A steroidomic approach for biomarkers discovery in doping control

Forensic Science International

Volumn 213, Issue 1-3, 2011, Pages 85-94

  Boccard, Julien ^a   Badoud, Flavia ^a,b   Grata, Elia ^a,b   Ouertani, Samia ^c,d   Hanafi, Mohamed ^c,d   Mazerolles, Gérard ^e   Lantéri, Pierre ^f   Veuthey, Jean Luc ^a   Saugy, Martial ^a,b   Rudaz, Serge ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY CENTER OF LEGAL MEDICINE   (Switzerland)

^c LUNAM UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^d Laboratoire d'Acoustique Environnementale   (France)

^e SPO   (France)

^f UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

Author keywords

Chemometrics; Doping control; Steroidomics

Indexed keywords

DRUG METABOLITE; TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE;

ACCURACY; ARTICLE; AUTOMATION; CHEMOMETRICS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOPING; HUMAN; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETRY; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STEROID ANALYSIS; ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; URINALYSIS;

EID: 80655147087     PISSN: 03790738     EISSN: 18726283     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.07.023     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Sottas P.E., Robinson N., Saugy M. The athlete's biological passport and indirect markers of blood doping. Doping in Sports: Biochemical Principles, Effects and Analysis 2010, vol. 165:305-326. Springer, Berlin.
2. Malcovati L., Pascutto C., Cazzola M. Hematologic passport for athletes competing in endurance sports: a feasibility study. Haematologica 2003, 88:570-581.
3. Sottas P.E., Saugy M., Saudan C. Endogenous steroid profiling in the athlete biological passport. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. 2010, 39:59-73.
4. Mareck U., Geyer H., Opfermann G., Thevis M., Schanzer W. Factors influencing the steroid profile in doping control analysis. J. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 43:877-891.
5. Parr M.K., Schanzer W. Detection of the misuse of steroids in doping control. J. Steroid Biochem. 2010, 121:528-537. (and references therein).
6. World Anti-doping Agency (WADA) The World Anti-Doping Code. The 2011 Prohibited List 2011, (accessed March 2011). http://www.wada-ama.org/.
7. Becchi M., Aguilera R., Farizon Y., Flament M.M., Casabianca H., James P. Gas-chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass-spectrometry analysis of urinary steroids to detect misuse of testosterone in sport. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1994, 8:304-308.
8. Strahm E., Sottas P.E., Schweizer C., Saugy M., Dvorak J., Saudan C. Steroid profiles of professional soccer players: an international comparative study. Br. J. Sports Med. 2009, 43:1126-1130.
9. Schulze J.J., Lorentzon M., Ohlsson C., Lundmark J., Roh H.K., Rane A., Ekstrom L. Genetic aspects of epitestosterone formation and androgen disposition: influence of polymorphisms in CYP17 and UGT2B enzymes. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 2008, 18:477-485.
10. Jakobsson J., Ekstrom L., Inotsume N., Garle M., Lorentzon M., Ohlsson C., Roh H.K., Carlstrom K., Rane A. Large differences in testosterone excretion in Korean and Swedish men are strongly associated with a UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 2B17 polymorphism. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 2006, 91:687-693.
11. Dehennin L., Ferry M., Lafarge P., Peres G., Lafarge J.P. Oral administration of dehydroepiandrosterone to healthy men: alteration of the urinary androgen profile and consequences for the detection of abuse in sport by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Steroids 1998, 63:80-87.
12. Dehennin L., Lafarge P., Dailly P., Bailloux D., Lafarge J.P. Combined profile of androgen glucuro- and sulfoconjugates in postcompetition urine of sportsmen: a simple screening procedure using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B 1996, 687:85-91.
13. Ayotte C. Detecting the administration of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. Doping in Sports: Biochemical Principles, Effects and Analysis 2010, vol. 165:77-98. Springer, Berlin.
14. Pozo O.J., Van Eenoo P., Deventer K., Delbeke F.T. Detection and characterization of anabolic steroids in doping analysis by LC-MS. Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. 2008, 27:657-671.
15. Strahm E., Kohler I., Rudaz S., Martel S., Carrupt P.A., Veuthey J.L., Saugy M., Saudan C. Isolation and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography-ion-trap mass spectrometry of androgen sulfoconjugates in human urine. J. Chromatogr. A 2008, 1196:153-160.
16. Badoud F., Grata E., Boccard J., Rudaz S., Veuthey J.-L., Saugy M. Quantification of glucuronidated and sulfated steroids in human urine by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 400:503-516.
17. Boccard J., Veuthey J.L., Rudaz S. Knowledge discovery in metabolomics: an overview of MS data handling. J. Sep. Sci. 2010, 33:290-304.
18. Anizan S., Di Nardo D., Bichon E., Monteau F., Cesbron N., Antignac J.P., Le Bizec B. Targeted phase II metabolites profiling as new screening strategy to investigate natural steroid abuse in animal breeding. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 700:105-113.
19. Riedmaier I., Becker C., Pfaffl M.W., Meyer H.H.D. The use of omic technologies for biomarker development to trace functions of anabolic agents. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216:8192-8199.
20. Rijk J.C.W., Lommen A., Essers M.L., Groot M.J., Van Hende J.M., Doeswijk T.G., Nielen M.W.F. Metabolomics approach to anabolic steroid urine profiling of bovines treated with prohormones. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81:6879-6888.
21. Baume N., Schumacher Y.O., Sottas P.E., Bagutti C., Cauderay M., Mangin P., Saugy M. Effect of multiple oral doses of androgenic anabolic steroids on endurance performance and serum indices of physical stress in healthy male subjects. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2006, 98:329-340.
22. Baume N., Saudan C., Desmarchelier A., Strahm E., Sottas P.E., Bagutti C., Cauderay M., Schumacher Y.O., Mangin P., Saugy M. Use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to detect doping with oral testosterone undecanoate: inter-individual variability of C-13/C-12 ratio. Steroids 2006, 71:364-370.
23. E. Strahm, Etude du métabolisme des androgènes et implications dans la lutte contre le dopage, Thèse n° 4185, Université de Genève, 2010.
24. Guy P.A., Tavazzi I., Bruce S.J., Ramadan Z., Kochhar S. Global metabolic profiling analysis on human urine by UPLC-TOFMS: issues and method validation in nutritional metabolomics. J. Chromatogr. B 2008, 871:253-260.
25. Fahy E., Subramaniam S., Brown H.A., Glass C.K., Merrill A.H., Murphy R.C., Raetz C.R.H., Russell D.W., Seyama Y., Shaw W., Shimizu T., Spener F., van Meer G., VanNieuwenhze M.S., White S.H., Witztum J.L., Dennis E.A. A comprehensive classification system for lipids. J. Lipid Res. 2005, 46:839-861.
26. Fahy E., Subramaniam S., Murphy R.C., Nishijima M., Raetz C.R.H., Shimizu T., Spener F., van Meer G., Wakelam M.J.O., Dennis E.A. Update of the LIPID MAPS comprehensive classification system for lipids. J. Lipid Res. 2009, 50:S9-S14.
27. Rubingh C.M., Bijlsma S., Jellema R.H., Overkamp K.M., van der Werf M.J., Smilde A.K. Analyzing longitudinal microbial metabolomics data. J. Proteome Res. 2009, 8:4319-4327.
28. Harshman R.A., Lundy M.E. Parafac - parallel factor-analysis. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 1994, 18:39-72.
29. Geladi P. Analysis of multi-way (multi-mode) data. Chemometr. Intell. Lab. 1989, 7:11-30.
30. Bro R. Multiway calibration. Multilinear PLS. J. Chemometr. 1996, 10:47-61.
31. Andersson C.A., Bro R. The N-way Toolbox for MATLAB. Chemometr. Intell. Lab. 2000, 52:1-4.
32. Eriksson L., Trygg J., Wold S. CV-ANOVA for significance testing of PLS and OPLS models. J. Chemometr. 2008, 22:594-600.
33. Norli H.R., Esbensen K., Westad F., Birkeland K.I., Hemmersbach P. Chemometric evaluation of urinary steroid profiles in doping control. J. Steroid Biochem. 1995, 54:83-88.
34. Dehennin L., Matsumoto A.M. Long-term administration of testosterone enanthate to normal men - alterations of the urinary profile of androgen metabolites potentially useful for detection of testosterone misuse in sport. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1993, 44:179-189.
35. Cawley A.T., Hine E.R., Trout G.J., George A.V., Kazlauskas R. Searching for new markers of endogenous steroid administration in athletes: looking outside the metabolic box. Forensic Sci. Int. 2004, 143:103-114.
36. Van Renterghem P., Van Eenoo P., Delbeke F.T. Population based evaluation of a multi-parametric steroid profiling on administered endogenous steroids in single low dose. Steroids 2010, 75:1047-1057.
37. Trygg J., Wold S. Orthogonal projections to latent structures (O-PLS). J. Chemometr. 2002, 16:119-128.
38. Bylesjö M., Rantalainen M., Cloarec O., Nicholson J.K., Holmes E., Trygg J. OPLS discriminant analysis: combining the strengths of PLS-DA and SIMCA classification. J. Chemometr. 2006, 20:341-351.
39. Wiklund S., Johansson E., Sjostrom L., Mellerowicz E.J., Edlund U., Shockcor J.P., Gottfries J., Moritz T., Trygg J. Visualization of GC/TOF-MS-based metabolomics data for identification of biochemically interesting compounds using OPLS class models. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80:115-122.
40. Buiarelli F., Coccioli F., Merolle M., Neri B., Terracciano A. Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the identification of natural androgen steroids and their conjugates in urine samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 526:113-120.
41. Van Renterghem P., Van Eenoo P., Geyer H., Schanzer W., Delbeke F.T. Reference ranges for urinary concentrations and ratios of endogenous steroids, which can be used as markers for steroid misuse, in a Caucasian population of athletes. Steroids 2010, 75:154-163.
42. Kicman A.T., Coutts S.B., Walker C.J., Cowan D.A. Proposed confirmatory procedure for detecting 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone doping in male-athletes. Clin. Chem. 1995, 41:1617-1627.
43. Donike M., Ueki M., Kuroda Y., Geyer H., Nolteernsting E., Rauth S., Schanzer W., Schindler U., Völker E., Fujisaki M. Detection of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) doping: alterations in the steroid profile and reference ranges for DHT and its 5 alpha-metabolites. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 2011, 235-250.