Measures of sleep in rheumatologic diseases: Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Functional Outcome of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

Arthritis Care and Research

Volumn 63, Issue SUPPL. 11, 2011, Pages

  Omachi, Theodore A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONCURRENT VALIDITY; CONSTRUCT VALIDITY; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EPWORTH SLEEPINESS SCALE; FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME OF SLEEP QUESTIONNAIRE; HUMAN; INSOMNIA SEVERITY INDEX; INTERNAL CONSISTENCY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PITTSBURGH SLEEP QUALITY INDEX; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; PSYCHOMETRY; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; SCORING SYSTEM; SICKNESS IMPACT PROFILE; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP PARAMETERS; SLEEP QUALITY; TEST RETEST RELIABILITY;

ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; HUMANS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SLEEP; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 80755167782     PISSN: 21514658     EISSN: 15290131     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/acr.20544     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Response Criteria for Fatigue. Measurement of fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 57: 1348-57.
2. Stebbings S, Herbison P, Doyle TC, Treharne GJ, Highton J,. A comparison of fatigue correlates in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: disparity in associations with disability, anxiety and sleep disturbance. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49: 361-7.
3. Abad VC, Sarinas PS, Guilleminault C,. Sleep and rheumatologic disorders. Sleep Med Rev 2008; 12: 211-28. (Pubitemid 351657735)
4. Drewes AM,. Pain and sleep disturbances with special reference to fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38: 1035-8. (Pubitemid 29537320)
5. Chandrasekhara PK, Jayachandran NV, Rajasekhar L, Thomas J, Narsimulu G,. The prevalence and associations of sleep disturbances in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mod Rheumatol 2009; 19: 407-15.
6. Gudbjornsson B, Hetta J,. Sleep disturbances in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a questionnaire-based study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001; 19: 509-14. (Pubitemid 32894600)
7. Costa DD, Bernatsky S, Dritsa M, Clarke AE, Dasgupta K, Keshani A, et al. Determinants of sleep quality in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 53: 272-8. (Pubitemid 40530169)
8. Wolfe F, Michaud K, Li T,. Sleep disturbance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation by medical outcomes study and visual analog sleep scales. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 1942-51. (Pubitemid 44571865)
9. Taylor-Gjevre RM, Gjevre JA, Skomro R, Nair B,. Restless legs syndrome in a rheumatoid arthritis patient cohort. J Clin Rheumatol 2009; 15: 12-5.
10. Reading SR, Crowson CS, Rodeheffer RJ, Fitz-Gibbon PD, Maradit-Kremers H, Gabriel SE,. Do rheumatoid arthritis patients have a higher risk for sleep apnea? J Rheumatol 2009; 36: 1869-72.
11. Turner GA, Lower EE, Corser BC, Gunther KL, Baughman RP,. Sleep apnea in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1997; 14: 61-4. (Pubitemid 27170556)
12. Iaboni A, Ibanez D, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Moldofsky H,. Fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus: contributions of disordered sleep, sleepiness, and depression. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 2453-7. (Pubitemid 46067825)
13. Lee YC, Chibnik LB, Lu B, Wasan AD, Edwards RR, Fossel AH, et al. The relationship between disease activity, sleep, psychiatric distress and pain sensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11: R160.
14. Majde JA, Krueger JM,. Links between the innate immune system and sleep. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 1188-98.
15. Luyster FS, Chasens ER, Wasko MC, Dunbar-Jacob J,. Sleep quality and functional disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Sleep Med 2011; 7: 49-55.
16. Johns MW,. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep 1991; 14: 540-5.
17. Hogl B, Saletu M, Brandauer E, Glatzl S, Frauscher B, Seppi K, et al. Modafinil for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled polygraphic trial. Sleep 2002; 25: 905-9. (Pubitemid 35424536)
18. Rammohan KW, Rosenberg JH, Lynn DJ, Blumenfeld AM, Pollak CP, Nagaraja HN,. Efficacy and safety of modafinil (Provigil) for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a two centre phase 2 study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72: 179-83.
19. Teodorescu M, Consens FB, Bria WF, Coffey MJ, McMorris MS, Weatherwax KJ, et al. Correlates of daytime sleepiness in patients with asthma. Sleep Med 2006; 7: 607-13. (Pubitemid 44804237)
20. Wang R, Zou D, Ma X, Zhao Y, Yan X, Yan H, et al. Impact of gastroesophageal reflux disease on daily life: the Systematic Investigation of Gastrointestinal Diseases in China (SILC) epidemiological study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2010; 8: 128.
21. Alvarez Lario B, Alonso Valdivielso JL, Alegre Lopez J, Martel Soteres C, Viejo Banuelos JL, Maranon Cabello A,. Fibromyalgia syndrome: overnight falls in arterial oxygen saturation. Am J Med 1996; 101: 54-60. (Pubitemid 26285941)
22. Menefee LA, Frank ED, Doghramji K, Picarello K, Park JJ, Jalali S, et al. Self-reported sleep quality and quality of life for individuals with chronic pain conditions. Clin J Pain 2000; 16: 290-7. (Pubitemid 32046982)
23. Johns M, Hocking B,. Daytime sleepiness and sleep habits of Australian workers. Sleep 1997; 20: 844-9. (Pubitemid 27524712)
24. Chen NH, Johns MW, Li HY, Chu CC, Liang SC, Shu YH, et al. Validation of a Chinese version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Qual Life Res 2002; 11: 817-21. (Pubitemid 35388178)
25. Chiner E, Arriero JM, Signes-Costa J, Marco J, Fuentes I,. Validation of the Spanish version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in patients with a sleep apnea syndrome. Arch Bronconeumol 1999; 35: 422-7. In Spanish.
26. Izci B, Ardic S, Firat H, Sahin A, Altinors M, Karacan I,. Reliability and validity studies of the Turkish version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep Breath 2008; 12: 161-8. (Pubitemid 351486676)
27. Tsara V, Serasli E, Amfilochiou A, Constantinidis T, Christaki P,. Greek version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep Breath 2004; 8: 91-5. (Pubitemid 39011009)
28. Bloch KE, Schoch OD, Zhang JN, Russi EW,. German version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Respiration 1999; 66: 440-7. (Pubitemid 29431578)
29. Schmidt-Nowara WW, Wiggins CL, Walsh JK, Bauer C,. Prevalence of sleepiness in an adult population. Sleep Res 1989; 18: 302.
30. Buysse DJ, Hall ML, Strollo PJ, Kamarck TW, Owens J, Lee L, et al. Relationships between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and clinical/polysomnographic measures in a community sample. J Clin Sleep Med 2008; 4: 563-71.
31. Johns MW,. Reliability and factor analysis of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep 1992; 15: 376-81.
32. Johns MW,. Sleepiness in different situations measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep 1994; 17: 703-10.
33. Nguyen AT, Baltzan MA, Small D, Wolkove N, Guillon S, Palayew M,. Clinical reproducibility of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. J Clin Sleep Med 2006; 2: 170-4. (Pubitemid 43893268)
34. Chervin RD, Aldrich MS, Pickett R, Guilleminault C,. Comparison of the results of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test. J Psychosom Res 1997; 42: 145-55. (Pubitemid 27129493)
35. Olson LG, Cole MF, Ambrogetti A,. Correlations among Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores, multiple sleep latency tests and psychological symptoms. J Sleep Res 1998; 7: 248-53. (Pubitemid 28515556)
36. Johns MW,. Sensitivity and specificity of the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale: failure of the MSLT as a gold standard. J Sleep Res 2000; 9: 5-11. (Pubitemid 30195287)
37. Gay PC, Herold DL, Olson EJ,. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing continuous positive airway pressure with a novel bilevel pressure system for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 2003; 26: 864-9. (Pubitemid 39610633)
38. Fatigue Guidelines Development Panel of the Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Fatigue and multiple sclerosis: evidence based management strategies for fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Washington (DC): Multiple Sclerosis Council; 1998.
39. Weaver TE, Laizner AM, Evans LK, Maislin G, Chugh DK, Lyon K, et al. An instrument to measure functional status outcomes for disorders of excessive sleepiness. Sleep 1997; 20: 835-43. (Pubitemid 27524711)
40. Chasens ER, Ratcliffe SJ, Weaver TE,. Development of the FOSQ-10: a short version of the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire. Sleep 2009; 32: 915-9.
41. Hughes K, Glass C, Ripchinski M, Gurevich F, Weaver TE, Lehman E, et al. Efficacy of the topical nasal steroid budesonide on improving sleep and daytime somnolence in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2003; 58: 380-5. (Pubitemid 36605725)
42. Weaver TE, Chasens ER, Arora S,. Modafinil improves functional outcomes in patients with residual excessive sleepiness associated with CPAP treatment. J Clin Sleep Med 2009; 5: 499-505.
43. Walker RP, Paloyan E, Gopalsami C,. Symptoms in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: muscle weakness or sleepiness. Endocr Pract 2004; 10: 404-8.
44. Lewis CA, Fergusson W, Eaton T, Zeng I, Kolbe J,. Isolated nocturnal desaturation in COPD: prevalence and impact on quality of life and sleep. Thorax 2009; 64: 133-8.
45. Burke CK, Peirce JM, Kidorf MS, Neubauer D, Punjabi NM, Stoller KB, et al. Sleep problems reported by patients entering opioid agonist treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2008; 35: 328-33.
46. Carmona-Bernal C, Ruiz-Garcia A, Villa-Gil M, Sanchez-Armengol A, Quintana-Gallego E, Ortega-Ruiz F, et al. Quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure and central sleep apnea. Sleep Med 2008; 9: 646-51.
47. Shaheen NJ, Madanick RD, Alattar M, Morgan DR, Davis PH, Galanko JA, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease as an etiology of sleep disturbance in subjects with insomnia and minimal reflux symptoms: a pilot study of prevalence and response to therapy. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53: 1493-9.
48. Teixeira VG, Faccenda JF, Douglas NJ,. Functional status in patients with narcolepsy. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 477-83. (Pubitemid 39194058)
49. Dellaripa PF, Fry TA, Willoughby J, Arndt WF, Angelakis WJ, Campagna AC,. The treatment of interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis with infliximab [abstract]. Chest 2003; 124: 109S
50. Mermigkis C, Stagaki E, Amfilochiou A, Polychronopoulos V, Korkonikitas P, Mermigkis D, et al. Sleep quality and associated daytime consequences in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Med Princ Pract 2009; 18: 10-5.
51. Ferrer M, Vilagut G, Monasterio C, Montserrat JM, Mayos M, Alonso J,. Measurement of the perceived impact of sleep problems: the Spanish version of the functional outcomes sleep questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Med Clin (Barc) 1999; 113: 250-5. In Spanish.
52. Izci B, Firat H, Ardic S, Kokturk O, Gelir E, Altinors M,. Adaptation of Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) to Turkish population. Tuberk Toraks 2004; 52: 224-30.
53. Stavem K, Kjelsberg FN, Ruud EA,. Reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire. Qual Life Res 2004; 13: 541-9. (Pubitemid 38392282)
54. Vidal S, Ferrer M, Masuet C, Somoza M, Martinez Ballarin JI, Monasterio C,. Spanish version of the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire: scores of healthy individuals and of patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Arch Bronconeumol 2007; 43: 256-61. In Spanish. (Pubitemid 46918075)
55. Buttner A, Feier C, Galetke W, Ruhle K,. A questionnaire to capture the functional effects of daytime drowsiness on quality of life in case of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ). Pneumologie 2008; 62: 548-52. In German.
56. Gooneratne NS, Weaver TE, Cater JR, Pack FM, Arner HM, Greenberg AS, et al. Functional outcomes of excessive daytime sleepiness in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 642-9. (Pubitemid 36541428)
57. Moyer CA, Sonnad SS, Garetz SL, Helman JI, Chervin RD,. Quality of life in obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review of the literature. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 477-91. (Pubitemid 34030521)
58. Belanger L, Morin CM, Langlois F, Ladouceur R,. Insomnia and generalized anxiety disorder: effects of cognitive behavior therapy for gad on insomnia symptoms. J Anxiety Disord 2004; 18: 561-71. (Pubitemid 38626026)
59. Joffe H, Petrillo L, Viguera A, Koukopoulos A, Silver-Heilman K, Farrell A, et al. Eszopiclone improves insomnia and depressive and anxious symptoms in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with hot flashes: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 171.e1-11.
60. Riley WT, Mihm P, Behar A, Morin CM,. A computer device to deliver behavioral interventions for insomnia. Behav Sleep Med 2010; 8: 2-15.
61. Roth T, Price JM, Amato DA, Rubens RP, Roach JM, Schnitzer TJ,. The effect of eszopiclone in patients with insomnia and coexisting rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 11: 292-301.
62. Savard J, Simard S, Ivers H, Morin CM,. Randomized study on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia secondary to breast cancer, part I: sleep and psychological effects. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 6083-96.
63. Tang NK, Wright KJ, Salkovskis PM,. Prevalence and correlates of clinical insomnia co-occurring with chronic back pain. J Sleep Res 2007; 16: 85-95.
64. Walsh JK, Krystal AD, Amato DA, Rubens R, Caron J, Wessel TC, et al. Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with eszopiclone for six months: effect on sleep, quality of life, and work limitations. Sleep 2007; 30: 959-68. (Pubitemid 47221895)
65. Daley M, Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Gregoire JP, Savard J, Baillargeon L,. Insomnia and its relationship to health-care utilization, work absenteeism, productivity and accidents. Sleep Med 2009; 10: 427-38.
66. Viitanen J, Ronni S, Ala-Peijari S, Uoti-Reilama K, Kautiainen H,. A comparison of self-estimated symptoms and impact of disease in fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. J Musculoskelet Pain 2000; 8: 21-33. (Pubitemid 30663977)
67. Bastien CH, Vallieres A, Morin CM,. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 297-307. (Pubitemid 32677404)
68. Savard MH, Savard J, Simard S, Ivers H,. Empirical validation of the Insomnia Severity Index in cancer patients. Psychooncology 2005; 14: 429-41. (Pubitemid 40883415)
69. Sierra JC, Guillen-Serrano V, Santos-Iglesias P,. Insomnia Severity Index: some indicators about its reliability and validity on an older adults sample. Rev Neurol 2008; 47: 566-70. In Spanish.
70. Yu DS,. Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric properties with Chinese community-dwelling older people. J Adv Nurs 2010; 66: 2350-9.
71. Morin CM,. Insomnia: psychological assessment and management. New York: Guilford Press; 1993.
72. Morin CM, Colecchi C, Stone J, Sood R, Brink D,. Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 281: 991-9. (Pubitemid 29143890)
73. Yang M, Morin CM, Schaefer K, Wallenstein GV,. Interpreting score differences in the Insomnia Severity Index: using health-related outcomes to define the minimally important difference. Curr Med Res Opin 2009; 25: 2487-94.
74. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ,. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28: 193-213. (Pubitemid 19144991)
75. Berger AM, Kuhn BR, Farr LA, Von Essen SG, Chamberlain J, Lynch JC, et al. One-year outcomes of a behavioral therapy intervention trial on sleep quality and cancer-related fatigue. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 6033-40.
76. Inoue Y, Kuroda K, Hirata K, Uchimura N, Kagimura T, Shimizu T,. Long-term open-label study of pramipexole in patients with primary restless legs syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2010; 294: 62-6.
77. Irwin MR, Olmstead R, Motivala SJ,. Improving sleep quality in older adults with moderate sleep complaints: a randomized controlled trial of Tai Chi Chih. Sleep 2008; 31: 1001-8. (Pubitemid 351956939)
78. Johnson DA, Orr WC, Crawley JA, Traxler B, McCullough J, Brown KA, et al. Effect of esomeprazole on nighttime heartburn and sleep quality in patients with GERD: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1914-22.
79. Reid KJ, Baron KG, Lu B, Naylor E, Wolfe L, Zee PC,. Aerobic exercise improves self-reported sleep and quality of life in older adults with insomnia. Sleep Med 2010; 11: 934-40.
80. Rondanelli M, Opizzi A, Monteferrario F, Antoniello N, Manni R, Klersy C,. The effect of melatonin, magnesium, and zinc on primary insomnia in long-term care facility residents in Italy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59: 82-90.
81. Skomro RP, Gjevre J, Reid J, McNab B, Ghosh S, Stiles M, et al. Outcomes of home-based diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 2010; 138: 257-63.
82. Cunningham JM, Blake C, Power CK, O'Keeffe D, Kelly V, Horan S, et al. The impact on sleep of a multidisciplinary cognitive behavioural pain management programme: a pilot study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12: 5.
83. Cakirbay H, Bilici M, Kavakci O, Cebi A, Guler M, Tan U,. Sleep quality and immune functions in rheumatoid arthritis patients with and without major depression. Int J Neurosci 2004; 114: 245-56. (Pubitemid 38173521)
84. Marin R, Cyhan T, Miklos W,. Sleep disturbance in patients with chronic low back pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 85: 430-5. (Pubitemid 43739327)
85. Osorio CD, Gallinaro AL, Lorenzi-Filho G, Lage LV,. Sleep quality in patients with fibromyalgia using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 1863-5. (Pubitemid 44373224)
86. Stein MD, Herman DS, Bishop S, Lassor JA, Weinstock M, Anthony J, et al. Sleep disturbances among methadone maintained patients. J Subst Abuse Treat 2004; 26: 175-80. (Pubitemid 38452836)
87. Aloba OO, Adewuya AO, Ola BA, Mapayi BM,. Validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among Nigerian university students. Sleep Med 2007; 8: 266-70. (Pubitemid 46488854)
88. Carpenter JS, Andrykowski MA,. Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. J Psychosom Res 1998; 45: 5-13. (Pubitemid 28339935)
89. Tsai PS, Wang SY, Wang MY, Su CT, Yang TT, Huang CJ, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI) in primary insomnia and control subjects. Qual Life Res 2005; 14: 1943-52.
90. Blais FC, Gendron L, Mimeault V, Morin CM,. Evaluation of insomnia: validity of 3 questionnaires. Encephale 1997; 23: 447-53. In French.
91. Doi Y, Minowa M, Uchiyama M, Okawa M, Kim K, Shibui K, et al. Psychometric assessment of subjective sleep quality using the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-J) in psychiatric disordered and control subjects. Psychiatry Res 2000; 97: 165-72. (Pubitemid 32126555)
92. Farrahi J, Nakhaee N, Sheibani V, Garrusi B, Amirka. A,. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index addendum for PTSD (PSQI-A). Sleep Breath 2009; 13: 259-62.
93. Jimenez-Genchi A, Monteverde-Maldonado E, Nenclares-Portocarrero A, Esquivel-Adame G, de la Vega-Pacheco A,. Reliability and factorial analysis of the Spanish version of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index among psychiatric patients. Gac Med Mex 2008; 144: 491-6. In Spanish.
94. Kotronoulas GC, Papadopoulou CN, Papapetrou A, Patiraki E,. Psychometric evaluation and feasibility of the Greek Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (GR-PSQI) in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2010. E-pub ahead of print.
95. Shochat T, Tzischinsky O, Oksenberg A, Peled R,. Validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Hebrew translation (PSQI-H) in a sleep clinic sample. Isr Med Assoc J 2007; 9: 853-6.
96. Suleiman KH, Yates BC, Berger AM, Pozehl B, Meza J,. Translating the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index into Arabic. West J Nurs Res 2010; 32: 250-68.
97. Backhaus J, Junghanns K, Broocks A, Riemann D, Hohagen F,. Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 737-40.
98. Simeit R, Deck R, Conta-Marx B,. Sleep management training for cancer patients with insomnia. Support Care Cancer 2004; 12: 176-83. (Pubitemid 38374678)
99. Beck SL, Schwartz AL, Towsley G, Dudley W, Barsevick A,. Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004; 27: 140-8. (Pubitemid 38221072)
100. Cole JC, Motivala SJ, Buysse DJ, Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Irwin MR,. Validation of a 3-factor scoring model for the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in older adults. Sleep 2006; 29: 112-6. (Pubitemid 44019037)
101. Roth T,. Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences. J Clin Sleep Med 2007; 3 Suppl: S7-10.