Endogenous Steroid Profiling in the Athlete Biological Passport

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 59-73

  Sottas, Pierre Edouard ^a   Saugy, Martial ^a   Saudan, Christophe ^a  

^a University Center of Legal Medicine   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Androgen; Athlete biological passport; Doping; Profiling; Steroid

Indexed keywords

ANABOLIC AGENT; ANDROGEN; ANDROSTANEDIOL; ANDROSTERONE; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CYTOCHROME P450C17; EPITESTOSTERONE; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; ETIOCHOLANOLONE; GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE; GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE 2B17; HORMONE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; PRASTERONE; STEROID; TESTOSTERONE; TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACCURACY; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ANALYTIC METHOD; ATHLETE; BAYES THEOREM; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DOPING; ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GENOTYPE; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBABILITY; PUNISHMENT; QUALITY CONTROL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RACE DIFFERENCE; REFERENCE VALUE; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPORTS MEDICINE; STEROID ANALYSIS; STEROID METABOLISM; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; URINALYSIS;

AGE FACTORS; ANABOLIC AGENTS; ANDROGENS; ANDROSTANE-3,17-DIOL; ATHLETES; BAYES THEOREM; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; DOPING IN SPORTS; EPITESTOSTERONE; ETIOCHOLANOLONE; FEMALE; GENETIC VARIATION; HUMANS; MALE; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; REFERENCE VALUES; SEX FACTORS; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 74049162428     PISSN: 08898529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2009.11.003     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Kicman A.T. Pharmacolocy of anabolic steroids. Br J Pharmacol 154 (2008) 502-521
2. Bowers L.D. Testosterone doping: dealing with genetic differences in metabolism and excretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 (2008) 2469-2471
3. Bhasin S., Storer T.W., Berman N., et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 1-7
4. Urhausen A., and Kindermann W. The endocrine system in overtraining. In: Arren M.P., and Constantini N.W. (Eds). Sports endocrinology (2000), Humana Press, Totowa (NJ) 347-370
5. Gillespie C.A., and Edgerton V.R. The role of testosterone in exercise-induced glycogen supercompensation. Horm Metab Res 2 (1970) 364-366
6. Handelsman D.J. Indirect androgen doping by oestrogen blockade in sports. Br J Pharmacol 154 (2008) 598-605
7. Donike M.L., Bärwald K.R., Klosterman K., et al. Nachweis von exogenem Testosteron. In: Heck H., Hollmann H., Liesen H., et al. (Eds). Sport: Leistung and Gesundheit (1982), Deutscher Artze Verlag, Köln (Germany) 293
8. Catlin D.H., Hatton C.K., and Starcevic S.H. Issues in detecting abuse of xenobiotic anabolic steroids and testosterone by analysis of athletes' urine. Clin Chem 43 (1997) 1280-1288
9. Ayotte C., Goudreault D., and Charlebois A. Testing for natural and synthetic anabolic agents in human urine. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 687 (1996) 3-25
10. Catlin D.H., Cowan D.A., de la Torre R., et al. Urinary testosterone (T) to epitestosterone (E) ratios by GC/MS.I. Initial comparison of uncorrected T/E in six international laboratories. J Mass Spectrom 31 (1996) 397-402
11. Borts D.J., and Bowers L. Direct measurement of urinary testosterone and epitestosterone conjugates using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 35 (2000) 50-61
12. Sottas P.E., Robinson N., Saugy M., et al. A forensic approach to the interpretation of blood doping markers. Law Probab Risk 7 (2008) 191-210
13. Ofterbro H. Evaluating an abnormal urinary steroid profile. Lancet 339 (1992) 941-942
14. Southan G, Mallat A, Jumeau J, et al. In: Program and abstracts of the Second International Symposium on Applied Mass Spectrometry in the Health Sciences. Barcelona (Spain), April 17, 1990. p. 306.
15. Donike M., Rauth S., Mareck-Engelke U., et al. Evaluation of longitudinal studies, the determination of subject-based reference ranges of the testosteorne/epitestosterone ratio. In: Donike M., Geyer H., Gotzmann A., et al. (Eds). Recent advances in doping analysis, proceedings of the 11th Cologne workshop on dope analysis (1994), Sport und Buch Strausse Edition Sport, Köln (Germany) 33-39
16. Sottas P.E., Saudan C., Schweizer C., et al. Bayesian detection of abnormal values in longitudinal biomarkers with an application to T/E ratio. Biostatistics 8 (2007) 285-296
17. McIntosh M.W., and Urban N. A parametric empirical Bayes method for cancer screening using longitudinal observations of a biomarker. Biostatistics 4 (2003) 27-40
18. Donike M., Mareck-Engelke U., and Rauth S. Statistical evaluation of longitudinal studies, part 2: the usefulness of subject based reference ranges. In: Donike M., Geyer H., Gotzmann A., et al. (Eds). Proceedings of the 12th Cologne workshop on dope analysis (1995), Sport und Buch Strausse Edition Sport, Köln (Germany) 157-165
19. World Anti-Doping Agency Technical Document TD2004EAAS. Reporting and evaluation guidance for testosterone, epitestosterone, T/E ratio and other endogenous steroids. Montreal (Canada); 2004.
20. Sottas P.E., Saudan C., Schweizer C., et al. From population- to subject based limit of T/E ratio to detect testosterone abuse in elite sports. Forensic Sci Int 174 (2008) 166-172
21. Aitken C., and Taroni F. Statistics and the evaluation of evidence for forensic scientists. 2nd edition (2004), Wiley & Sons, Chichester (UK)
22. Honour J.W. Urinary steroid profile analysis. Clin Chim Acta 313 (2001) 45-50
23. Mareck U., Geyer H., Opfermann G., et al. Factors influencing the steroid profile in doping control analysis. J Mass Spectrom 43 (2008) 877-891
24. Strahm E., Kohler I., Rudaz S., et al. Isolation and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography-ion-trap mass spectrometry of androgen sulfoconjugates in human urine. J Chromatogr A 1196 (2008) 153-160
25. Sten T., Bichlmaier I., Kuuranne T., et al. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) 2B7 and UGT2B17 display converse specificity in testosterone and epitestosterone glucuronidation, whereas UGT2A1 conjugates both androgens similarly. Drug Metab Dispos 37 (2009) 417-423
26. Ellis L., and Nyborg H. Racial/ethnical variations in testosterone levels: a probable contributor to group differences in health. Steroids 57 (1992) 72-75
27. De la Torre X., Segura J., Yang Z., et al. Testosterone detection in different ethnic groups. In: Donike M., Geyer H., Gotzmann A., et al. (Eds). Recent advances in doping analysis (4), proceedings of the Manfred Donike workshop, 14th Cologne workshop on dope analysis (1997), Sport und Buch Strauß, Köln (Germany) 71-83
28. Santner S.J., Albertson B., Zhang G.-Y., et al. Comparative rates of androgen production and metabolism in Caucasian and Chinese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998) 2104-2109
29. Jakobsson J., Ekström L., Inotsum N., et al. Large differences in testosterone excretion in Korean an Swedish men are strongly associated with a UDP-Glucuronosyl transferase 2B17 polymorphism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 2 (2006) 687-693
30. Jakobsson-Schulze J.J., Lundmark J., Garle M., et al. Doping test results dependent on genotype of UGT2B17, the major enzyme for testosterone glucoronidation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 (2008) 2500-2506
31. Schulze J.J., Lorentzon M., Ohlsson C., et al. Genetic aspects of epitestosterone formation and androgen disposition: influence of polymorphisms in CYP17 and UGT2B enzymes. Pharmacogenet Genomics 18 (2008) 477-485
32. Xue Y., Sun D., Daly A., et al. Adaptive evolution of UGT2B17 copy-number variation. Am J Hum Genet 83 (2008) 337-346
33. Strahm E., Sottas P.E., Schweizer C., et al. Steroid profiles of professional soccer players: an international comparative study. Br J Sports Med 43 (2009) 1126-1130
34. Schulze J.J., Lundmark J., Garle M., et al. Substantial advantage of a combined Bayesian and genotyping approach in testosterone doping tests. Steroids 74 (2009) 365-368
35. Falk O., Palonek E., and Björkhem I. Effect of ethanol on the ratio between testosterone and epitestosterone in urine. Clin Chem 34 (1988) 1462-1464
36. Mareck-Engelke U., Flenker U., and Schänzer W. Stability of steroid profiles. In: Schänzer W., Geyer H., Gotzmann A., et al (Eds). Recent advances in doping analysis (4), proceedings of the Manfred Donike workshop, 13rd Cologne workshop on dope analysis (1996), Sport und Buch Strauß, Köln (Germany) 139-157
37. Saugy M., Cardis C., Robinson N., et al. Test methods: anabolics. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 14 (2000) 111-133
38. Gelman A., Carlin J.B., Stern H.S., et al. Bayesian data analysis. 2nd edition (2004), Chapman & Hall, Boca Raton (FL)
39. Sottas P.E., Robinson N., and Saugy M. The athlete's biological passport and indirect markers of blood doping. In: Thieme D., and Hemmersbach P. (Eds). Doping in sports (handbook of experimental pharmacology) vol. 195 (2010), Springer, Berlin
40. Sottas P.E., Lavoué J., Bruzzi R., et al. An empirical hierarchical Bayesian unification of occupational exposure assessment methods. Stat Med 28 (2009) 75-93
41. Rockman M.V. Reverse engineering the genotype-phenotype map with natural genetic variation. Nature 456 (2008) 738-744