Study of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fine and coarse atmospheric particles

Atmospheric Research

Volumn 101, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 631-639

  Teixeira, Elba Calesso ^a,b,c   Garcia, Karine Oliveira ^a,c   Meincke, Larissa ^a   Leal, Karen Alam ^a  

^a Fundacao Estadual de Protecao Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSIDADE FEEVALE   (Brazil)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

CG ECD; Diesel; Mobile sources; NPAHs; PAHs; Traffic

Indexed keywords

CG/ECD; DIESEL; MOBILE SOURCES; NPAHS; PAHS;

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYDROCARBONS;

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;

ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; METROPOLITAN AREA; PAH; TRAFFIC EMISSION;

BRAZIL; PORTO ALEGRE; RIO GRANDE DO SUL;

EID: 80955180559     PISSN: 01698095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.010     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Albinet A., Leoz-Garzilandia E., Budzinski H., Villenave E. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in ambient air of the Marseilles area (South of France): concentrations and sources. The Science of the Total Environment 2007, 384:280-292.
2. Albinet A., Leoz-Garzilandia E., Budzinski H., Villenave E. Sampling precautions for the measurement of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:4988-4994.
3. Albinet A., Leoz-Garzilandia E., Budzinski H., Villenave E., Jaffrezo J.L. Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys-Part 1: concentrations, sources and gas/particle partitioning. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:43-54. ver.
4. Arey J., Zielinska B., Atkinson R., Winer A.M., Ramdahl T., Pitts J.N. The formation of nitro-PAH from the gas-phase reactions of fluoranthene and pyrene with the OH radical in the presence of NOx. Atmospheric Environment 1986, 20:2339-2345.
5. Arey J., Zielinska B., Atkinson R., Winer A.M., Ramdahl T., Pitts J.N. The formation of nitro-PAH from the gas-phase reactions of fluoranthene and pyrene with the OH radical in the presence of NO x. Atmospheric Environment 1986, 20:2339-2345.
6. ASTM Standard Test Method for Determination of Gaseous and Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air (Collection on Sorbent-Backed Filters with Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis) Designation: D6209 - 98 2004.
7. Atkinson R., Arey J. Atmospheric chemistry of gas phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: formation of atmospheric mutagens. Environmental Health Perspectives 1994, 102:117-126.
8. Atkinson R., Ashcmann S. Products of the gas-phase reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons: effect of NO2 concentration. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 1994, 26:929-932.
9. Atkinson R., Arey J., Zielinska B., Ashcmann S. Kinetics and nitro-products of the gas-phase OH and NO3 radical-initiated reactions for naphthalene-d8, fluoranthene d-10,and pyrene. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 1990, 22:999-1014.
10. Bamford H.A., Baker J.E. Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and sources in urban and suburban atmospheres of the Mid-Atlantic region. Atmospheric Environment 2003, 37:2077-2091.
11. Bamford H.A., Bezabeh D.Z., Schntz M.M., Wize S.A., Baker J.E. Determination and comparison of nitrated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured in air and diesel particulate reference materials. Chemosphere 2003, 50:575-587.
12. Barreto R.P., Alburquerque F.C., Pereira Netto A.D. Optimization of an improved analytical method for the determination of 1-nitropyrene in milligram diesel soot samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography 2007, 1163:219-227.
13. Castells P., Santos F.J., Galceran M.T. Development of a sequential supercritical fluid extraction method for the analysis of nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban aerosols. Journal of Cromatography A 2003, 1010:141-151.
14. Cecinato A., Ciccioli P., Brancaleoni E., Zagari M. PAH and N-PAH in the urban atmosphere of Rome and Milan. Annali di Chimica 1998, 88:369-379.
15. Ciccioli P., Cecinato A., Brancaleoni E., Frattoni M., Zacchel P., Miguel A.H. Formation and transport of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene of photochemical origin in the troposphere. J Geophys Res. 1996, 101:19567-19581.
16. Crimmins B.S., Baker J.E. Improved GC/MS methods for measuring hourly PAH and nitro-PAH concentrations in urban particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40:6764-6779.
17. Dallarosa J., Monego J.G., Teixeira E.C., Stefens J.L., Wiegand F. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particles in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre. Brazil Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:1609-1625.
18. Dallarosa J.B., Teixeira E.C., Pires M., Fachel J. Study of the profile of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particles (PM10) using multivariate methods. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:6587-6596.
19. Dallarosa J., Teixeira E.C., Meira L., Wiegand F. Study of the chemical elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particles of PM10 and PM2.5 in the urban and rural areas of South Brazil. Atmospheric Research 2008, 89:76-92.
20. Di Filippo P., Riccardi C., Gariazzo C., Incoronato F., Pomata D., Spicaglia S., Cecinato A. Air pollutants and the characterization of the organic content of aerosol particles in a mixed industrial/semi-rural area in central Italy. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2007, 9:275-282.
21. Di Filippo P., Riccardi C., Pomata D., Buiarelli F. Concentrations of PAHs, and nitro- and methyl- derivatives associated with a size segregated urban aerosol. Atmospheric Environment 2010, 44:2742-2749.
22. Dimashki M., Harrad S., Harrison R.M. Measurements of nitro-PAH in the atmospheres of two cities. Atmospheric Environment 2000, 34:2459-2469.
23. Durant J.L., Busby W.F., Lafleur A.L., Penman B.W., Crespi C.L. Human cell mutagenicity of oxygenated, nitrated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with urban aerosols. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol 1996, 1996(371):123-157.
24. Fan Z., Kamens R., Zhang J., Hu J. Ozone-nitrogen dioxide-NPAH heterogeneous soot particle reactions and modeling NPAH in the atmosphere. Environmental Science & Technology 1996, 30:2821-2827.
25. Fan Z.H., Kamens R.M., Hu J.X., Zhang J.B., McDow S. Photostability of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on combustion soot particles in sunlight. Environmental Science & Technology 1996, 30:1358-1364.
26. Fang G.-C., Wua Y.-S., Chenb M.-H., Hob T.-T., Huanga S.-H., Raua J.-Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study in Taichung, Taiwan,during 2002-2003. Atmospheric Environment 2004, 38:3385-3391.
27. Feilberg A., Nielsen T. Effect of aerosol chemical composition on the photodegradation of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Science & Technology 2000, 34:789-797.
28. Feilberg A.B., Poulsen M.W., Nielsen T., Skov H. Occurrence and sources of particulate nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in Denmark. Atmospheric Environment 2001, 66:353-366.
29. Fujitani T. Seasonal variation of the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over a suburban area. Atmospheric Environment 1986, 20:1867-1876.
30. Gaffney J.S., Marley N.A. The impacts of combustion emissions on air quality and climate-from coal to biofuels and beyond. Atmospheric Environment 2009, 43:23-36.
31. Goriaux M., Jourdain B., Temime B., Besombes J.-L., Marchand N., Albinet A., Leoz-Garziandia E., Wortham H. Field comparison of particulate PAH measurements using a low flow denuder device and conventional sampling systems. Environmental Science & Technology 2006, 40:6398-6404.
32. Guo H., Lee S.C., Ho K.F., Wang X.M., Zou S.C. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment 2003, 37:5307-5317.
33. Hayakawa K., Kawaguchi Y., Murahashi T., Myazaki M. Distributions of nitropyrenes and mutagenicity in airborne particulates collected with an Andersen sampler. Mutation Research 1995, 348:57-61.
34. Hayakawa K., Tang N., Akutsu K., Murahashi T., Kakimoto H., Kizu R., Toriba A. Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates collected in downtown and suburban Kanazawa, Japan. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36:5535-5541.
35. Hien T.T., Thanh L.T., Kameda T., Takenaka N., Bandow H. Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter in an urban area of a tropical region: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:7715-7725.
36. Hopke P.K., Xie Y., Raunema T., Biegalski S., Landsberger S., Maenhaut W., Artaxo P., Cohen D. Characterization of the gent stacked filter unit PM10 sampler. Aerosol Scienceand Technology 1997, 27:726-735.
37. Jinhui X., Lee F.S.C. Analysis of nitrated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Chemosphere 2001, 42:245-250.
38. Kamens R.M., Fan Z.H., Yao Y.L., Chen D.H., Chen S.F., Vartiainen M. A methodology for modeling the formation and decay of nitro-PAH in the atmosphere. Chemosphere 1994, 28:1623-1632.
39. Kavouras I.G., Koutrakis P., Tsapakis M., Lagoudaki E., Stephanou E.G., Von Baer D., Oyola P. Source apportionment of urban particulate aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using multivariate methods. Environmental Science & Technology 2001, 35:2288-2294.
40. Kawanaka Y., Matsumoto E., Sakamoto K., Wang N., Yun S. Size distributions of mutagenic compounds and mutagenicity in atmospheric particulate matter collected with a low-pressure cascade impactor. Atmospheric Environment 2004, 38:2125-2132.
41. Kawanaka Y., Matsumoto E., Wang N., Yun S.J., Sakamoto K. Contribution of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the mutagenicity of ultrafine particles in the roadside atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:7423-7428.
42. Kwok E.S.C., Atkinson R., Arey J. Kinetics and mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions of the NO3 radical with aromatic compounds. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 1994, 26:511-525.
43. Lee S.C., Ho K.F., Chiu G.M.Y. Characterization of selected volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds at a roadside monitoring station. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36:57-65.
44. Livi F.P. Elementos do Clima: o contraste de tempos frios e quentes 1999, 73-74. Editora da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Atlas Ambiental de Porto Alegre, R. MENEGAT (Eds.).
45. Lodovici M., Venturini M., Marini E., Grechi D., Dolara P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons air levels in Florence, Italy, and their correlation with other air pollutants. Chemosphere 2003, 50:377-382.
46. Mader B.T., Pankow J.F. Gas/solid partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) to air filters. 1. Partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Teflon membrane filters. Atmospheric Environment 2000, 34:4879-4887.
47. Marino F., Cecinato A., Siskos P.A. Nitro-PAH in ambient particulate matter in the atmosphere of Athens. Chemosphere 2000, 40:533-537.
48. Masclet P., Mouvier G., Nikolaou K. Relative decay index and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Atmospheric Environment 1986, 20:39-45.
49. Nielsen T. Reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons towards nitrating species. Environmental Science & Technology 1984, 18:157-163.
50. Pereira Netto A.D., Moreira J.C., Dias A.E.X.O., Arbilla G., Ferreira L.F.V., Oliveira A.S., Barek J. Avaliação da contaminação humana por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HAPs) e seus derivados nitrados (NHAPs) uma revisão metodológica. Química Nova 2000, 23(6):765-773.
51. Pitts J.N. Nitration of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in simulated and ambient urban atmospheres: a source of mutagenic nitroarenes. Atmospheric Environment 1987, 21:2531-2547.
52. Ravindra K., Bencs L., Wauters E., de Hoog J., Deutsch F., Roekens E., Bleux N., Bergmans P., Van Grieken R. Seasonal and site specific variation in vapor and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40:771-785.
53. Ravindra K., Sokhia R., Van Griekenet R. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:2895-2921.
54. Sienra M.D.R., Rosazza N.G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their molecular diagnostic ratios in urban atmospheric respirable particulate matter. Atmospheric Research 2005, 75:267-281.
55. Sienra M.D.R., Rosazza N.G. Occurrence of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban particulate matter PM10. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 21(4):977-983.
56. Söderström H., Hajslova J., Kocourek V., Siegmund B., Kocan A., Obiedzinski M.W., Tysklind M., Bergqvist P. PAHs and nitrated PAHs in air of five European countries determined using SPMDs as passive samplers. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:1627-1640.
57. Tang N., Tabata M., Mishukov V.F., Sergineko V., Toriba A., Kizu R., Hayakawa K. Comparison of atmospheric nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Vladivostok, Kanazawa and Toyama. Journal of Health Science 2002, 48:30-36.
58. Tang N., HattoiiI T., Taga R., Igarashi K., Yang X., Tamura K., Kakimoto H., Mishukov V.F., Toriba A., Kizu R., Hayakawa K. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulates and their relationship to emission sources in the Pan-Japan Sea countries. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:5817-5826.
59. Teixeira E.C., Feltes S., Santana E. Estudo das emissões de fontes móveis na região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre-RS. Química Nova 2008, 31:244-248.
60. Tsapakis M., Lagoudaki E., Stephanou E.G., Kavouras I.G., Koutrakis P., Oyola P., Von Baer D. The composition and sources of HV PM102.5 organic aerosol in two urban areas of Chile. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36:3851-3863.
61. United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA. Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air: determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air using gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Environmental Protection Agency 1999, Method TO-13A., US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1999.
62. Vasconcellos P.C., Sanchez-Ccoyllo O., Balducci C., Mabilia R., Cecinato A. Occurrence and concentration levels of nitro-PAH in the air of three Brazilian cities experiencing different emission impacts. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2008, 190:87-94.
63. Wilson N.K., McCurdy T.R., Chuang J.C. Concentrations and phase distributions of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons in ambient air. Atmospheric Environment 1995, 29:2575-2584.
64. Yamasaki H., Kuwata K., Miyamoto K. Effects of ambient temperature on aspects of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Science & Technology 1982, 16:189-194.
65. Zwirner-Baier I., Neumann H.G. Polycyclic nitroarenes (nitro-PAHs) as biomarkers of exposure to diesel exhaust. Mutation Research 1999, 441:135-144.