Spatial displacement and diffusion of benefits among geographically focused policing initiatives: A meta-analytical review

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 347-374

  Bowers, Kate J ^a   Johnson, Shane D ^a   Guerette, Rob T ^b   Summers, Lucia ^a   Poynton, Suzanne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Diffusion of benefits; Displacement; Evaluation; Focused policing initiatives; Meta analysis

Indexed keywords

EID: 80355133269     PISSN: 15733750     EISSN: 15728315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11292-011-9134-8     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Allat, P. (1984). Residential security: containment and displacement of burglary. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 23, 99-116.
2. Barr, R., & Pease, K. (1990). Crime placement, displacement and deflection. In Michael Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice: A review of research, vol. 12. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3. Bowers, K., & Johnson, S. (2003). Measuring the geographical displacement and diffusion of benefit effects of crime prevention activity. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 193, 275-301.
4. Braga, A. A. (2007). Effects of hot spots policing on crime. A Campbell Collaboration systematic review, available at: http://www. aic. gov. au/campbellcj/reviews/titles. html.
5. Braga, A. A., & Bond, B. J. (2008). Policing crime and disorder hot spots: A randomized controlled trial. Criminology, 46(3), 577-607.
6. Braga, A. A., Weisburd, D. L., Waring, E. J., Mazerolle, L. G., Spelman, W., & Gajewski, F. (1999). Problem-oriented policing in violent crime places: A randomized controlled experiment. Criminology, 37(3), 541-580.
7. Brantingham, P. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (1981). Notes on the geometry of crime. In P. Brantingham & P. Brantingham (Eds.), Environmental criminology. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
8. Campbell, D. T. & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designsfor research. Dallas: Houghton Mifflin.
9. Chaiken, J. M., Lawless, M., & Stevenson, K. A. (1974). The impact of police activity on crime. Urban Analysis, 3, 173-205.
10. Clarke, R. V., & Eck, J. (2005). Crime analysis for problem solvers in 60 small steps. Washington: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, United States Department of Justice.
11. Clarke, R. V., & Weisburd, D. (1994). Diffusion of crime control benefits: Observations on the reverse of displacement. In R. V. Clarke (Ed.), Crime prevention studies, vol. 2. Monsey: Criminal Justice Press.
12. Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (Eds.). (1986). The reasoning criminal. New York: Springer-Verlag.
13. Duval, S. J., & Tweedie, R. L. (2000). A non-parametric "trim and fill" method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 95, 89-98.
14. Eck, J. E. (1993). The threat of crime displacement. Criminal Justice Abstracts, 253, 527-546.
15. Eck, J., Clarke, R. V., & Guerette, R. T. (2007). Risky facilities: Crime concentration in homogeneous sets of establishments and facilities. Crime Prevention Studies, 21, 225-264.
16. Farrington, D., & Welsh, B. (2002). Effects of improved street lighting on crime: A systematic review. Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, August, Research Study 251.
17. Farrington, D. P., Gill, M., Waples, S. J., & Argomaniz, J. (2007). The effects of closed-circuit television on crime: Meta-analysis of an English national quasiexperimental multi-site evaluation. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 3(1), 21-38.
18. Green, L. (1995). Cleaning up drug hot spots in Oakland, California: The displacement and diffusion effects. Justice Quarterly, 124, 737-754.
19. Guerette, R. T., & Bowers, K. (2009). Assessing the Extent of Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits: A Review of Situational Crime Prevention Evaluations. Criminology, 47(4).
20. Hesseling, Rene. (1994). Displacement: A review of the empirical literature. In R. V. Clarke (Ed.), Crime prevention studies, vol. 3. Monsey: Criminal Justice Press.
21. Johnson, S. D. (2009). Potential uses of computational methods in the evaluation of crime reduction activity. In J. Knuttson & N. Tilley (Eds.), Evaluating crime prevention. New York: Criminal Justice Press.
22. Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
23. Marchant, P. (2004). A demonstration that the claim that brighter lighting reduces crime is unfounded. British Journal of Criminology, 44, 441-447.
24. Marchant, P. (2005). What works? A critical note on the evaluation of crime reduction initiatives. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 7(2), 7-13.
25. Lorraine, M., Rombouts, S., & Soole, D. W. (2007). Street-level drug law enforcement: A meta-analytic review. A Campbell Collaboration Systematic review, available at: http://www. campbellcollaboration. org/library. php.
26. Miethe, T. D. (1991). Citizen-based crime control activity and victimization risks: An examination of displacement and free rider effects. Criminology, 29, 419-439.
27. Pease, K. (1998). Repeat victimization: Taking stock. Crime detection and prevention paper series paper #90. London: Home Office.
28. Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A practical guide. Oxford: Blackwell.
29. Rengert, G., Wasilchick, J. (1985). Suburban burglary: A time and a place for everything. Springfield, IL: CharlesThomas.
30. Sherman, L., Gartin, P. R., & Buerger, M. E. (1989). Hotspots of predatory crime: Routine activities in the criminology of place. Criminology, 27(1), 27-56.
31. Weisburd, D., & Green, L. (1995a). Measuring immediate spatial displacement: Methodological issues and problems. In J. Eck & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Crime and place. Crime prevention studies, vol. 4. Monsey: Criminal Justice Press.
32. Weisburd, D., & Green, L. (1995b). Policing drug hot spots: The Jersey City drug market analysis experiment. Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 711-735.
33. Weisburd, D., Wyckoff, L., Ready, J., Eck, J., Hinkle, J. C., & Gajewski, F. (2006). Does crime just move around the corner? A controlled study of spatial displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits. Criminology, 44(3), 549-591.
34. Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Hinkle, J. C., & Eck, J. E. (2008). The effects of problem-oriented policing on crime and disorder. A Campbell Collaboration Systematic Review available at: http://test. c2admin. org/index. php?go=browse&sort=title&view=all&search=weisburd&search_criteria=author.
35. Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Hinkle, J. C., & Eck, J. E. (2010). Is problem-oriented policing effective in reducing crime and disorder? Criminology & Public Policy, 9(1), 139-172.
36. Bellamy, L. C. (1997). The toller lane crime management tool: Tackling crime more effectively. Security Journal, 9(1-3), 15-21.
37. Braga, A. A., & Bond, B. J. (2008b). Policing crime and disorder hot spots: A randomized controlled trial. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 46(3), 577-607.
38. Braga, A. A., Weisburd, D. L., Waring, E. J., Mazerolle, L. G., Spelman, W., & Gajewski, F. (1999b). Problem-oriented policing in violent crime places: A randomized controlled experiment. Criminology, 37(3), 541-580.
39. Caeti, T. (1999). Houston's targeted beat program:? A quasi-experimental test of police patrol strategies. PhD. Diss., Sam Houston State University. Ann Arbor MI: University Microfilms International.
40. Cator, M. (2006). Operation mullion: Reducing anti-social behaviour and crime in and around Mayfield School. Hampshire Constabulary. Tilley Award Finalist.
41. Chenery, S., Holt, J., & Pease, K. (1997). Biting back II: Reducing repeat victimisation in Huddersfield. Crime Detection and Prevention Series, Paper 82, Home Office.
42. Clarke, R. V., & Goldstein, H. (2002). Reducing theft at construction sites: Lessons from a problem oriented project. Crime Prevention Studies, 13, 89-130.
43. Clarke, R. V., & Goldstein, H. (2003). Thefts from cars in city-center parking facitlities: A case study in implementing problem oriented policing. Crime Prevention Studies, 15, 257-298.
44. Cohen, J., & Ludwig, J. (2003). Policing crime guns. In J. Ludwig & P. J. Cook (Eds.), Evaluating gun policy; effects on crime and violence (pp. 217-250). Washington: Brookings Institute Press.
45. Cummings, R. (2006). 'What if': The counterfactual in program evaluation. Evaluation Journal of Australasia, 6(2), 6-15 (new series).
46. Curran, K., Dale, M., Edmunds, M., Hough, M., Millie, A., & Wagstaff, M. (2005). Street crime in London: Deterrence, disruption and displacement. London: Government Office for London.
47. Eck, J., & Spelman, W. (1987). Problem-solving: Problem oriented policing in Newport News. Police Executive Research Forum.
48. Esbensen, F. A. (1987). Foot patrols: Of what value. American Journal of Police, 6, 45. Retrieved from www. heonline. org.
49. Farrell, G., Chenery, S., & Pease, K. (1998). Consolidating police crackdowns: Findings from an anti-burglary project. Police Research Series Paper 113, London, UK.
50. Forrester, D. H., Chatterton, M. R., & Pease, K. (1988). The Kirkholt burglary prevention demonstration project, Home Office Crime Prevention Unit Paper no. 13. London: HM Stationary Office.
51. Green, L. (1995b). Cleaning up drug hot spots in Oakland. California: The Displacement and Diffusion Effects, Justice Quarterly, 12, 737.
52. Grogger, J. (2002). The effects of civil gang injunctions on reported violent crime: Evidence from Los Angeles County. Journal of Law and Economics, 45(1), 69-90.
53. Higgins, D. F., & Coldren, J. R. (2000). Evaluating gang and drug house abatement in Chicago. Chicago: Criminal Justice Authority.
54. Hope, T. J. (1994). Problem oriented policing and drug market locations: Three case studies. Crime Prevention Studies, 2, 5-31.
55. Hopkins, M. (2004). Targeting hotspots of alcohol-related town centre violence: A Nottinghamshire case study. Security Journal, 17(4), 53-66.
56. Kane, R. J. (2006). On the limits of social control: Structural deterrence and the policing of "Suppressible" crimes. Justice Quarterly, 23(2), 186-213.
57. Katz, C. M., Webb, V. J., & Schaefer, D. R. (2001). Assessment of the impact of quality-of-life policing on crime and disorder. Justice Quarterly, 18(4), 825-876.
58. Knutsson, J. (1996). Restoring public order in a city park. Crime Prevention Journal, 6, 133-151.
59. Lateef, A. B. (1974). Helicopter patrol in law enforcement - An evaluation. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 2(1), 62-65.
60. Lawton, B. A., Taylor, R. B., & Luongo, A. J. (2005). Police officers on drug corners in Philadelphia, drug crime, and violent crime: Intended, diffusion, and displacement impacts. Justice Quarterly, 22(4), 427-451.
61. Matthews, R. (1993). Kerb-crawling, prostitution and multi-agency policing. Crime Prevention Unit Paper 43.
62. Mazerolle, L. G., Price, J. F., & Roehl, J. (2000). Civil remedies and drug control: A randomized field trial in Oakland, California. Evaluation Review, 24(2), 212-241.
63. McCabe, J. E. (2009). The narcotics initiative: An examination of the NYPD approach to drug enforcement, 1995-2001. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 20, 170-187.
64. McGarrell, E. F., Chermak, S., Weiss, A., & Wilson, J. (2001). Reducing firearms violence through directed police patrol. Criminology & Public Policy, 1, 119-148.
65. Morris, S. (1996). Policing problem housing estates. Crime prevention and detection series, paper 74, Home Office.
66. Novak, K. J., Hartman, J. L., Holsinger, A. M., & Turner, M. G. (1999). The effects of aggressive policing of disorder on serious crime. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 22(2), 171-190.
67. Press, S. J. (1971). Some effects of an increase in police manpower in the 20th precinct of New York City. R-704-NYC. New York: New York City Rand Institute.
68. Priest, T. B., & Brown Carter, D. (2002). Community-oriented policing: Assessing a police saturation operation (from policing and community partnerships, P 111-124, 2000, dennis J. stevens, ed., -- see NCJ-194083). Retrieved from http://www. policetrainings).
69. Ratcliffe, J., & Makkai, T. (2004). Diffusion of benefits: Evaluating a policing operation. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice, 278. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
70. Ratcliffe, J. H., Taniguchi, T., Groff, E. R., Wood, J. D. (2010). The Philadelphia foot patrol experiment: A randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hotspots. Submitted to Criminology.
71. Roman, C., Cahill, M., Coggeshall, M., Lagerson, E., Courtney, S. (2005). Weed and seed initiative and crime displacement in south florida: An examination of spatial displacement associated with crime control initiatives and the redevelopment of public health.
72. Segrave, M., & Collins, L. (2005). Evaluation of a suburban crime prevention team, Technical and background paper series, 14. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
73. Sherman, L. W., & Rogan, D. P. (1995). Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: Hot spots patrol in Kansas City. Justice Quarterly, 12, 673.
74. Skogan, W. G., & Hartnett, S. M. (1997). Community policing: Chicago style. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
75. Smith, M. R. (2001). Police-led crackdowns and cleanups: An evaluation of a crime control initiative in Richmond, Virginia. Crime and Delinquency, 47(1), 60-83.
76. Tilley, N., & Hopkins, M. (1998). Business as usual: An evaluation of the small business and crime initiative. Police Research Series Paper 95. London: Home Office.
77. Tita, G., Riley, K. J., Ridgeway, G., Grammich, C., Abrahamse, A., & Greenwood, P. W. (2003). Reducing gun violence: Results from an intervention in East Los Angeles. Santa Monica: Rand Public Safety and Justice, Rand Corporation.
78. Wagers, M. (2007). Broken windows policing: The LAPD experience, Ph. D. diss., Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - Newark.
79. Weidner, R. R. (1999). "I won't do Manhattan": A study of the causes and consequences of a decline in street prostitution. Ph. D. diss., Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - Newark.
80. Weisburd, D., & Green, L. (1995c). Policing drug hot spots: The Jersey City Drug Market Analysis experiment. Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 711-742.
81. Weisburd, D., Wyckoff, L. A., Ready, J., Eck, J. E., Hinkle, J. C., & Gajewski, F. (2006b). Does crime just move around the corner? A controlled study of spatial displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 4.