Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy

Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 231-240

  Sivalingam, Vanitha N ^a   Duncan, W Colin ^b   Kirk, Emma ^c   Shephard, Lucy A ^b   Horne, Andrew W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c NORTH MIDDLESEX UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN BETA SUBUNIT; METHOTREXATE; PROGESTERONE;

CLINICAL FEATURE; ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; ENDOMETRIUM BIOPSY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LAPAROSCOPY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PREGNANCY; PROGESTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TRANSVAGINAL ECHOGRAPHY; ULTRASOUND;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN; FEMALE; HUMANS; METHOTREXATE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 81055147674     PISSN: 14711893     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jfprhc-2011-0073     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Walker JJ. Ectopic pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2007; 50:89-99. (Pubitemid 46279852)
2. Della-Giustina D, Denny M. Ectopic pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2003;21:565-584.
3. Varma R, Gupta J. Tubal ectopic pregnancy. Clin Evid (Online) 2009;2009:pii:1406.
4. Shaw JL, Dey SK, Critchley HO, et al. Current knowledge of the aetiology of human tubal ectopic pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 2010;16:432-444.
5. Horne AW, Duncan WC, Critchley HO. The need for serum biomarker development for diagnosing and excluding tubal ectopic pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010;89:299-301.
6. Farquhar CM. Ectopic pregnancy. Lancet 2005;366:583-591. (Pubitemid 41140334)
7. Goldner TE, Lawson HW, Xia Z, et al. Surveillance for ectopic pregnancy - United States, 1970-1989. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1993;42:73-85.
8. Chang J, Elam-Evans LD, Berg CJ, et al. Pregnancy-related mortality surveillance - United States, 1991-1999. MMWR Surveill Summ 2003;52:1-8.
9. Nama V, Manyonda I. Tubal ectopic pregnancy: diagnosis and management. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009;279:443-453.
10. Leke RJ, Goyaux N, Matsuda T, et al. Ectopic pregnancy in Africa: a population-based study. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:692-697. (Pubitemid 40459030)
11. Karaer A, Avsar FA, Batioglu S. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2006;46:521-527. (Pubitemid 44762474)
12. Akande V, Turner C, Horner P, et al.; British Fertility Society. Impact of Chlamydia trachomatis in the reproductive setting: British Fertility Society Guidelines for practice. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2010;13:115-125.
13. Shaw JL, Wills GS, Lee KF, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection increases fallopian tube PROKR2 via TLR2 and NF?B activation resulting in a microenvironment predisposed to ectopic pregnancy. Am J Pathol 2011;178:253-260.
14. Clayton HB, Schieve LA, Peterson HB, et al. Ectopic pregnancy risk with assisted reproductive technology procedures. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:595-604.
15. Steptoe PC, Edwards RG. Reimplantation of a human embryo with subsequent tubal pregnancy. Lancet 1976;1:880-882.
16. Furlong LA. Ectopic pregnancy risk when contraception fails. A review. J Reprod Med 2002;47:881-885.
17. Ankum WM, Mol BW, Van der Veen F, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 1996;65:1093-1099. (Pubitemid 26158622)
18. Bouyer J, Coste J, Shojaei T, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large casecontrol, population-based study in France. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:185-194. (Pubitemid 36152431)
19. Shaw JL, Oliver E, Lee KF, et al. Cotinine exposure increases Fallopian tube PROKR1 expression via nicotinic AChRalpha-7: a potential mechanism explaining the link between smoking and tubal ectopic pregnancy. Am J Pathol 2010;177:2509-2515.
20. Talbot P, Riveles K. Smoking and reproduction: the oviduct as a target of cigarette smoke. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2005;3:52.
21. Corpa JM. Ectopic pregnancy in animals and humans. Reproduction 2006;131:631-640.
22. Hasan R, Baird DD, Herring AH, et al. Patterns and predictors of vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol 2010;20:524-531.
23. Weckstein LN, Boucher AR, Tucker H, et al. Accurate diagnosis of early ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:393-397. (Pubitemid 15134668)
24. Jehle D, Krause R, Braen GR. Ectopic pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1994;12:55-71. (Pubitemid 24079588)
25. Chez RA, Moore JG. Diagnostic errors in the management of ectopic pregnancy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1963;117:589-596.
26. Tay JI, Moore J, Walker JJ. Ectopic pregnancy. BMJ 2000;320:916-919. (Pubitemid 30182389)
27. Kaplan BC, Dart RG, Moskos M, et al. Ectopic pregnancy: prospective study with improved diagnostic accuracy. Ann Emerg Med 1996;28:10-17. (Pubitemid 26227379)
28. Lewis G, Drife J. Why Mothers Die 1997-1999: The Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. London, UK: RCOG Press, 2001.
29. Lewis G. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers' Lives: Reviewing Maternal Deaths to Make Motherhood Safe 2003-2005. London, UK: RCOG Press, 2007.
30. O'Herlihy C. Deaths in early pregnancy. In: Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G et al. (eds), Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE). Saving Mothers' Lives: Reviewing Maternal Deaths to Make Motherhood Safe 2006-2008. London, UK: RCOG Press, 2011;81-84
31. Robson SJ, O'Shea RT. Undiagnosed ectopic pregnancy: a retrospective analysis of 31 'missed' ectopic pregnancies at a teaching hospital. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 36:182-185. (Pubitemid 26160674)
32. Wedderburn CJ, Warner P, Graham B, et al. Economic evaluation of diagnosing and excluding ectopic pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2010;25:328-333.
33. Murray H, Baakdah H, Bardell T, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy. CMAJ 2005;173:905-912. (Pubitemid 41505009)
34. Barnhart KT. Clinical practice. Ectopic pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2009;361:379-387.
35. Condous G, Timmerman D, Goldstein S, et al. Pregnancies of unknown location: consensus statement. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006;28:121-122. (Pubitemid 44265163)
36. Barnhart K, van Mello NM, Bourne T, et al. Pregnancy of unknown location: a consensus statement of nomenclature, definitions, and outcome. Fertil Steril 2011;95:857-866.
37. Romero R, Kadar N, Jeanty P, et al. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: value of the discriminatory human chorionic gonadotropin zone. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:357-360. (Pubitemid 15016574)
38. Barnhart KT, Simhan H, Kamelle SA. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound above and below the beta-hCG discriminatory zone. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:583-587. (Pubitemid 29460944)
39. Kirk E, Bourne T. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy with ultrasound. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009;23:501-508.
40. Barnhart K, Mennuti MT, Benjamin I, et al. Prompt diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in an emergency department setting. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:1010-1015. (Pubitemid 24360266)
41. Shalev E, Yarom I, Bustan M, et al. Transvaginal sonography as the ultimate diagnostic tool for the management of ectopic pregnancy: experience with 840 cases. Fertil Steril 1998;69:62-65. (Pubitemid 28072993)
42. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. AIUM practice guideline for the performance of obstetric ultrasound examinations. J Ultrasound Med 2010;29:157-166.
43. Morin L, Van den Hof MC; Diagnostic Imaging Committee, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Ultrasound evaluation of first trimester pregnancy complications. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005;27:581-591.
44. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Royal College of Radiologists Faculty of Clinical Radiology. Guidance on Ultrasound Procedures in Early Pregnancy. London, UK: RCOG Press, 2005.
45. Ahmed AA, Tom BD, Calabrese P. Ectopic pregnancy diagnosis and the pseudo-sac. Fertil Steril 2004;81:1225-1228.
46. Reyftmann L, Dechaud H, Hedon B. Alert for heterotopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2007;88:759-60.
47. Condous G, Okaro E, Khalid A, et al. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy prior to surgery. Hum Reprod 2005;20:1404-1409. (Pubitemid 40790271)
48. Perriera L, Reeves MF. Ultrasound criteria for diagnosis of early pregnancy failure and ectopic pregnancy. Semin Reprod Med 2008;26:373-382.
49. Condous G, Lu C, Van Huffel SV, et al. Human chorionic gonadotrophin and progesterone levels in pregnancies of unknown location. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004;86:351-357. (Pubitemid 39119942)
50. Kadar N, Romero R. HCG assays and ectopic pregnancy. Lancet 1981;1:1205-1206. (Pubitemid 11102746)
51. Barnhart KT, Sammel MD, Rinaudo PF, et al. Symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy: HCG curves redefined. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:50-55. (Pubitemid 40458904)
52. Seeber BE, Sammel MD, Guo W, et al. Application of redefined human chorionic gonadotropin curves for the diagnosis of women at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2006;86:454-459. (Pubitemid 44118946)
53. Horne AW, McBride R, Denison FC. Normally rising hCG does not predict live birth in women presenting with pain and bleeding in early pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;156:120-121.
54. Silva C, Sammel MD, Zhou L, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin profile for women with ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:605-610.
55. Li TC, Tristram A, Hill AS, et al. A review of 254 ectopic pregnancies in a teaching hospital in the Trent Region, 1977-1990. Hum Reprod 1991;6:1002-1007.
56. Stovall TG, Kellerman AL, Ling FW, et al. Emergency department diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Ann Emerg Med 1990;19:1098-1103. (Pubitemid 20365197)
57. McCord ML, Muram D, Buster JE, et al. Single serum progesterone as a screen for ectopic pregnancy: exchanging specificity and sensitivity to obtain optimal test performance. Fertil Steril 1996;66:513-516. (Pubitemid 26315149)
58. Horne AW, Shaw JL, Murdoch A, et al. Placental growth factor: a promising diagnostic biomarker for tubal ectopic pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E104-E108.
59. Lundorff P, Thorburn J, Hahlin M, et al. Laparoscopic surgery in ectopic pregnancy. A randomized trial versus laparotomy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991;70:343-348.
60. Vermesh M, Silva PD, Rosen GF, et al. Management of unruptured ectopic gestation by linear salpingostomy: a prospective, randomized clinical trial of laparoscopy versus laparotomy. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:400-404. (Pubitemid 19063620)
61. Murphy AA, Nager CW, Wujek JJ, et al. Operative laparoscopy versus laparotomy for the management of ectopic pregnancy: a prospective trial. Fertil Steril 1992;57:1180-1185.
62. Parker J, Bisits A. Laparoscopic surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy: salpingectomy or salpingostomy? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;37:115-117. (Pubitemid 27091154)
63. Clausen I. Conservative versus radical surgery for tubal pregnancy. A review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:8-12.
64. Thornton KL, Diamond MP, DeCherney AH. Linear salpingostomy for ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1991;18:95-109.
65. Bangsgaard N, Lund CO, Ottesen B, et al. Improved fertility following conservative surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. BJOG 2003;110:765-770. (Pubitemid 36936779)
66. Mol BW, Matthijsse HC, Tinga DJ, et al. Fertility after conservative and radical surgery for tubal pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1804-1809.
67. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The Management of Tubal Pregnancy (Guideline No. 21). London, UK: RCOG Press, 2004.
68. Gracia CR, Barnhart KT. Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy: decision analysis comparing six strategies. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:464-470. (Pubitemid 32184714)
69. Rulin MC. Is salpingostomy the surgical treatment of choice for unruptured tubal pregnancy? Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:1010-1013. (Pubitemid 27331504)
70. Mukul LV, Teal SB. Current management of ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2007;34:403-19, x. (Pubitemid 47516649)
71. Calabresi P, Chabner BA. Antineoplastic agents. In: Gilman A, Goodman LS, Goodman A (eds), The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics (8th edn). New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing, 1990;1275-1276.
72. Stovall TG, Ling FW, Gray LA. Single-dose methotrexate for treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:754-757.
73. Lipscomb GH, McCord ML, Stovall TG, et al. Predictors of success of methotrexate treatment in women with tubal ectopic pregnancies. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1974-1978. (Pubitemid 30010405)
74. Lipscomb GH, Bran D, McCord ML, et al. Analysis of three hundred fifteen ectopic pregnancies treated with single-dose methotrexate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:1354-1358. (Pubitemid 28304641)
75. Sowter MC, Farquhar CM, Petrie KJ, et al. A randomised trial comparing single dose systemic methotrexate and laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of unruptured tubal pregnancy. BJOG 2001;108:192-203. (Pubitemid 32164931)
76. Barnhart KT, Gosman G, Ashby R, et al. The medical management of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis comparing "single dose" and "multidose" regimens. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:778-784. (Pubitemid 36390071)
77. Korhonen J, Stenman UH, Ylöstalo P. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin dynamics during spontaneous resolution of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1994;61:632-636. (Pubitemid 24114353)
78. Shalev E, Peleg D, Tsabari A, et al. Spontaneous resolution of ectopic tubal pregnancy: natural history. Fertil Steril 1995;63:15-19.
79. Lozeau AM, Potter B. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. Am Fam Physician 2005;72:1707-1714.
80. Butts S, Sammel M, Hummel A, et al. Risk factors and clinical features of recurrent ectopic pregnancy: a case control study. Fertil Steril 2003;80:1340-1344. (Pubitemid 37532446)
81. Horne AW, van den Driesche S, King AE, et al. Endometrial inhibin/activin beta-B subunit expression is related to decidualization and is reduced in tubal ectopic pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2375-2382. (Pubitemid 351831561)
82. Mol F, Strandell A, Jurkovic D, et al.; European Surgery in Ectopic Pregnancy study group. The ESEP study: salpingostomy versus salpingectomy for tubal ectopic pregnancy; the impact on future fertility: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Womens Health 2008;8:11.