Factors associated with paradoxical immune response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected patients: A case control study

BMC Infectious Diseases

Volumn 11, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Casotti, Janaina A S ^a   Passos, Luciana N ^a   Oliveira, Fabiano J P ^b   Cerutti Jr, Crispim ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF ESPÍRITO SANTO   (Brazil)

^b Secretary of Health of the Municipality of Vitória ^*  (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD34 ANTIGEN; CD4 ANTIGEN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DIDANOSINE; TENOFOVIR; ZIDOVUDINE; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADULT; ARTICLE; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; BRAZIL; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CD34 SELECTION; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEATH; FEMALE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL RECORD; SEX DIFFERENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS LOAD; IMMUNOLOGY; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTOR; VIROLOGY;

ADULT; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; BRAZIL; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 80055112023     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-306     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Thompson MA, Aberg JA, Cahn P, Montaner JS, Rizzardini G, Telenti A, Gatell JM, Günthard HF, Hammer SM, Hirsch MS, Jacobsen DM, Reiss P, Richman DD, Volberding PA, Yeni P, Schooley RT, . International AIDS Society-USA 2010 guidelines for antiretroviral treatment of HIV from the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA 2010, 304(3):321-33. 10.1001/jama.2010.1004, 20639566, International AIDS Society-USA.
2. Lemgruber A, Lomar AV, Kalichmann AO, Grinsztein B, Durovni B, Rosenthal C, Ramos Filho CS, Lotuffo D, Grecco DB, Arruda EA, Andrade Neto JL, Lacerda MCR, Simão MG, Scheffer M, Moraes MJ, Barcellos NT, Leite OM, Silveira OS, Kuchembecker R, Diaz RS, Hallal RC, Knoll R, Del Bianco R, Manda S, Tupinambás U, Santos VGV, Rolla VC, Mendes WS. Recomendações para terapia anti-retroviral em adultos e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV 2007/2008. Jornal Brasileiro de AIDS 2007, 8:1-112.
3. 2009 AIDS Epidemic Update. , http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/epidemiology/2009aidsepidemicupdate/
4. Hunt PW, Deeks SG, Rodriguez B, Valdez H, Shade SB, Abrams DI, Kitahata MM, Krone M, Neilands TB, Brand RJ, Lederman MM, Martin JN. Continued CD4 cell count increases in HIV-infected adults experiencing 4 years of viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003, 17:1907-15. 10.1097/00002030-200309050-00009, 12960823.
5. The Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Cohort Collaboration Prognosis of HIV-1 infected patients up to 5 years after initiation of HAART: collaborative analysis of prospective studies. AIDS 2007, 21:1185-97. The Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Cohort Collaboration.
6. Dronda F, Moreno S, Moreno JL, Perez-Elias MJ, Antela A. Long-term outcomes among antiretroviral-naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected patients with small increases in CD4+ cell counts after successful virologic suppression. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35:1005-9. 10.1086/342695, 12355389.
7. Gandhi RT, Spritzler J, Chan E, Asmuth DM, Rodriguez B, Merigan TC, Hirsch MS, Shafer RW, Robbins GK, Pollard RB, . ACTG 384 Team Effect of baseline- and treatment-related factors on immunologic recovery after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-positive subjects: results fromACTG 384. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006, 42:426-34. 10.1097/01.qai.0000226789.51992.3f, 16810109, ACTG 384 Team.
8. Gutierrez F, Padilla S, Masiá M, Iribarren JA, Moreno S, Viciana P, Hernández-Quero J, Alemán R, Vidal F, Salavert M, Blanco JR, Leal M, Dronda F, Perez Hoyos S, del Amo J, . CoRIS-MD Patients' characteristics and clinical implications of suboptimal CD4 T-cell gains after 1 year of successful antiretroviral therapy. Curr HIV Res 2008, 6:100-7. 10.2174/157016208783885038, 18336257, CoRIS-MD.
9. Marimoutou C, Chene G, Mercie P, Neau D, Farbos S, Morlat P, Ceccaldi J, Dabis F, . Group d'Epidemiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine Prognostic factors of combined viral load and CD4+ cell count responses under triple antiretroviral therapy, Aquitaine Cohort, 1996-1998. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001, 27(2):161-7. Group d'Epidemiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine.
10. Moore DM, Hogg RS, Yip B, Wood E, Tyndall M, Braitstein P, Montaner JS. Discordant immunologic and virologic responses to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy are associated with increased mortality and poor adherence to therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005, 40:288-93. 10.1097/01.qai.0000182847.38098.d1, 16249702.
11. Nicastri E, Chiesi A, Angeletti C, Sarmati L, Palmisano L, Geraci A, Andreoni M, Vella S, . Italian Antiretroviral Treatment Group (IATG) Clinical outcome after 4 years follow-up of HIV-seropositive subjects with incomplete virologic or immunologic response to HAART. J Med Virol 2005, 76:153-60. 10.1002/jmv.20352, 15834865, Italian Antiretroviral Treatment Group (IATG).
12. Piketty C, Weiss L, Thomas F, Mohamed AS, Belec L, Kazatchkini MD. Long-term clinical outcome of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with discordant immunologic and virologic responses to a Protease Inhibitor-containing regimen. J Infect Dis 2001, 183:1328-35. 10.1086/319861, 11294663.
13. Renaud M, Katlama C, Mallet A, Calvez V, Carcelain G, Tubiana R, Jouan M, Caumes E, Agut H, Bricaine F, Debré P, Autran B. Determinants of paradoxical CD4 cell reconstitution after protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral regimen. AIDS 1999, 13:669-76. 10.1097/00002030-199904160-00007, 10397561.
14. Tan R, Westfall AO, Willig JH, Mugavero MJ, Saag MS, Kaslow RA, Kempf MC. Clinical outcome of HIV-infected antiretroviral-naïve patients with discordant immunologic and virologic responses to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008, 47:553-8. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31816856c5, 18285713.
15. Baker JV, Peng G, Rapkin J, Krason D, Reilly C, Cavert WP, Abrams DI, MacArthur RD, Henry K, Neaton JD, . Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) Poor initial CD4+ recovery with antiretroviral therapy prolongs immune depletion and increases risk for AIDS and non-AIDS diseases. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008, 48:541-6. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31817bebb3, 18645520, Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA).
16. Grabar S, Moing V-L, Goujard C, Leport C, Kazatchkine MD, Castagliola D, Welss L. Clinical outcome of patients with HIV-1 infection according to immunologic and virologic response after 6 months of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Ann Intern Med 2000, 133:401-10.
17. Mehta SH, Lucas G, Astemborski J, Kirk GD, Vlalov D, Galai N. Early immunologic and virologic responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy and subsequent disease progression among HIV-infected injection drug users. AIDS Care 2007, 19(5):637-45. 10.1080/09540120701235644, 17505924.
18. Tuboi SH, Brinkhof MWG, Egger M, Stone RA, Braitstein P, Nash D, Sprinz E, Dabis F, Harrison LH, Schechter M. Discordant responses to potent antiretroviral treatment in previously naive HIV-1-infected adults initiating treatment in resource-constrained countries: the antiretroviral therapy in low-income countries (ART-LINC) collaboration. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007, 45:52-9. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e318042e1c3, 17460471.
19. Falster K, Petoumenos K, Chuah J, Mijch A, Mulhall B, Kelly M, Cooper DA. Poor baseline immune function predicts an incomplete immune response to combination antiretroviral treatment despite sustained viral suppression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009, 50:307-13. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181945ed4, 2743677, 19194311.
20. Florence E, Lundgren J, Dreezen C, Fisher M, Kirk O, Blaxhult A, Panos G, Katlama C, Vella S, Phillips A, . EuroSIDA Study Group Factors associated with a reduced CD4 lymphocyte count response to HAART despite full viral suppression in the EuroSIDA study. HIV Med 2003, 4:255-62. 10.1046/j.1468-1293.2003.00156.x, 12859325, EuroSIDA Study Group.
21. Gilson R, Man S-L, Copas A, Rider A, Forsyth S, Hill T, Bansi L, Porter K, Gazzard B, Orkin C, Pillay D, Schwenk A, Johnson M, Easterbook P, Walsh J, Fisher M, Leen C, Anderson J, Sabin CA, . UK Collaborative HIV Cohort Study Group Discordant responses on stating highly active antiretroviral therapy: suboptimal CD4 increases despite early viral suppression in the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (UK CHIC) Study. HIV Med 2010, 11:152-60. 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00755.x, 19732175, UK Collaborative HIV Cohort Study Group.
22. Kaufmann GR, Bloch M, Finlayson R, Zaunders J, Smith D, Cooper A. The extent of HIV-1-related immunodeficiency and age predict the long-term CD4 T lymphocyte response to potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2002, 16:359-67. 10.1097/00002030-200202150-00007, 11834947.
23. Kaufmann GR, Furrer H, Ledergerber B, Perrin L, Oprail M, Vernazza P, Cavassini M, Bernasconi E, Rickenbach M, Hirschel B, Battegay M, . Swiss HIV Cohort Studyl Characteristics, determinants, and clinical relevance of CD4 T cell recovery to < 500 cells/microL in HIV type 1-infected individuals receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:361-72. 10.1086/431484, 16007534, Swiss HIV Cohort Studyl.
24. Kelley CF, Kitchen CMR, Hunt PW, Rodriguez B, Hecht FM, Kitahata M, Crane HM, Willig J, Musgavero M, Saag M, Martin JN, Deeks SG. Incomplete peripheral CD4+ cell count restoration in HIV-infected patients receiving long-term antiretroviral treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:787-94. 10.1086/597093, 2720023, 19193107.
25. Piketty C, Castiel P, Belec L, Batisse D, Mohamed AS, Gilquin J, Gonzalez-Canali G, Jayle D, Karmochkine M, Weiss L, Aboulker JP, Kazatchkine MD. Discrepant responses to triple combination antiretroviral therapy in advanced HIV disease. AIDS 1998, 12:745-50. 10.1097/00002030-199807000-00011, 9619806.
26. Jevtovic DJ, Salemovic D, Ranin J, Serjav S, Djurkovic-Djakovic O. The prevalence and risk of immune restoration disease in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2005, 6:140-3. 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2005.00277.x, 15807721.
27. Nakanjako D, Kiragga A, Ibrahim F, Castelnuovo B, Kamya MR, Easterbrook PJ. Sub-optimal CD4 reconstitution despite viral suppression in an urban cohort on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa: Frequency and clinical significance. AIDS Res Ther 2008, 5:23. 10.1186/1742-6405-5-23, 2605744, 18957083.
28. Nicastri E, Angeletti C, Palmisano L, Sarmati L, Chiesi A, Geraci A, Andreoni M, Vella S, . Italian Antiretroviral Treatment Group Gender differences in clinical progression of HIV-1-infected individuals during long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2005, 19:577-83. 10.1097/01.aids.0000163934.22273.06, 15802976, Italian Antiretroviral Treatment Group.
29. Grabar S, Kousignian I, Sobel A, Le Bras P, Gasnault J, Enel P, Jung C, Mahamat A, Lang JM, Costagliola D. Immunologic and clinical responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy over 50 years of age. Results from the French Hospital Database on HIV. AIDS 2004, 18:2029-38. 10.1097/00002030-200410210-00007, 15577624.
30. Gras L, Kesselring AM, Griffin JT, Sighem AIV, Fraser C, Ghani AC, Miedema F, Reiss P, Lange JM, de Wolf F, . ATHENA Netherlands National Observational Cohort Study CD4 cell counts of 800 cells/mm3 or greater after 7 years of highly active antiretroviral therapy are feasible in most patients starting with 350 ells/mm3 or greater. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007, 45:183-92. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31804d685b, 17414934, ATHENA Netherlands National Observational Cohort Study.
31. Huttner AC, Kaufmann GR, Battegay M, Weber R, Opravil M. Treatment initiation with zidovudine-containing potent antiretroviral therapy impairs CD4 cell count recovery but not clinical efficacy. AIDS 2007, 21:939-46. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3280f00fd6, 17457087.
32. Khanna N, Opravil M, Furrer H, Cavassini M, Vernazza P, Bernasconi E, Weber R, Hirschel B, Battegay M, Kaufmann GR, . Swiss Cohort Study CD4+ T cell count recovery in HIV type 1-infected patients is independent of class of antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:1093-101. 10.1086/592113, 18783328, Swiss Cohort Study.
33. Lederman MM, McKinnis R, Kelleher D, Cutrell A, Mellors J, Neisler M, Cooney E, Haas DW, Haubrich R, Stanford J, Horton J, Landay A, Spreen W. Cellular restoration in HIV infected persons treated with abacavir and a protease inhibitor: age inversely predicts naive CD4 cell count increase. AIDS 2000, 14:2635-42. 10.1097/00002030-200012010-00002, 11125881.
34. Moore RD, Keruly JC. CD4+ cell count 6 years after commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy in persons with sustained virological suppression. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:441-6. 10.1086/510746, 17205456.
35. Micheloud D, Berenguer J, Bellón JM, Miralles P, Cosin J, de Quiros JC, Conde MS, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Resino S. Negative influence of age on CD4+ cell recovery after highly active antiretroviral therapy in naive HIV-1-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency. J Infect 2008, 56:130-6. 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.12.001, 18192020.
36. Sachdeva N, Astharia V, Brewer TH, Garcia D, Ashana D. Impaired Restoration of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in HIV-1-Infected Patients with Poor CD4 T Cell Reconstitution Is Associated with Decrease in Capacity to Produce IFN-alfa but Not Proinflammatory Cytokines. J Immunol 2008, 181:2887-97.
37. Siddique MA, Hartman KE, Dragileva E, Dondero M, Gebretsadik T, Shintani A, Peiperl L, Valentine F, Kalams SA. Low CD4+ cell nadir is an independent predictor of lower HIV-specific immune responses in chronically HIV-1-infected subjects receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2006, 194:661-5. 10.1086/505913, 16897665.
38. Barrios A, Rendón A, Negredo E, Barreiro P, Garcia-Benayas T, Labarga P, Santos J, Domingo P, Sánchez-Conde M, Maida I, Martín-Carbonero L, Núñez M, Blanco F, Clotet B, Sambeat MA, Gil P, Gonzalez-Lahoz J, Cooper D, Soriano V. Paradoxical CD4+ T-cell decline in HIV-infected patients with complete virus suppression taking tenofovir and didanosine. AIDS 2005, 19:569-75. 10.1097/01.aids.0000163933.14649.93, 15802975.
39. López de Castilla D, Verdonck K, Otero L, Iglesias D, Echevarria J, Lut L, Gotuzzo E, Seas C. Predictors of CD4+ cell count response and of adverse outcome among HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in a public hospital in Peru. Int J Infect Dis 2008, 12:325-31. 10.1016/j.ijid.2007.09.008, 18546542.
40. Spritzler J, Mildvan D, Russo A, Asthana D, Livnat D, Schock B, Kagan J, Landay A, Haas DW, . Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group Can immune markers predict subsequent discordance between immunologic and virologic responses to antiretroviral therapy? Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:551-8. 10.1086/376986, 12905140, Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group.
41. Wood E, Hogg RS, Yip B, Harrigan PR, O'Shaughnessy MV, Montaner JSG. The impact of adherence on CD4 cell count responses among HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004, 35:261-8. 10.1097/00126334-200403010-00006, 15076240.
42. Negredo E, Moltó J, Burger D, Viciana P, Ribera E, Paredes R, Juan M, Ruiz L, Puig J, Pruvost A, Grassi J, Masmitjà E, Clotet B. Unexpected CD4 cell count decline in patients receiving didanosine and tenofovir-based regimens despite undetectable viral load. AIDS 2004, 18:459-63. 10.1097/00002030-200402200-00012, 15090798.
43. Miller MF, Haley C, Koziel MJ, Rowley CF. Impact of Hepatitis C Virus on Immune Restoration in HIV-Infected Patients Who Start Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: A Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:713-20. 10.1086/432618, 16080095.
44. Taiwo BO, Li X, Palella F, Jacobson LP, Margolick JB, Detels R, Rinaldo CR, Phair JP. Higher risk of AIDS or death in patients with lower CD4 cell counts after virally suppressive HAART. HIV Med 2009, 10:657-60. 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00739.x, 2783359, 19601997.
45. Victora CG, Huttly SR, Fuchs SC, Olinto MTA. The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach. Int J Epidemiol 1997, 26:224-7. 10.1093/ije/26.1.224, 9126524.
46. Oyomopito R, Lee MP, Phanuphak P, Lim PL, Ditangco R, Zhou J, Sirisanthana T, Chen YM, Pujari S, Kumarasamy N, Sungkanuparph S, Lee CK, Kamarulzman A, Oka S, Zhang FJ, Mean CV, Merati T, Tau G, Smith J, Li PC, . TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database Measures of site resourcing predict virologic suppression, immunologic response and HIV disease progression following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the TREAT Asia HIV Obeservational Database (TAHOD). HIV Med 2010, 11(8):519-29. 2914850, 20345881, TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database.
47. Zoufaly A, Heiden M, Kollan C, Bogner JR, Fatkenheuer G, Wasmuth JC, Stoll M, Hamouda O, van Lunzen J, . ClinSurv Study Group Clinical outcome of HIV-infected patients with discordant virological and immunological response to antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2010, 203:364-71. ClinSurv Study Group.
48. Benveniste O, Flahault A, Rollot F, Elbim C, Estaquier J, Pedron B, Duval X, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Clayette P, Sterkers G, Simon A, Ameisen JC, Leport C. Mechanisms Involved in the Low-Level Regeneration of CD4+ Cells in HIV-1-Infected Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Who Have Prolonged Undetectable Plasma Viral Loads. J Infect Dis 2005, 191:1670-9. 10.1086/429670, 15838794.
49. Hazenberg M, Otto S, Wit F, Lange J, Hamann D, Miedema F. Discordant responses during antiretroviral therapy: role of immune activation and T cell redistribution rather than true CD4 T cell loss. AIDS 2002, 16:1287-9. 10.1097/00002030-200206140-00013, 12045496.
50. Brenchley JM, Price PA, Schacker TW, Asher TE, Silvestri G, Rao S, Kazzaz Z, Bornstein E, Lambotte O, Altmann D, Blazar BR, Rodriguez B, Teixeira-Johnson L, Landay A, Martin JN, Hecht FM, Picker LJ, Lederman MM, Deeks SG, Douek DC. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat Med 2006, 12(12):1365-71.
51. Benito JM, Lopez M, Lozano S, Gonzalez-Lahoz J, Soriano V. Down-Regulation of Interleukin-7 Receptor (CD127) in HIV Infection Is Associated with T Cell Activation and Is a Main Factor Influencing Restoration of CD4_ Cells after Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2008, 198:1466-73. 10.1086/592716, 18847371.
52. Levy Y, Lacabaratz C, Weiss L, Viard JP, Goujard C, Lelièvre JD, Bouè F, Molina JM, Rouzioux C, Avettand-Fénoêl V, Croughs T, Beq S, Thiébaut R, Chêne G, Morre M, Delfraissy JF. Enhanced T cell recovery in HIV-1-infected adults through IL-7 treatment. J Clin Invest 2009, 119(4):997-1007. 2662568, 19287090.
53. Neuhaus J, Angus B, Kowalska JD, La Rosa A, Sampson J, Wentworth D, Mocroft A, . INSIGHT SMART and ESPRIT study groups Risk of all-cause mortality associated with nonfatal AIDS and serious non-AIDS events among adults infected with HIV. AIDS 2010, 24(5):697-706. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283365356, 2897168, 20177360, INSIGHT SMART and ESPRIT study groups.