., Alvarez E., Pavon N., Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Juncos J.L., Maragoto C., Guridi J., Litvan I., Tolosa E.S., Koller W., Vitek J., DeLong M.R., Obeso J.A. Bilateral subthalamotomy in Parkinson's disease: initial and long-term response. Brain 2005, 128:570-583.
9. Alvarez L., Macias R., Pavon N., Lopez G., Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Rodriguez R., Alvarez M., Pedroso I., Teijeiro J., Fernandez R., Casabona E., Garcia I., Guridi J., Juncos J., DeLong M.R., Obeso J.A. Therapeutic efficacy of unilateral subthalamotomy in Parkinson's disease: results in 89 patients followed up to 36 months. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009, 80:979-985.
10. Anderson M.E. Discharge patterns of basal ganglia neurons during active maintenance of postural stability and adjustment to chair tilt. Brain Res 1978, 143:325-338.
11. Anderson M.E., DeVito J.L. An analysis of potentially converging inputs to the rostral ventral thalamic nuclei of the cat. Exp Brain Res 1987, 68:260-276.
12. Anderson M.E., Horak F.B. Influence of the globus pallidus on arm movements in monkeys. III. Timing of movement-related information. J Neurophysiol 1985, 54:433-448.
13. Anderson M.E., Turner R.S. A quantitative analysis of pallidal discharge during targeted reaching movement in the monkey. Exp Brain Res 1991, 86:623-632.
14. Arkadir D., Ben Shaul Y., Morris G., Maraton S., Goldber J.A., Bergman H. False detection of dynamic changes in pallidal neuron interactions by the joint peri-stimulus histogram method. The basal ganglia VII 2002, 181-187. Plenum Press, New York, NY. L.F.B. Nicholson, R.L.M. Faull (Eds.).
15. Arkadir D., Morris G., Vaadia E., Bergman H. Independent coding of movement direction and reward prediction by single pallidal neurons. J Neurosci 2004, 24:10047-10056.
16. Averbeck B.B., Lee D. Coding and transmission of information by neural ensembles. Trends Neurosci 2004, 27:225-230.
17. Aziz T.Z., Peggs D., Sambrook M.A., Crossman A.R. Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus for the alleviation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism in the primate. Mov Disord 1991, 6:288-292.
18. Ballard P.A., Tetrud J.W., Langston J.W. Permanent human parkinsonism due to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): seven cases. Neurology 1985, 35:949-956.
19. Bar-Gad I., Heimer G., Ritov Y., Bergman H. Functional correlations between neighboring neurons in the primate globus pallidus are weak or nonexistent. J Neurosci 2003, 23:4012-4016.
20. Bar-Gad I., Morris G., Bergman H. Information processing, dimensionality reduction and reinforcement learning in the basal ganglia. Prog Neurobiol 2003, 71:439-473.
21. Bar-Gad I., Ritov Y., Bergman H. The neuronal refractory period causes a short-term peak in the autocorrelation function. J Neurosci Methods 2001, 104:155-163.
22. Bar-Gad I., Ritov Y., Vaadia E., Bergman H. Failure in identification of overlapping spikes from multiple neuron activity causes artificial correlations. J Neurosci Methods 2001, 107:1-13.
23. Basso M.A., Pokorny J.J., Liu P. Activity of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons during smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys. Eur J Neurosci 2005, 22:448-464.
24. Baufreton J., Kirkham E., Atherton J.F., Menard A., Magill P.J., Bolam J.P., Bevan M.D. Sparse but selective and potent synaptic transmission from the globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus. J Neurophysiol 2009, 102:532-545.
25. Bayer H.M., Handel A., Glimcher P.W. Eye position and memory saccade related responses in substantia nigra pars reticulata. Exp Brain Res 2004, 154:428-441.
26. Bengtson C.P., Osborne P.B. Electrophysiological properties of cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons in the ventral pallidal region of the nucleus basalis in rat brain slices. J Neurophysiol 2000, 83:2649-2660.
27. Ben-Shaul Y., Bergman H., Ritov Y., Abeles M. Trial to trial variability in either stimulus or action causes apparent correlation and synchrony in neuronal activity. J Neurosci Methods 2001, 111:99-110.
28. Bergman H., Feingold A., Nini A., Raz A., Slovin H., Abeles M., Vaadia E. Physiological aspects of information processing in the basal ganglia of normal and parkinsonian primates. Trends Neurosci 1998, 21:32-38.
29. Bergman H., Wichmann T., DeLong M.R. Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 1990, 249:1436-1438.
30. Bergman H., Wichmann T., Karmon B., DeLong M.R. The primate subthalamic nucleus. II. Neuronal activity in the MPTP model of parkinsonism. J Neurophysiol 1994, 72:507-520.
31. Bevan M.D., Booth P.A., Eaton S.A., Bolam J.P. Selective innervation of neostriatal interneurons by a subclass of neuron in the globus pallidus of the rat. J Neurosci 1998, 18:9438-9452.
32. Bolam J.P., Hanley J.J., Booth P.A., Bevan M.D. Synaptic organisation of the basal ganglia. J Anat 2000, 196(Pt 4):527-542.
33. Boraud T., Bezard E., Bioulac B., Gross C.E. Ratio of inhibited-to-activated pallidal neurons decreases dramatically during passive limb movement in the MPTP-treated monkey. J Neurophysiol 2000, 83:1760-1763.
34. Boraud T., Bezard E., Bioulac B., Gross C.E. Dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesias are correlated to both firing pattern and frequency alterations of pallidal neurones in the MPTP-treated monkey. Brain 2001, 124:546-557.
35. Boraud T., Bezard E., Bioulac B., Gross C.E. From single extracellular unit recording in experimental and human Parkinsonism to the development of a functional concept of the role played by the basal ganglia in motor control. Prog Neurobiol 2002, 66:265-283.
36. Braitenberg V., Schuz A. Anatomy of the cortex. Statistics and geometry 1991, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
37. Brody C.D. Correlations without synchrony. Neural Comput 1999, 11:1537-1551.
38. Brody C.D. Disambiguating different covariation types. Neural Comput 1999, 11:1527-1535.
39. Bromberg-Martin E.S., Matsumoto M., Hong S., Hikosaka O. A pallidus-habenula-dopamine pathway signals inferred stimulus values. J Neurophysiol 2010, 104:1068-1076.
40. Bronfeld M., Belelovsky K., Erez Y., Bugaysen J., Korngreen A., Bar-Gad I. Bicuculline-induced chorea manifests in focal rather than globalized abnormalities in the activation of the external and internal globus pallidus. J Neurophysiol 2010, 104:3261-3275.
41. Brotchie P., Iansek R., Horne M.K. Motor function of the monkey globus pallidus. 1. Neuronal discharge and parameters of movement. Brain 1991, 114(Pt 4):1667-1683.
42. Brotchie P., Iansek R., Horne M.K. Motor function of the monkey globus pallidus. 2. Cognitive aspects of movement and phasic neuronal activity. Brain 1991, 114(Pt 4):1685-1702.
43. Bugaysen J., Bronfeld M., Tischler H., Bar-Gad I., Korngreen A. Electrophysiological characteristics of globus pallidus neurons. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e12001.
44. Buonomano D.V., Merzenich M. A neural network model of temporal code generation and position-invariant pattern recognition. Neural Comput 1999, 11:103-116.
45. Burns R.S., Chiueh C.C., Markey S.P., Ebert M.H., Jacobowitz D.M., Kopin I.J. A primate model of parkinsonism: selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra by N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983, 80:4546-4550.
46. Carpenter M.B., Baton R.R., Carleton S.C., Keller J.T. Interconnections and organization of pallidal and subthalamic nucleus neurons in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 1981, 197:579-603.
47. Carpenter M.B., Carleton S.C., Keller J.T. Connections of the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey. Brain Res 1981, 224:1-29.
48. Chan C.S., Glajch K.E., Gertler T.S., Guzman J.N., Mercer J.N., Lewis A.S., Goldberg A.B., Tkatch T., Shigemoto R., Fleming S.M., Chetkovich D.M., Osten P., Kita H., Surmeier D.J. HCN channelopathy in external globus pallidus neurons in models of Parkinson's disease. Nat Neurosci 2011, 14:85-92.
49. Chan C.S., Shigemoto R., Mercer J.N., Surmeier D.J. HCN2 and HCN1 channels govern the regularity of autonomous pacemaking and synaptic resetting in globus pallidus neurons. J Neurosci 2004, 24:9921-9932.
50. Charara A., Parent A. Brainstem dopaminergic, cholinergic and serotoninergic afferents to the pallidum in the squirrel monkey. Brain Res 1994, 640:155-170.
51. Chevalier G., Vacher S., Deniau J.M., Desban M. Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions. I. The striato-nigral influence on tecto-spinal/tecto-diencephalic neurons. Brain Res 1985, 334:215-226.
52. Churchland A.K., Kiani R., Chaudhuri R., Wang X.J., Pouget A., Shadlen M.N. Variance as a signature of neural computations during decision making. Neuron 2011, 69:818-831.
53. Churchland M.M., Yu B.M., Cunningham J.P., Sugrue L.P., Cohen M.R., Corrado G.S., Newsome W.T., Clark A.M., Hosseini P., Scott B.B., Bradley D.C., Smith M.A., Kohn A., Movshon J.A., Armstrong K.M., Moore T., Chang S.W., Snyder L.H., Lisberger S.G., Priebe N.J., Finn I.M., Ferster D., Ryu S.I., Santhanam G., Sahani M., Shenoy K.V. Stimulus onset quenches neural variability: a widespread cortical phenomenon. Nat Neurosci 2010, 13:369-378.
54. Coban A., Hanagasi H.A., Karamursel S., Barlas O. Comparison of unilateral pallidotomy and subthalamotomy findings in advanced idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Br J Neurosurg 2009, 23:23-29.
55. Cohen M.R., Kohn A. Measuring and interpreting neuronal correlations. Nat Neurosci 2011, 14:811-819.
56. Cools R., Nakamura K., Daw N.D. Serotonin and dopamine: unifying affective, activational, and decision functions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36:98-113.
57. Cooper A.J., Stanford I.M. Electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of three subtypes of rat globus pallidus neurone in vitro. J Physiol 2000, 527(Pt 2):291-304.
58. Cossette M., Lévesque M., Parent A. Extrastriatal dopaminergic innervation of human basal ganglia. Neurosci Res 1999, 34:51-54.
59. Davis G.C., Williams A.C., Markey S.P., Ebert M.H., Caine E.D., Reichert C.M., Kopin I.J. Chronic parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues. Psychiatry Res 1979, 1:249-254.
60. de la Rocha J., Doiron B., Shea-Brown E., Josić K., Reyes A. Correlation between neural spike trains increases with firing rate. Nature 2007, 448:802-806.
61. Degos B., Deniau J.M., Chavez M., Maurice N. Chronic but not Acute dopaminergic transmission interruption promotes a progressive increase in cortical beta frequency synchronization: relationships to vigilance state and akinesia. Cereb Cortex 2009, 19:1616-1630.
62. Deister C.A., Chan C.S., Surmeier D.J., Wilson C.J. Calcium-activated SK channels influence voltage-gated ion channels to determine the precision of firing in globus pallidus neurons. J Neurosci 2009, 29:8452-8461.
63. DeLong M.R. Activity of pallidal neurons during movement. J Neurophysiol 1971, 34:414-427.
64. DeLong M.R. Activity of basal ganglia neurons during movement. Brain Res 1972, 40:127-135.
65. DeLong M.R., Crutcher M.D., Georgopoulos A.P. Primate globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus: functional organization. J Neurophysiol 1985, 53:530-543.
66. DeLong M.R., Strick P.L. Relation of basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex units to ramp and ballistic limb movements. Brain Res 1974, 71:327-335.
67. Delwaide P.J., Pepin J.L., De Pasqua V., de Noordhout A.M. Projections from basal ganglia to tegmentum: a subcortical route for explaining the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease signs?. J Neurol 2000, 247(Suppl 2):II75-II81.
68. Deniau J.M., Chevalier G. Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions. II. The striato-nigral influence on thalamocortical cells of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus. Brain Res 1985, 334:227-233.
69. Diamantaras K.I., Kung S.Y. Principal component neural networks-theory and applications 1996, John Wilwy & Sons, Inc, New York.
70. Difiglia M., Pasik P., Pasik T. A Golgi and ultrastructural study of the monkey globus pallidus. J Comp Neurol 1982, 212:53-75.
71. Difiglia M., Rafols J.A. Synaptic organization of the globus pallidus. J Electron Microsc Tech 1988, 10:247-263.
72. Doyle L.M., Kühn A.A., Hariz M., Kupsch A., Schneider G.H., Brown P. Levodopa-induced modulation of subthalamic beta oscillations during self-paced movements in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2005, 21:1403-1412.
73. Ecker A.S., Berens P., Keliris G.A., Bethge M., Logothetis N.K., Tolias A.S. Decorrelated neuronal firing in cortical microcircuits. Science 2010, 327:584-587.
74. Edgerton J.R., Hanson J.E., Günay C., Jaeger D. Dendritic sodium channels regulate network integration in globus pallidus neurons: a modeling study. J Neurosci 2010, 30:15146-15159.
75. Eggermont J.J. The correlative brain. Theory and experiment in neuronal interaction 1990, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
76. Elias S., Joshua M., Goldberg J.A., Heimer G., Arkadir D., Morris G., Bergman H. Statistical properties of pauses of the high-frequency discharge neurons in the external segment of the globus pallidus. J Neurosci 2007, 27:2525-2538.
77. Elias S., Ritov Y., Bergman H. Balance of increases and decreases in firing rate of the spontaneous activity of basal ganglia high-frequency discharge neurons. J Neurophysiol 2008, 100:3086-3104.
78. Engel A.K., Kreiter A.K., König P., Singer W. Synchronization of oscillatory neuronal responses between striate and extrastriate visual cortical areas of the cat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991, 88:6048-6052.
79. Erez Y., Tischler H., Belelovsky K., Bar-Gad I. Dispersed activity during passive movement in the globus pallidus of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated primate. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e16293.
80. Ermentrout B. Type I membranes, phase resetting curves, and synchrony. Neural Comput 1996, 8:979-1001.
81. Ermentrout G.B., Kleinfeld D. Traveling electrical waves in cortex: insights from phase dynamics and speculation on a computational role. Neuron 2001, 29:33-44.
82. Evarts E.V. Temporal patterns of discharge of pyramidal tract neurons during sleep and waking in the monkey. J Neurophysiol 1964, 27:152-171.
83. Evarts E.V. Pyramidal tract activity associated with a conditioned hand movement in the monkey. J Neurophysiol 1966, 29:1011-1027.
84. Filion M., Tremblay L. Abnormal spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons in monkeys with MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Brain Res 1991, 547:142-151.
85. Filion M., Tremblay L., Bédard P.J. Effects of dopamine agonists on the spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons in monkeys with MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Brain Res 1991, 547:152-161.
86. Földiák P. Adaptive network for optimal feature extraction. Proc Int Joint Conf Neural Netw 1989, 1:401-405.
87. Földiák P. Forming sparse representations by local anti-Hebbian learning. Biol Cybern 1990, 64:165-170.
88. Fox C.A., Andrade A.N., Lu Qui I.J., Rafols J.A. The primate globus pallidus: a golgi and electron microscopic study. J Hirnforsch 1974, 15:75-93.
89. Francois C., Percheron G., Yelnik J., Heyner S. A Golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. I. Inconstant processes of large neurons, other neuronal types, and afferent axons. J Comp Neurol 1984, 227:182-199.
90. Francois C., Savy C., Jan C., Tande D., Hirsch E.C., Yelnik J. Dopaminergic innervation of the subthalamic nucleus in the normal state, in MPTP-treated monkeys, and in Parkinson's disease patients. J Comp Neurol 2000, 425:121-129.
91. Galvan A., Villalba R.M., West S.M., Maidment N.T., Ackerson L.C., Smith Y., Wichmann T. GABAergic modulation of the activity of globus pallidus neurons in primates: in vivo analysis of the functions of GABA receptors and GABA transporters. J Neurophysiol 2005, 94:990-1000.
92. Ganmor E., Segev R., Schneidman E. Sparse low-order interaction network underlies a highly correlated and learnable neural population code. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108:9679-9684.
93. Gdowski M.J., Miller L.E., Bastianen C.A., Nenonene E.K., Houk J.C. Signaling patterns of globus pallidus internal segment neurons during forearm rotation. Brain Res 2007, 1155:56-69.
94. Gdowski M.J., Miller L.E., Parrish T., Nenonene E.K., Houk J.C. Context dependency in the globus pallidus internal segment during targeted arm movements. J Neurophysiol 2001, 85:998-1004.
95. Georgopoulos A.P., DeLong M.R., Crutcher M.D. Relations between parameters of step-tracking movements and single cell discharge in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus of the behaving monkey. J Neurosci 1983, 3:1586-1598.
96. Gerfen C.R., Engber T.M., Mahan L.C., Susel Z., Chase T.N., Monsma F.J., Sibley D.R. D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. Science 1990, 250:1429-1432.
97. Goldberg J.A., Deister C.A., Wilson C.J. Response properties and synchronization of rhythmically firing dendritic neurons. J Neurophysiol 2007, 97:208-219.
98. Goldberg J.A., Kats S.S., Jaeger D. Globus pallidus discharge is coincident with striatal activity during global slow wave activity in the rat. J Neurosci 2003, 23:10058-10063.
99. Gourévitch B., Eggermont J.J. A simple indicator of nonstationarity of firing rate in spike trains. J Neurosci Methods 2007, 163:181-187.
100. Gray C.M., König P., Engel A.K., Singer W. Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 1989, 338:334-337.
101. Günay C., Edgerton J.R., Jaeger D. Channel density distributions explain spiking variability in the globus pallidus: a combined physiology and computer simulation database approach. J Neurosci 2008, 28:7476-7491.
102. Haber S.N., Calzavara R. The cortico-basal ganglia integrative network: the role of the thalamus. Brain Res Bull 2008, 78:69-74.
103. Haber S.N., Knutson B. The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010, 35:4-26.
104. Haber S.N., Nauta W.J. Ramifications of the globus pallidus in the rat as indicated by patterns of immunohistochemistry. Neuroscience 1983, 9:245-260.
105. Hamada I., DeLong M.R., Mano N. Activity of identified wrist-related pallidal neurons during step and ramp wrist movements in the monkey. J Neurophysiol 1990, 64:1892-1906.
106. Handel A., Glimcher P.W. Quantitative analysis of substantia nigra pars reticulata activity during a visually guided saccade task. J Neurophysiol 1999, 82:3458-3475.
107. Handel A., Glimcher P.W. Contextual modulation of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. J Neurophysiol 2000, 83:3042-3048.
108. Hanson J.E., Smith Y., Jaeger D. Sodium channels and dendritic spike initiation at excitatory synapses in globus pallidus neurons. J Neurosci 2004, 24:329-340.
109. Hashimoto K., Kita H. Slow oscillatory activity of rat globus pallidus neurons in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 2006, 23:443-453.
110. Hazrati L.N., Parent A. Convergence of subthalamic and striatal efferents at pallidal level in primates: an anterograde double-labeling study with biocytin and PHA-L. Brain Res 1992, 569:336-340.
111. Hazrati L.N., Parent A. The striatopallidal projection displays a high degree of anatomical specificity in the primate. Brain Res 1992, 592:213-227.
112. Hazrati L.N., Parent A., Mitchell S., Haber S.N. Evidence for interconnections between the two segments of the globus pallidus in primates: a PHA-L anterograde tracing study. Brain Res 1990, 533:171-175.
113. Hazrati L.N., Parent A., Mitchell S., Haber S.N. Evidence for interconnections between the two segments of the globus pallidus in primates: a PHA-L anterograde tracing study. Brain Res 1990, 533:171-175.
114. Heimer G., Bar-Gad I., Goldberg J.A., Bergman H. Dopamine replacement therapy reverses abnormal synchronization of pallidal neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine primate model of Parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2002, 22:7850-7855.
115. Heimer G., Bar-Gad I., Goldberg J.A., Bergman H. Dopamine replacement therapy reverses abnormal synchronization of pallidal neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine primate model of Parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2002, 22:7850-7855.
116. Heimer G., Rivlin-Etzion M., Bar-Gad I., Goldberg J.A., Haber S.N., Bergman H. Dopamine replacement therapy does not restore the full spectrum of normal pallidal activity in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra-hydropyridine primate model of Parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2006, 26:8101-8114.
117. Hikosaka O., Wurtz R.H. Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. I. Relation of visual and auditory responses to saccades. J Neurophysiol 1983, 49:1230-1253.
118. Hill D.N., Mehta S.B., Kleinfeld D. Quality metrics to accompany spike sorting of extracellular signals. J Neurosci 2011, 31:8699-8705.
119. Hodgkin A.L. The local electric changes associated with repetitive action in a non-medullated axon. J Physiol 1948, 107:165-181.
120. Hutchinson W.D., Levy R., Dostrovsky J.O., Lozano A.M., Lang A.E. Effects of apomorphine on globus pallidus neurons in parkinsonian patients. Ann Neurol 1997, 42:767-775.
121. Iwahori N., Mizuno N. A Golgi study on the globus pallidus of the mouse. J Comp Neurol 1981, 197:29-43.
122. Iwahori N., Mizuno N. Entopeduncular nucleus of the cat: a Golgi study. Exp Neurol 1981, 72:654-661.
123. Izhikevich E.M. Class 1 neural excitability, conventional synapses, weakly connected networks, and mathematical foundations of pulse-coupled models. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 1999, 10:499-507.
124. Izhikevich E.M. Dyanamical system in neuroscience-the geometry of excitabilty and bursting 2007, The MIT press, Cambridge.
125. Jaeger D., Gilman S., Aldridge J.W. Primate basal ganglia activity in a precued reaching task: preparation for movement. Exp Brain Res 1993, 95:51-64.
126. Jaeger D., Gilman S., Aldridge J.W. Neuronal activity in the striatum and pallidum of primates related to the execution of externally cued reaching movements. Brain Res 1995, 694:111-127.
127. Jan C., Francois C., Tande D., Yelnik J., Tremblay L., Agid Y., Hirsch E. Dopaminergic innervation of the pallidum in the normal state, in MPTP-treated monkeys and in parkinsonian patients. Eur J Neurosci 2000, 12:4525-4535.
128. Johnson M.D., McIntyre C.C. Quantifying the neural elements activated and inhibited by globus pallidus deep brain stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2008, 100:2549-2563.
129. Joshua M., Adler A., Prut Y., Vaadia E., Wickens J.R., Bergman H. Synchronization of midbrain dopaminergic neurons is enhanced by rewarding events. Neuron 2009, 62:695-704.
130. Joshua M., Adler A., Rosin B., Vaadia E., Bergman H. Encoding of probabilistic rewarding and aversive events by pallidal and nigral neurons. J Neurophysiol 2009, 101:758-772.
131. Joshua M., Elias S., Levine O., Bergman H. Quantifying the isolation quality of extracellularly recorded action potentials. J Neurosci Methods 2007, 163:267-282.
132. Kaneoke Y., Vitek J.L. Burst and oscillation as disparate neuronal properties. J Neurosci Methods 1996, 68:211-223.
133. Kim R., Nakano K., Jayaraman A., Carpenter M.B. Projections of the globus pallidus and adjacent structures: an autoradiographic study in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 1976, 169:263-290.
134. Kimura M., Tanaka K., Toyama K. Interneuronal connectivity between visual cortical neurones of the cat as studied by cross-correlation analysis of their impulse discharges. Brain Res 1976, 118:329-333.
135. Kincaid A.E., Zheng T., Wilson C.J. Connectivity and convergence of single corticostriatal axons. J Neurosci 1998, 18:4722-4731.
136. Kita H. Parvalbumin-immunopositive neurons in rat globus pallidus: a light and electron microscopic study. Brain Res 1994, 657:31-41.
137. Kita H. Physiology of two disynaptic pathways from the sensori-motor cortex to the basal ganglia output nuclei. The basal ganglia IV 1994, 263-276. Plenum Press, New York. G. Percheron, J.S. McKenzie, J. Feger (Eds.).
138. Kita H. Neostriatal and globus pallidus stimulation induced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in entopeduncular neurons in rat brain slice preparations. Neuroscience 2001, 105:871-879.
139. Kita H. Globus pallidus external segment. Prog Brain Res 2007, 160:111-133.
140. Kita H., Kita T. Number, origins, and chemical types of rat pallidostriatal projection neurons. J Comp Neurol 2001, 437:438-448.
141. Kita H., Kitai S.T. Intracellular study of rat globus pallidus neurons: membrane properties and responses to neostriatal, subthalamic and nigral stimulation. Brain Res 1991, 564:296-305.
142. Kita H., Kitai S.T. The morphology of globus pallidus projection neurons in the rat: an intracellular staining study. Brain Res 1994, 636:308-319.
143. Kita H., Tokuno H., Nambu A. Monkey globus pallidus external segment neurons projecting to the neostriatum. Neuroreport 1999, 10:1467-1472.
144. Kitai S.T., Deniau J.M. Cortical inputs to the subthalamus: intracellular analysis. Brain Res 1981, 214:411-415.
145. Kitai S.T., Kita H. Anatomy and physiology of the subthalamic nucleus: a driving force of the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia. II. Structure and function: current concepts 1987, 357-373. Plenum, New York. M.B. Carpenter, A. Jayaraman (Eds.).
146. Kleiner-Fisman G., Lozano A., Moro E., Poon Y.Y., Lang A.E. Long-term effect of unilateral pallidotomy on levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2010, 25:1496-1498.
147. Krüger J., Aiple F. Multimicroelectrode investigation of monkey striate cortex: spike train correlations in the infragranular layers. J Neurophysiol 1988, 60:798-828.
148. Kühn A.A., Trottenberg T., Kivi A., Kupsch A., Schneider G.H., Brown P. The relationship between local field potential and neuronal discharge in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2005, 194:212-220.
149. Kumar A., Rotter S., Aertsen A. Spiking activity propagation in neuronal networks: reconciling different perspectives on neural coding. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010, 11:615-627.
150. Lago-Fernández L.F., Corbacho F.J., Huerta R. Connection topology dependence of synchronization of neural assemblies on class 1 and 2 excitability. Neural Netw 2001, 14:687-696.
151. Langston J.W., Ballard P., Tetrud J.W., Irwin I. Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science 1983, 219:979-980.
152. Langston J.W., Irwin I., Langston E.B. A comparison of the acute and chronic effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism in humans and the squirrel monkey. Neurology 1984, 34(Suppl 1):268.
153. Leblois A., Meissner W., Bioulac B., Gross C.E., Hansel D., Boraud T. Late emergence of synchronized oscillatory activity in the pallidum during progressive Parkinsonism. Eur J Neurosci 2007, 26:1701-1713.
154. Lee D., Port N.L., Kruse W., Georgopoulos A.P. Variability and correlated noise in the discharge of neurons in motor and parietal areas of the primate cortex. J Neurosci 1998, 18:1161-1170.
155. Lee J.I., Verhagen M.L., Ohara S., Dougherty P.M., Kim J.H., Lenz F.A. Internal pallidal neuronal activity during mild drug-related dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: decreased firing rates and altered firing patterns. J Neurophysiol 2007, 97:2627-2641.
156. Lemon R. Methods for neuronal recording in conscious animals 1984, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
157. Levy R., Ashby P., Hutchison W.D., Lang A.E., Lozano A.M., Dostrovsky J.O. Dependence of subthalamic nucleus oscillations on movement and dopamine in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2002, 125:1196-1209.
158. Levy R., Hutchison W.D., Lozano A.M., Dostrovsky J.O. Synchronized neuronal discharge in the basal ganglia of parkinsonian patients is limited to oscillatory activity. J Neurosci 2002, 22:2855-2861.
159. Mallet N., Pogosyan A., Marton L.F., Bolam J.P., Brown P., Magill P.J. Parkinsonian beta oscillations in the external globus pallidus and their relationship with subthalamic nucleus activity. J Neurosci 2008, 28:14245-14258.
160. Mallet N., Pogosyan A., Sharott A., Csicsvari J., Bolam J.P., Brown P., Magill P.J. Disrupted dopamine transmission and the emergence of exaggerated beta oscillations in subthalamic nucleus and cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 2008, 28:4795-4806.
161. Matsumura M., Tremblay L., Richard H., Filion M. Activity of pallidal neurons in the monkey during dyskinesia induced by injection of bicuculline in the external pallidum. Neuroscience 1995, 65:59-70.
162. Mercer J.N., Chan C.S., Tkatch T., Held J., Surmeier D.J. Nav16 sodium channels are critical to pacemaking and fast spiking in globus pallidus neurons. J Neurosci 2007, 27:13552-13566.
163. Merello M., Balej J., Delfino M., Cammarota A., Betti O., Leiguarda R. Apomorphine induces changes in GPi spontaneous outflow in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1999, 14:45-49.
164. Miller W.C., DeLong M.R. Altered tonic activity of neurons in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus in the primate MPTP model of parkinsonism. The basal ganglia II 1987, 415-427. Plenum Press, New York. M.B. Carpenter, A. Jayaraman (Eds.).
165. Mink J.W. The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Prog Neurobiol 1996, 50:381-425.
166. Mink J.W., Thach W.T. Basal ganglia motor control. I. Nonexclusive relation of pallidal discharge to five movement modes. J Neurophysiol 1991, 65:273-300.
167. Mink J.W., Thach W.T. Basal ganglia motor control. II. Late pallidal timing relative to movement onset and inconsistent pallidal coding of movement parameters. J Neurophysiol 1991, 65:301-329.
168. Mitchell S.J., Richardson R.T., Baker F.H., DeLong M.R. The primate globus pallidus: neuronal activity related to direction of movement. Exp Brain Res 1987, 68:491-505.
169. Mitchell S.J., Richardson R.T., Baker F.H., DeLong M.R. The primate nucleus basalis of Meynert: neuronal activity related to a visuomotor tracking task. Exp Brain Res 1987, 68:506-515.
170. Mitelman R., Rosin B., Zadka H., Slovik M., Heimer G., Ritov Y., Bergman H., Elias S. Neighboring pallidal neurons do not exhibit more synchronous oscillations than remote ones in the mptp primate model of Parkinson's disease. Front Syst Neurosci 2011, 5:54.
171. Morris G., Hershkovitz Y., Raz A., Nevet A., Bergman H. Physiological studies of information processing in the normal and Parkinsonian basal ganglia: pallidal activity in Go/No-Go task and following MPTP treatment. Prog Brain Res 2005, 147:285-293.
172. Mushiake H., Strick P.L. Pallidal neuron activity during sequential arm movements. J Neurophysiol 1995, 74:2754-2758.
173. Nakanishi H., Kita H., Kitai S.T. Intracellular study of rat entopeduncular nucleus neurons in an in vitro slice preparation: electrical membrane properties. Brain Res 1990, 527:81-88.
174. Nakanishi H., Kita H., Kitai S.T. Intracellular study of rat entopeduncular nucleus neurons in an in vitro slice preparation: response to subthalamic stimulation. Brain Res 1991, 549:285-291.
175. Nambu A. A new dynamic model of the cortico-basal ganglia loop. Prog Brain Res 2004, 143:461-466.
176. Nambu A. Globus pallidus internal segment. Prog Brain Res 2007, 160:135-150.
177. Nambu A., LlinÁs R. Electrophysiology of globus pallidus neurons in vitro. J Neurophysiol 1994, 72:1127-1139.
178. Nambu A., Llinás R. Morphology of globus pallidus neurons: its correlation with electrophysiology in guinea pig brain slices. J Comp Neurol 1997, 377:85-94.
179. Nauta H.J., Cole M. Efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus: an autoradiographic study in monkey and cat. J Comp Neurol 1978, 180:1-16.
180. Nawrot M.P., Boucsein C., Rodriguez Molina V., Riehle A., Aertsen A., Rotter S. Measurement of variability dynamics in cortical spike trains. J Neurosci Methods 2008, 169:374-390.
181. Nevet A., Morris G., Saban G., Arkadir D., Bergman H. Lack of spike-count and spike-time correlations in the substantia nigra reticulata despite overlap of neural responses. J Neurophysiol 2007, 98:2232-2243.
182. Nini A., Feingold A., Slovin H., Bergman H. Neurons in the globus pallidus do not show correlated activity in the normal monkey, but phase-locked oscillations appear in the MPTP model of Parkinsonism. J Neurophysiol 1995, 74:1800-1805.
183. Niv Y., Daw N.D., Joel D., Dayan P. Tonic dopamine: opportunity costs and the control of response vigor. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007, 191:507-520.
184. Obeso J.A., Jahanshahi M., Alvarez L., Macias R., Pedroso I., Wilkinson L., Pavon N., Day B., Pinto S., Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Tejeiro J., Artieda J., Talelli P., Swayne O., Rodriguez R., Bhatia K., Rodriguez-Diaz M., Lopez G., Guridi J., Rothwell J.C. What can man do without basal ganglia motor output?. The effect of combined unilateral subthalamotomy and pallidotomy in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2009, 220:283-292.
185. Oja E., Ogawa H., Wangviwattana J. Learning in nonlinear constrained hebbian networks. Artificial neural networks 1991, 381-390. Elsevier, Amsterdam. T. Kohonen, K. Makisara, O. Simula, J. Kangas (Eds.).
186. Oorschot D.E. Total number of neurons in the neostriatal, pallidal, subthalamic, and substantia nigral nuclei of the rat basal ganglia: a stereological study using the cavalieri and optical disector methods. J Comp Neurol 1996, 366:580-599.
187. Oram M.W., Földiák P., Perrett D.I., Sengpiel F. The "Ideal Homunculus": decoding neural population signals. Trends Neurosci 1998, 21:259-265.
188. Papa S.M., DeSimone R., Fiorani M., Oldfield E.H. Internal globus pallidus discharge is nearly suppressed during levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Ann Neurol 1999, 46:732-738.
189. Parent A., Hazrati L.N. Anatomical aspects of information processing in primate basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci 1993, 16:111-116.
190. Parent A., Sato F., Wu Y., Gauthier J., Lévesque M., Parent M. Organization of the basal ganglia: the importance of axonal collateralization. Trends Neurosci 2000, 23:S20-S27.
191. Parush N., Tishby N., Bergman H. Dopaminergic balance between reward maximization and policy complexity. Front Syst Neurosci 2011, 5:22.
192. Percheron G., Francois C., Yelnik J., Fenelon G., Talbi B. The basal ganglia related system of primates: defintion, description and informational analysis. The basal ganglia IV 1994, 3-20. Plenum Press, New York. G. Percheron, J.S. McKenzie, J. Feger (Eds.).
193. Percheron G., Yelnik J., Francois C. A Golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. III. Spatial organization of the striato-pallidal complex. J Comp Neurol 1984, 227:214-227.
194. Perkel D.H., Gerstein G.L., Moore G.P. Neuronal spike trains and stochastic point processes. II. Simultaneous spike trains. Biophys J 1967, 7:419-440.
195. Ponzi A., Wickens J. Sequentially switching cell assemblies in random inhibitory networks of spiking neurons in the striatum. J Neurosci 2010, 30:5894-5911.
196. Prensa L., Cossette M., Parent A. Dopaminergic innervation of human basal ganglia. J Chem Neuroanat 2000, 20:207-213.
197. Prescott S.A., Ratté S., De K.Y., Sejnowski T.J. Pyramidal neurons switch from integrators in vitro to resonators under in vivo-like conditions. J Neurophysiol 2008, 100:3030-3042.
198. Rav-Acha M., Bergman H., Yarom Y. Pre- and postsynaptic serotoninergic excitation of globus pallidus neurons. J Neurophysiol 2008, 100:1053-1066.
199. Rav-Acha M., Sagiv N., Segev I., Bergman H., Yarom Y. Dynamic and spatial features of the inhibitory pallidal GABAergic synapses. Neuroscience 2005, 135:791-802.
200. Raz A., Feingold A., Zelanskaya V., Vaadia E., Bergman H. Neuronal synchronization of tonically active neurons in the striatum of normal and parkinsonian primates. J Neurophysiol 1996, 76:2083-2088.
201. Raz A., Frechter-Mazar V., Feingold A., Abeles M., Vaadia E., Bergman H. Activity of pallidal and striatal tonically active neurons is correlated in mptp-treated monkeys but not in normal monkeys. J Neurosci 2001, 21:RC128.
202. Raz A., Vaadia E., Bergman H. Firing patterns and correlations of spontaneous discharge of pallidal neurons in the normal and the tremulous 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine vervet model of Parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2000, 20:8559-8571.
203. Redgrave P., Coizet V., Comoli E., McHaffie J.G., Leriche M., Vautrelle N., Hayes L.M., Overton P. Interactions between the midbrain superior colliculus and the basal ganglia. Front Neuroanat 2010, 4. pii 132.
204. Renart A., de la Rocha J., Bartho P., Hollender L., Parga N., Reyes A., Harris K.D. The asynchronous state in cortical circuits. Science 2010, 327:587-590.
205. Richardson R.T., DeLong M.R. Nucleus basalis of Meynert neuronal activity during a delayed response task in monkey. Brain Res 1986, 399:364-368.
206. Ryan L.J., Clark K.B. The role of the subthalamic nucleus in the response of globus pallidus neurons to stimulation of the prelimbic and agranular frontal cortices in rats. Exp Brain Res 1991, 86:641-651.
207. Sadek A.R., Magill P.J., Bolam J.P. A single-cell analysis of intrinsic connectivity in the rat globus pallidus. J Neurosci 2007, 27:6352-6362.
208. Sato F., Lavallée P., Lévesque M., Parent A. Single-axon tracing study of neurons of the external segment of the globus pallidus in primate. J Comp Neurol 2000, 417:17-31.
209. Schneidman E., Berry M.J., Segev R., Bialek W. Weak pairwise correlations imply strongly correlated network states in a neural population. Nature 2006, 440:1007-1012.
210. Schultheiss N.W., Edgerton J.R., Jaeger D. Phase response curve analysis of a full morphological globus pallidus neuron model reveals distinct perisomatic and dendritic modes of synaptic integration. J Neurosci 2010, 30:2767-2782.
211. Schultz W., Dayan P., Montague P.R. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 1997, 275:1593-1599.
212. Sharott A., Magill P.J., Harnack D., Kupsch A., Meissner W., Brown P. Dopamine depletion increases the power and coherence of beta-oscillations in the cerebral cortex and subthalamic nucleus of the awake rat. Eur J Neurosci 2005, 21:1413-1422.
213. Shink E., Smith Y. Differential synaptic innervation of neurons in the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus by the GABA- and glutamate-containing terminals in the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol 1995, 358:119-141.
214. Shink E., Smith Y. Differential synaptic innervation of neurons in the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus by the GABA- and glutamate-containing terminals in the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol 1995, 358:119-141.
215. Silberstein P., Kühn A.A., Kupsch A., Trottenberg T., Krauss J.K., Wöhrle J.C., Mazzone P., Insola A., Di L.V., Oliviero A., Aziz T., Brown P. Patterning of globus pallidus local field potentials differs between Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Brain 2003, 126:2597-2608.
216. Smith Y., Bevan M.D., Shink E., Bolam J.P. Microcircuitry of the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia. Neuroscience 1998, 86:353-387.
217. Smith Y., Hazrati L.N., Parent A. Efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus in the squirrel monkey as studied by the PHA-L anterograde tracing method. J Comp Neurol 1990, 294:306-323.
218. Smith Y., Parent A. Neurons of the subthalamic nucleus in primates display glutamate but not GABA immunoreactivity. Brain Res 1988, 453:353-356.
219. Smith Y., Raju D., Nanda B., Pare J.F., Galvan A., Wichmann T. The thalamostriatal systems: anatomical and functional organization in normal and parkinsonian states. Brain Res Bull 2009, 78:60-68.
220. Smith Y., Raju D.V., Pare J.F., Sidibe M. The thalamostriatal system: a highly specific network of the basal ganglia circuitry. Trends Neurosci 2004, 27:520-527.
221. Spooren W.P., Lynd B.E., Mitchell S., Haber S.N. Ventral pallidostriatal pathway in the monkey: evidence for modulation of basal ganglia circuits. J Comp Neurol 1996, 370:295-312.
222. Stanford I.M. Independent neuronal oscillators of the rat globus pallidus. J Neurophysiol 2003, 89:1713-1717.
223. Strutt A.M., Lai E.C., Jankovic J., Atassi F., Soety E.M., Levin H.S., Grossman R.G., York M.K. Five-year follow-up of unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy in Parkinson's disease. Surg Neurol 2009, 71:551-558.
224. Surmeier D.J., Mercer J.N., Chan C.S. Autonomous pacemakers in the basal ganglia: who needs excitatory synapses anyway?. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2005, 15:312-318.
225. Sutton R.S., Barto A.G. Reinforcement learning-an introduction 1998, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
226. Tkacik G., Prentice J.S., Balasubramanian V., Schneidman E. Optimal population coding by noisy spiking neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107:14419-14424.
227. Turner R.S., Anderson M.E. Pallidal discharge related to the kinematics of reaching movements in two dimensions. J Neurophysiol 1997, 77:1051-1074.
228. Turner R.S., Anderson M.E. Context-dependent modulation of movement-related discharge in the primate globus pallidus. J Neurosci 2005, 25:2965-2976.
229. Turner R.S., Desmurget M. Basal ganglia contributions to motor control: a vigorous tutor. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010, 20:704-716.
230. Vaadia E., Haalman I., Abeles M., Bergman H., Prut Y., Slovin H., Aertsen A. Dynamics of neuronal interactions in monkey cortex in relation to behavioural events. Nature 1995, 373:515-518.
231. Weinberger M., Hutchison W.D., Lozano A.M., Hodaie M., Dostrovsky J.O. Increased gamma oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus during tremor in Parkinson's disease patients. J Neurophysiol 2009, 101:789-802.
232. Weinberger M., Mahant N., Hutchison W.D., Lozano A.M., Moro E., Hodaie M., Lang A.E., Dostrovsky J.O. Beta oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus and its relation to dopaminergic response in Parkinson's disease. J Neurophysiol 2006, 96:3248-3256.
233. Wichmann T., Bergman H., DeLong M.R. The primate subthalamic nucleus. I. Functional properties in intact animals. J Neurophysiol 1994, 72:494-506.
234. Wichmann T., Bergman H., DeLong M.R. The primate subthalamic nucleus. III. Changes in motor behavior and neuronal activity in the internal pallidum induced by subthalamic inactivation in the MPTP model of Parkinsonism. J Neurophysiol 1994, 72:521-530.
235. Wichmann T., Soares J. Neuronal firing before and after burst discharges in the monkey basal ganglia is predictably patterned in the normal state and altered in Parkinsonism. J Neurophysiol 2006, 95:2120-2133.
236. Yasukawa T., Kita T., Xue Y., Kita H. Rat intralaminar thalamic nuclei projections to the globus pallidus: a biotinylated dextran amine anterograde tracing study. J Comp Neurol 2004, 471:153-167.
237. Yelnik J. Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. Mov Disord 2002, 17(Suppl 3):S15-S21.
238. Yelnik J., Francois C., Percheron G., Tandé D. A spatial and quantitative study of the striatopallidal connection in the monkey. Neuroreport 1996, 7:985-988.
239. Yelnik J., Percheron G., Francois C. A Golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. II. Quantitative morphology and spatial orientation of dendritic arborizations. J Comp Neurol 1984, 227:200-213.
240. York M.K., Lai E.C., Jankovic J., Macias A., Atassi F., Levin H.S., Grossman R.G. Short and long-term motor and cognitive outcome of staged bilateral pallidotomy: a retrospective analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2007, 149:857-866.
241. Zaidel A., Spivak A., Grieb B., Bergman H., Israel Z. Subthalamic span of beta oscillations predicts deep brain stimulation efficacy for patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain 2010, 133:2007-2021.
242. Zheng T., Wilson C.J. Corticostriatal combinatorics: the implications of corticostriatal axonal arborizations. J Neurophysiol 2002, 87:1007-1017.
243. Zohary E., Shadlen M.N., Newsome W.T. Correlated neuronal discharge rate and its implications for psychophysical performance [published erratum appears in Nature (1994) 371(6495):358]. Nature 1994, 370:140-143.