Suggestibility and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: I'll tell you anything you want to hear

Journal of Psychiatry and Law

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 39-71

  Brown, Natalie Novick ^a   Gudjonsson, Gisli ^b   Connor, Paul ^a  

^a NW Forensic Associates ^*

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Confabulation; False confession; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD); Miranda rights; Suggestibility

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMMUNICATION DISORDER; CRIMINAL JUSTICE; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; FETUS; FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY; GUDJONSSON SUGGESTIBILITY SCALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RIGHTS; HYPERACTIVITY; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LANGUAGE ABILITY; LEARNING DISORDER; MEMORY DISORDER; OFFENDER; PILOT STUDY; POLICE; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 80455129912     PISSN: 00931853     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009318531103900103     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Abkarian, G. G. (1992). Communication effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of Communication Disorders, 25, 221-240.
2. Adnams, C. M., Kodituwakku, P. W., Hay, A., Molteno, C. D., Viljoen, D., & May, P. A. (2001). Patterns of cognitive-motor development in children with fetal alcohol syndrome from a community in South Africa. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 25, 557-562. (Pubitemid 32323423)
3. Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. E., & Anderson, M. C. (2009). Memory. New York: Psychology Press.
4. Baumbach, J. (2002). Some implications of prenatal alcohol exposure for the treatment of adolescents with sexual offending behaviors. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14(4), 313-327.
5. Becker, M., Warr-Leeper, G. A., & Leeper, H. A., Jr. (1990). Fetal alcohol syndrome: A description of oral motor, articulatory, short-term memory, grammatical, and semantic abilities. Journal of Communication Disorders, 23, 97-124. (Pubitemid 20197730)
6. Bertrand, J., Floyd, R. L., Weber, M. K., O'Connor, M. J., Riley, E. P., Johnson, K. A., et al. (2004). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Guidelines for referral and diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
7. Burden, M. J., Jacobson, S. W., Sokol, R. J., & Jacobson, J. L. (2005). Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on attention and working memory at 7.5 years of age. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 29(3), 443-452. (Pubitemid 40446138)
8. Carmichael-Olson, H., Feldman, J. J., Streissguth, A. P., Sampson, P. D., & Bookstein, F. L. (1998). Neuropsychological deficits in adolescents with fetal alcohol syndrome: Clinical findings. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 22, 1998-2012. (Pubitemid 29031018)
9. Carmichael-Olson, H., Morse, B. A., & Huffine, C. (1998). Development and psychopathology: Fetal alcohol syndrome and related conditions. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 3, 262-284.
10. Carmichael-Olson, H., Streissguth, A. P., Sampson, P. D., Barr, H. M., Bookstein, F. L., & Thiede, K. (1997). Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with behavioral and learning problems in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1187-1194. (Pubitemid 27381274)
11. Clare, I. C. H., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (1993). Interrogative suggestibility, confabulation, and acquiescence in people with mild learning difficulties (mental handicap): Implications for reliability in people with mild learning difficulties. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 295-301. (Pubitemid 23288213)
12. Clark, E., Lutke, J., Minnes, P., & Ouellette-Kuntz, H. (2004). Secondary disabilities among adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in British Columbia. Journal of FAS International, 2, e13.
13. Cloud, M., Shepard, G. B., Barkoff, A. N., & Shur, J. V. (2002). Words without meaning: The Constitution, confessions, and mentally retarded suspects. University of Chicago Law Review, 69, 495-624.
14. Coles, C. D., & Platzman, K. A. (1993). Behavioral development in children prenatally exposed to drugs and alcohol. International Journal of the Addictions, 28, 1393-1433. (Pubitemid 23350949)
15. Coles, C. D., Platzman, K. A., Lynch, M. E., & Freides, D. (2002). Auditory and visual sustained attention in adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 26(2), 263-271. (Pubitemid 34157763)
16. Coles, C. D., Platzman, K. A., Raskind-Hood, C. L., Brown, R. T., Falek, A., & Smith, I. E. (1997). A comparison of children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure and attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 21, 150-161. (Pubitemid 27108098)
17. Connor, P. D., Sampson, P. D., Bookstein, F. L., Barr, H. M., & Streissguth, A. P. (2000). Direct and indirect effects of prenatal alcohol damage on executive function. Developmental Neuropsychology, 18(3), 331-354. (Pubitemid 32488522)
18. Connor, P. D., Streissguth, A. P., Sampson, P. D., Bookstein, F. L., & Barr, H. M. (1999). Individual differences in auditory and visual attention among fetal alcohol-affected adults. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 23(8), 1395-1402. (Pubitemid 29409354)
19. Conry, J. (1997). Effects of parental substance abuse on children's development. In S. Harrison & V. Carver (Eds.), Alcohol and drug problems: A practical guide for counsellors, (2nd ed.). Toronto, ON: Addiction Research Foundation.
20. Conry, J. L., & Fast, D. K. (2000). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the criminal justice system. Vancouver, BC: The Law Foundation of British Columbia.
21. Conry, J. L., & Lane, K. (2009). Characteristics of youth on adjudicated probation orders with FASD. Maple Ridge, B.C.: British Columbia Ministry of Children and Family Development.
22. Dagher-Margosian, J. (1997). Representing the FAS client in a criminal case. In A. P. Streissguth & J. Kanter (Eds.), The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome: Overcoming secondary disabilities. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
23. Darby, B. L., Streissguth, A. P., & Smith, D. W. (1981). A preliminary follow-up of 8 children diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome in infancy. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 3, 157-159. (Pubitemid 11048696)
24. Everington, C., & Fulero, S. (1999). Competence to confess: Measuring understanding and suggestibility of defendants with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 37, 212-220.
25. Fast, D. K., & Conry, J. L. (2004). The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome in the criminal legal system. Addiction Biology, 9, 161-166. (Pubitemid 38901600)
26. Fast, D. K., Conry, J. L., & Loock, C. A. (1999). Identifying fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) among youth in the criminal justice system. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 20, 370-372.
27. Fraser, C. (2008). Victims and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD): A review of the issues. Victims of Crime Research Digest, 1, 24-28.
28. Gibbard, W. B., Wass, P., & Clarke, M. E. (2003). The neuropsychological implications of prenatal alcohol exposure. Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, 72-76.
29. Goldschmidt, L., Richardson, G. A., Stoffer, D. S., Geva, D., & Day, N. L. (1996). Prenatal alcohol exposure and academic achievement at age six: A nonlinear fit. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 20, 763-770. (Pubitemid 26186947)
30. Green, C. R., Mihic, A. M., Nikkei, S. M., Stade, B. C., Rasmussen, C., Munoz, D. P., & Reynolds, J. N. (2009). Executive function deficits in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) measured using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Tests Automated Battery (CANTAB). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 688-697.
31. Greenbaum, R., Nulman, I., Rovet, J., & Koren, G. (2002). The Toronto experience in diagnosing alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder: A unique profile of deficits and assets. The Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 9(4), 215-225. (Pubitemid 36903542)
32. Grisso, T. (2003). Evaluating competencies: Forensic assessments and instruments (2nd ed.). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
33. Gruppuso, V. (2009, March). Interrogative suggestibility in children with FASD: Preliminary findings. Poster presented at the 3rd International Conference on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Victoria, BC, Canada.
34. Gudjonsson, G. H. (1997). The Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales manual. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
35. Gudjonsson, G. H. (2003). The psychology of interrogations and confessions. A handbook. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
36. Gudjonsson, G. H. (2010). Psychological vulnerabilities during police interviews. Why are they important? Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15, 161-175.
37. Gudjonsson, G. H., & Clare, I. C. H. (1995). The relationship between confabulation and intellectual ability, memory, interrogative suggestibility and acquiescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 333-338.
38. Gudjonsson, G. H., & Clark, N. K. (1986). Suggestibility in police interrogation: A social psychological model. Social Behaviour, 1, 83-104.
39. Gudjonsson, G. H., & Henry, L. (2003). Child and adult witnesses with intellectual disability: The importance of suggestibility. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 8, 241-252. (Pubitemid 37187231)
40. Gudjonsson, G. H., Murphy, G. H., & Clare, I. C. H. (2000). Assessing the capacity of people with intellectual disabilities to be witnesses in court. Psychological Medicine, 30, 307-314. (Pubitemid 30245794)
41. Gudjonsson, G. H., & Sigurdsson, J. F. (2007). Motivation for offending and personality. A study among young offenders on probation. Personality and Individual Difference, 42, 1243-1253.
42. Gudjonsson, G. H., & Sigurdsson, J. F. (2010). The relationship of compliance with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 651-654.
43. Gudjonsson, G. H., Sigurdsson, J. F., Einarsson, E., Bragason, O. O., & Newton, A. K. (2008). Interrogative suggestibility, compliance and false confessions among prisoners and their relationship with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1037-1044. (Pubitemid 351769227)
44. Gudjonsson, G. H., Wells, J., & Young, S. (2011). Motivation for offending among prisoners and the relationship with Axis I and Axis II disorders and ADHD symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 64-68.
45. Gudjonsson, G. H., & Young, S. (2010). Does confabulation in memory predict suggestibility beyond IQ and memory? Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 65-67.
46. Gudjonsson, G. H., Young, S., & Bramham, J. (2007). Interrogative suggestibility in adults diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A potential vulnerability during police questioning. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 737-745.
47. Hamilton, D. A., Kodituwakku, P., Sutherland, R. J., & Savage, D. D. (2003). Children with fetal alcohol syndrome are impaired at place learning but not cued-navigation in a virtual Morris water task. Behavioural Brain Research, 143(1), 85-94. (Pubitemid 36802187)
48. Inbau, F. E., Reid, J. E., Buckley, J. P., & Jayne, B. P. (2001). Criminal interrogations and confessions. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
49. Jacobson, S. W. (1998). Specificity of neurobehavioral outcomes associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 22, 313-320.
50. Jacobson, S. W., Jacobson, J. L., & Sokol, R. J. (1994). Effects of fetal alcohol exposure on infant reaction time. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 18, 1125-1132. (Pubitemid 24345518)
51. Jacobson, J. L., Jacobson, S. W., Sokol, R. J., Martier, S. S., Ager, J. W., & Kaplan-Estrin, M. G. (1993). Teratogenic effects of alcohol on infant development. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 17, 174-183. (Pubitemid 23080986)
52. Jirikowic, T., Olson, H. C., & Kartin, D. (2008). Sensory processing, school performance, and adaptive behavior of young school-age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 28(2), 117-136.
53. Kaemingk, K. L., & Halverson, P. T. (2000). Spatial memory following prenatal alcohol exposure: More than a material specific memory deficit. Child Neuropsychology, 6, 115-128. (Pubitemid 32009700)
54. Kaemingk, K., & Paquette, A. (1999). Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on neuropsychological functioning. Developmental Neuropsychology, 15, 111-140. (Pubitemid 29081412)
55. Kassin, S. M. (2008). False confessions: Causes, consequences, and implications for reform. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(4), 249-253.
56. Kassin, S. M., & McNall, K. (1991). Police interrogations and confessions: Communicating promises and threats by pragmatic implication. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 233-251.
57. Kelly, S. J., Day, N., & Streissguth, A. P. (2000). Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on social behavior in humans and other species. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 22(2), 143-149. (Pubitemid 30176070)
58. Kerns, K. A., Don, A., Mateer, C. A., & Streissguth, A. P. (1997). Cognitive deficits in non-retarded adults with fetal alcohol syndrome. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30, 685-693.
59. Kodituwakku, P. W. (2009). Neurocognitive profile in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 15(3), 218-224.
60. Kodituwakku, P., Coriale, G., Fiorentino, D., Aragón, A. S., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D., et al. (2006). Neurobehavioral characteristics of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in communities from Italy: Preliminary results. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 30(9), 1551-1561. (Pubitemid 44272745)
61. Kodituwakku, P. W., Handmaker, N. S., Cutler, S. K., Weathersby, E. K., & Handmaker, S. D. (1995). Specific impairments in self-regulation in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 19(6), 1558-1564. (Pubitemid 26005710)
62. Kopera-Frye, K., Dehaene, S., & Streissguth, A. P. (1996). Impairments of number processing induced by prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuropsychologia, 34, 1187-1196. (Pubitemid 26386046)
63. Lee, K. T., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (2004). Classifying children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure using measures of attention. Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society, 10, 271-277. (Pubitemid 38418184)
64. Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
65. Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Loring, D. W., Hannay, H. J., & Fischer, J. S. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
66. Manji, S., Pei, J., Loomes, C., & Rasmussen, C. (2009). A review of the verbal and visual memory impairments in children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 12(4), 239-247.
67. Mattson, S. N., Calarco, K. E. & Lang, A. R. (2006). Focused and shifting attention in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuropsychology, 20(3), 361-369. (Pubitemid 43886871)
68. Mattson, S. N., Goodman, A. M., Caine, C., Delis, D. C., & Riley, E. P. (1999). Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 23(11), 1808-1815.
69. Mattson, S. N. & Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 22(2), 279-294. (Pubitemid 28208948)
70. Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (1999). Implicit and explicit memory functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 462-471. (Pubitemid 29385194)
71. Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Gramling, L., Delis, D. C., & Lyons-Jones, K. (1998). Neuropsychological comparison of alcohol-exposed children with or without physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome. Neuropsychology, 12, 146-153. (Pubitemid 28070405)
72. Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Sowell, E. R., Jernigan, T. L., Sobel, D. F., & Jones, K. L. (1996). A decrease in the size of the basal ganglia in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 20(6), 1088-1093. (Pubitemid 26314836)
73. Mattson, S. N., Schoenfeld, A. M., & Riley, E. P. (1999). Teratogenic effects of alcohol on brain and behaviour. Alcohol Research and Health, 25, 185-191.
74. McGee, C. L., Bjorkquist, O. A., Price, J. M., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (2009). Social information processing in children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 817-830.
75. McGee, C. L., Fryer, S. L., Bjorkquist, O. A., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (2008). Deficits in social problem solving in adolescents with prenatal exposure to alcohol. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 34(4), 423-431. (Pubitemid 351913748)
76. McGee, C. L., Schonfeld, A. M., Roebuck-Spencer, T. M., Riley, E. P., & Mattson, S. N. (2008). Children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure demonstrate deficits on multiple measures of concept formation. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 32, 1388-1397.
77. Moore, T. E., & Green, M. (2004). Fetal alcohol spectrum Disorder (FASD). A need for closer examination by the criminal justice system. Criminal Reports, 19, 99-108. Retrieved December 28, 2010, from http://www.acbr.com/fas/ FASDCrimRep.pdf
78. Nanson, J. L., & Hiscock, M. (1990). Attention deficits in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 14(5), 656-661. (Pubitemid 20354986)
79. Noland, J. S., Singer, L. T., Arendt, R. E., Minnes, S., Short, E. J., & Bearer, C. F. (2003). Executive functioning in preschool-age children prenatally exposed to alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 27(4), 647-656. (Pubitemid 36460704)
80. O'Connell, M. J., Garmoe, W., & Goldstein, N. E. S. (2005). Miranda comprehension in adults with mental retardation and the effects of feedback style on suggestibility. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 359-369. (Pubitemid 41271280)
81. O'Connor, M. J., Frankel, F., Paley, B., Schonfeld, A. M., Carpenter, E., Laugeson, E., et al. (2006). A controlled social skills training for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 639-648. (Pubitemid 44199116)
82. Ofshe, R. J., & Leo, R. A. (1997). The decision to confess falsely: Rational choice and irrational action. Denver University Law Review, 74, 979-1122. (Pubitemid 127677536)
83. Pollard, R., Trowbridge, B., Slade, P. D., Streissguth, A. P., Laktonen, A., & Townes, B. D. (2004). Interrogative suggestibility in a U.S. context: Some preliminary data on normal and FAS/FAE subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1101-1108. (Pubitemid 39145803)
84. Rasmussen, C. (2005). Executive functioning and working memory in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 29(8), 1359-1367.
85. Rasmussen, C., & Bisanz, J. (2009). Executive functioning in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Profiles and age-related differences. Child Neuropsychology, 15(3), 201-215.
86. Rasmussen, C., Wyper, K., & Talwar, V. (2009). The relation between theory of mind and executive functions in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Canadian Journal of Pharmacology, 16(2), e370-e380.
87. Riley, E. P., & McGee, C. L. (2005). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: An overview with emphasis on changes in brain and behavior. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 230(6), 357-365. (Pubitemid 40827700)
88. Roebuck, T. M., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (1999). Behavioral and psychosocial profiles of alcohol-exposed children. Alcohol Clinical & Experimental Research, 23, 1070-1076. (Pubitemid 29283504)
89. Roebuck, T. M., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (2002). Interhemispheric transfer in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 26, 1863-1871. (Pubitemid 36008624)
90. Rogers, R., Harrison, K. S., Hazelwood, L. L., & Sewell, K. W. (2007). Knowing and intelligent: A study of Miranda warnings in mentally disordered defendants. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 401-418. (Pubitemid 47228706)
91. Rogers, R., Harrison, K. S., Rogstad, J. E., LaFortune, K. A., & Hazelwood, L. L. (2010). The role of suggestibility in determination of Miranda abilities: A study of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales. Law and Human Behavior, 34, 66-78.
92. Rogers, R., Shuman, D. W., & Drogin, E. Y. (2008). Miranda rights... and wrongs: Myths, methods, and model solutions. Criminal Justice, 23, 5-8.
93. Schonfeld, A. M., Mattson, S. N., Lang, A. R., Delis, D. C., & Riley, E. P. (2001). Verbal and non-verbal fluency in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 239-246. (Pubitemid 32322155)
94. Schonfeld, A. M., Paley, B., Frankel, F., & O'Connor, M. J. (2006). Executive functioning predicts social skills following prenatal alcohol exposure. Child Neuropsychology, 12(6), 439-452. (Pubitemid 44343991)
95. Smith, P., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (1995). Confabulation among forensic inpatients and its relationship with memory, suggestibility, compliance, anxiety, and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 517-523.
96. Streissguth, A. P., Aase, J. M., Clarren, S. K., Randels, S. P., LaDue, R. A., & Smith, D. F. (1991). Fetal alcohol syndrome in adolescents and adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 265, 1961-1967.
97. Streissguth, A., Barr, H., Kogan, J., & Bookstein, F. (1996). Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Final Report: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Grant No. R04/CCR008515.
98. Streissguth, A. P., Barr, H. M., & Sampson, P. D. (1990). Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure: Effects on child IQ and learning problems at age 7 1/2 years. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 14(5), 662-669. (Pubitemid 20354987)
99. Streissguth, A. P., Barr, H. M., Sampson, P. D., Parrish-Johnson, J. C., Kirchner, G. L., & Martin, D. C. (1986). Attention, distraction, and reaction time at age 7 years and prenatal alcohol exposure. Neurobehavioral Toxicology & Teratology, 8, 717-725. (Pubitemid 17217855)
100. Streissguth, A. P., Bookstein, F. L., Barr, H. M., Press, S., & Sampson, P. D. (1998). A fetal alcohol behavior scale. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 22, 325-333. (Pubitemid 28208953)
101. Streissguth, A. P., Bookstein, F. L., Barr, H. M., Sampson, P. D., O'Malley, K., & Young, J. K. (2004). Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 25(4), 228-238. (Pubitemid 39199568)
102. Streissguth, A. P., Bookstein, F. L., Sampson, P. D., & Barr, H. M. (1989). Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal alcohol: Part III. PLS analyses of neuropsychologic tests. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 11, 493-507. (Pubitemid 20043115)
103. Streissguth, A. P., & Giunta, C. T. (1988). Mental health and health needs of infants and preschool children with fetal alcohol syndrome. International Journal of Family Psychiatry, 9(1), 29-47.
104. Streissguth, A. P., & O'Malley, K. (2000). Neuropsychiatric implications and long-term consequences of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Seminars on Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5, 177-190.
105. Thomas, S. E., Kelly, S. J., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (1998). Comparison of social abilities of children with fetal alcohol syndrome to those of children with similar IQ scores and normal controls. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 22, 528-533. (Pubitemid 28208979)
106. Vaurio, L., Riley, E. P., & Mattson, S. N. (2008). Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(1), 119-129.
107. Weinberg, J., & Guerri, C. (1996). New directions in fetal alcohol syndrome research. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 20 (Suppl.), 72-77.
108. Whaley, S. E., & O'Connor, M. J. (2003). Increasing the report of alcohol use among low-income pregnant women. American Journal of Health Promotion, 17, 369-372. (Pubitemid 36841777)
109. Willford, J. A., Richardson, G. A., Leech, S. L., & Day, N. L. (2004). Verbal and visuospatial learning and memory function in children with moderate prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 28, 497-507. (Pubitemid 38380753)