Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2010 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel

JAMA

Volumn 304, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 321-333

  Thompson, Melanie A ^a   Aberg, Judith A ^c   Cahn, Pedro ^d   Montaner, Julio S G ^j   Rizzardini, Giuliano ^l   Telenti, Amalio ^m   Gatell, José M ^e   Günthard, Huldrych F ^f   Hammer, Scott M ^g   Hirsch, Martin S ^h   Jacobsen, Donna M ⁱ   Reiss, Peter ^k   Richman, Douglas D ^b   Volberding, Paul A ⁿ   Yeni, Patrick ^o   Schooley, Robert T ^b  

^a AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^f UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^g Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ^*  (United States)

^h HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

ⁱ International AIDS Society USA   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^k UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^l UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^m LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^o BICHAT HOSPITAL   (France)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ABACAVIR PLUS LAMIVUDINE; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ATAZANAVIR; ATAZANAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; DARUNAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; EFAVIRENZ PLUS EMTRICITABINE PLUS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; EMTRICITABINE; EMTRICITABINE PLUS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; ENTECAVIR; FOSAMPRENAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; INDINAVIR; INDINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; INTEGRASE STRAND TRANSFER INHIBITOR; LAMIVUDINE; LOPINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; MARAVIROC; NEVIRAPINE; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RALTEGRAVIR; RIBAVIRIN; RITONAVIR PLUS SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZIDOVUDINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGING; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BONE DENSITY; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMORBIDITY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DISEASE COURSE; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEART INFARCTION; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE; JAUNDICE; LIPODYSTROPHY; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MORTALITY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PATIENT MONITORING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QT PROLONGATION; RACE DIFFERENCE; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT INDICATION; TUBERCULOSIS; UNITED STATES; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS HEPATITIS; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REACTIVATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

EID: 77954692660     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: 15383598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1004     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Hammer SM, Eron JJ Jr, Reiss P, et al; International AIDS Society-USA. Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2008 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA. 2008;300(5):555-570.
2. Carpenter CCJ, Fischl MA, Hammer SM, et al; International AIDS Society-USA. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1996. JAMA. 1996;276(2):146-154.
3. Harrison KM, Song R, Zhang X. Life expectancy after HIV diagnosis based on national HIV surveillance data from 25 states, United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53(1):124-130.
4. Lohse N, Hansen AB, Pedersen G, et al. Survival of persons with and without HIV infection in Denmark, 1995-2005. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(2):87-95.
5. Bhaskaran K, Hamouda O, Sannes M, et al;CASCADE Collaboration. Changes in the risk of death after HIV seroconversion compared with mortality in the general population. JAMA. 2008;300(1):51-59.
6. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. Lancet. 2008;372(9635): 293-299.
7. Neuhaus J, Angus B, Kowalska JD, et al; INSIGHT SMART and ESPRIT study groups. Risk of all-cause mortality associated with nonfatal AIDS and serious non-AIDS events among adults infected with HIV. AIDS. 2010;24(5):697-706.
8. Anis AH, Nosyk B, Sun H, et al; OPTIMA Team1. Quality of life of patients with advanced HIV/AIDS: measuring the impact of both AIDS-defining events and non-AIDS serious adverse events. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(5):631-639.
9. Palella F, Armon C, Buchacz K, et al. CD4 at HAART initiation predicts long-term CD4 responses and mortality from AIDS and non-AIDS causes in the HIV outpatients study. In: 17th Annual Canadian Conference on HIV/AIDS Research. San Francisco, CA: CROI; 2010. Abstract 983.
10. Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, et al; NA-ACCORD Investigators. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(18):1815-1826.
11. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Causes of death in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, 1996-2006: collaborative analysis of 13 HIV cohort studies. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(10): 1387-1396.
12. HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration. The effect of combined antiretroviral therapy on the overall mortality of HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 2010;24(1):123-137.
13. Sterne JA, May M, Costagliola D, et al; When To Start Consortium. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies. Lancet. 2009; 373(9672):1352-1363.
14. Ferry T, Raffi F, Collin-Filleul F, et al; ANRS CO8 (APROCO-COPILOTE) Study Group. Uncontrolled viral replication as a risk factor for non-AIDS severe clinical events in HIV-infected patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009; 51(4):407-415.
15. Monforte A, Abrams D, Pradier C, et al; Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) Study Group. HIV-induced immunodeficiency and mortality from AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies. AIDS. 2008;22(16):2143-2153.
16. Hargrove JW, Humphrey JH; ZVITAMBO Study Group. Mortality among HIV-positive postpartum women with high CD4 cell counts in Zimbabwe. AIDS. 2010;24(3):F11-F14.
17. Perinatal HIV Guidelines Working Group. Public Health Service Task Force recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States - April 29, 2009. http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/ PerinatalGL.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2010.
18. European AIDS Clinical Society. European guidelines for clinical management and treatment of HIV infected adults in Europe. http://www. europeanaidsclinicalsociety.org/guidelines.asp. Accessed March 18, 2010.
19. Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky R Jr, et al; Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1921-1926.
20. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009;50(3):661-662.
21. Pessôa MG, Gazzard B, Huang AK, et al. Efficacy and safety of entecavir for chronic HBV in HIV/HBV coinfected patients receiving lamivudine as part of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2008;22(14):1779-1787.
22. Bellini C, Keiser O, Chave JP, et al; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Liver enzyme elevation after lamivudine withdrawal in HIV-hepatitis B virus co-infected patients: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. HIV Med. 2009;10(1):12-18.
23. Bessesen M, Ives D, Condreay L, Lawrence S, Sherman KE. Chronic active hepatitis B exacerbations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients following development of resistance to or withdrawal of lamivudine. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28(5):1032-1035. (Pubitemid 29203534)
24. Dore GJ, Soriano V, Rockstroh J, et al; SMART INSIGHT study group. Frequent hepatitis B virus rebound among HIV-hepatitis B virus-coinfected patients following antiretroviral therapy interruption. AIDS. 2010;24(6): 857-865.
25. Sulkowski MS. Management of hepatic complications in HIV-infected persons. J Infect Dis. 2008; 197(suppl 3):S279-S293.
26. Labarga P, Soriano V, Vispo ME, et al. Hepatotoxicity of antiretroviral drugs is reduced after successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(5):670-676. (Pubitemid 47293847)
27. Laufer N, Laguno M, Perez I, et al. Abacavir does not influence the rate of virological response in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients treated with pegylated interferon and weight-adjusted ribavirin. Antivir Ther. 2008; 13(7):953-957.
28. Seden K, Back D, Khoo S. New directly acting antivirals for hepatitis C: potential for interaction with antiretrovirals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65 (6):1079-1085.
29. Freedman BI, Hicks PJ, Bostrom MA, et al. Polymorphisms in the non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 gene (MYH9) are strongly associated with end-stage renal disease historically attributed to hypertension in African Americans. Kidney Int. 2009;75(7):736-745.
30. Post FA, Holt SG. Recent developments in HIV and the kidney. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009;22(1):43-48.
31. Choi AI, Li Y, Deeks SG, Grunfeld C, et al. Association between kidney function and albuminuria with cardiovascular events in HIV-infected persons. Circulation. 2010;121(5):651-658.
32. Kopp JB, Miller KD, Mican JA, et al. Crystalluria and urinary tract abnormalities associated with indinavir. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(2):119-125. (Pubitemid 27337395)
33. Chan-Tack KM, Truffa MM, Struble KA, Birnkrant DB. Atazanavir-associated nephrolithiasis: cases from the US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System. AIDS. 2007;21(9):1215-1218.
34. Phillips AN, Carr A, Neuhaus J, et al. Interruption of antiretroviral therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease in persons with HIV-1 infection: exploratory analyses from the SMART trial. Antivir Ther. 2008;13 (2):177-187. (Pubitemid 351535369)
35. Triant VA, Meigs JB, Grinspoon SK. Association of C-reactive protein and HIV infection with acute myocardial infarction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009; 51(3):268-273.
36. Zolopa A, Andersen J, Powderly W, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy reduces AIDS progression/death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: a multicenter randomized strategy trial. PLoS One. 2009; 4(5):e5575.
37. Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(8):697-706.
38. Drug Interactions HIV. Drug interactions charts. http://www.hiv- druginteractions.org/. Accessed March 30, 2010.
39. HIV InSite. Database of antiretroviral drug interactions. http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/insite?page=ar-00-02. Accessed March 30, 2010.
40. Boltz V, Zheng Y, Lockman S, et al. NNRTI-resistant variants detected by allele-specific PCR predict outcome of NVP-containing ART in women with prior exposure to sdNVP: results from the OCTANE/A5208 Study. In: 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA: CROI; 2010. Abstract 154.
41. Markowitz M, Vaida F, Hare CB, et al. The virologic and immunologic effects of cyclosporine as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy in patients treated during acute and early HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis. 2010; 201(9):1298-1302.
42. Rieder P, Joos B, von Wyl V, et al; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. HIV-1 transmission after cessation of early antiretroviral therapy among men having sex with men. AIDS. 2010;24(8):1177-1183.
43. Attia S, Egger M, Müller M, Zwahlen M, Low N. Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2009;23(11):1397-1404.
44. Montaner JS, Hogg R, Wood E, et al. The case for expanding access to highly active antiretroviral therapy to curb the growth of the HIV epidemic. Lancet. 2006; 368(9534):531-536.
45. von Linstow ML, Rosenfeldt V, Lebech AM, et al. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Denmark, 1994-2008. HIV Med. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00811.x.
46. Dabis F, Newell ML, Hirschel B. HIV drugs for treatment, and for prevention. Lancet. 2010;375(9731): 2092-2098.
47. Donnell D, Mimiaga MJ, Mayer K, Chesney M, Koblin B, Coates T. Use of non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis does not lead to an increase in high risk sex behaviors in men who have sex withmenparticipating in the EXPLORE trial. AIDS Behav. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9712-1.
48. Wood E, Kerr T, Marshall BD, et al. Longitudinal community plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations and incidence of HIV-1 among injecting drug users: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2009;338:b1649.
49. Lima VD, Johnston K, Hogg RS, et al. Expanded access to highly active antiretroviral therapy: a potentially powerful strategy to curb the growth of the HIV epidemic. J Infect Dis. 2008;198(1):59-67.
50. Granich RM, Gilks CF, Dye C, et al. Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: a mathematical model. Lancet. 2009;373(9657):48-57.
51. Lima VD, Hogg RS, Montaner JSG. Expanding HAART treatment to all currently eligible individuals under the 2008 IAS-USA Guidelines in British Columbia, Canada. PLoS One. 2010;5(6):e10991.
52. Montaner JG, Lima VD, Barrios R, et al. Association of highly active antiretroviral therapy coverage, population viral load, and yearly new HIV diagnoses in British Columbia, Canada. Lancet. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60936- 1.
53. Kirk O, Mocroft A, Reiss P, et al. Chronic kidney disease and exposure to ART in a large cohort with long-term follow-up: the EuroSIDA study. In: 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA: CROI; 2010. Abstract 107LB.
54. Gardner LI, Marks G, O'Daniels CM, et al. Implementation and evaluation of a clinic-based behavioral intervention: positive steps for patients with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2008;22(8):627-635.
55. Zimmermann AE, Pizzoferrato T, Bedford J, Morris A, Hoffman R, Braden G. Tenofovir-associated acute and chronic kidney disease: a case of multiple drug interactions. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(2):283-290.
56. Kiser JJ, Carten ML, Aquilante CL, et al. The effect of lopinavir/ritonavir on the renal clearance of tenofovir in HIV-infected patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008; 83(2):265-272.
57. Gallant JE, Moore RD. Renal function with use of a tenofovir-containing initial antiretroviral regimen. AIDS. 2009;23(15):1971-1975.
58. Goicoechea M, Liu S, Best B, et al; California Collaborative Treatment Group 578 Team. Greater tenofovir-associated renal function decline with protease inhibitor-based versus nonnucleoside reversetranscriptase inhibitor-based therapy. J Infect Dis. 2008; 197(1):102-108.
59. Mallal S, Phillips E, Carosi G, et al; PREDICT-1 Study Team. HLA-B*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(6):568-579.
60. Saag M, Balu R, Phillips E, et al; Study of Hypersensitivity to Abacavir and Pharmacogenetic Evaluation Study Team. High sensitivity of human leukocyte antigen-b*5701 as a marker for immunologically confirmed abacavir hypersensitivity in white and black patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(7):1111-1118.
61. Sax PE, Tierney C, Collier AC, et al; AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5202 Team. Abacavir-lamivudine versus tenofovir-emtricitabine for initial HIV-1 therapy. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(23):2230-2240.
62. Daar E, Tierney C, Fischl M, et al. ACTG 5202: final results of ABC/3TC or TDF/FTC with either EFV or ATV/r in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients. In: 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA: CROI; 2010. Abstract 59LB.
63. Sabin CA, Worm SW, Weber R, et al; D:A:D Study Group. Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multicohort collaboration. Lancet. 2008;371(9622):1417-1426.
64. Worm SW, Sabin C, Weber R, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with HIV infection exposed to specific individual antiretroviral drugs from the 3 major drug classes: the data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) study. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(3):318-330.
65. Brothers CH, Hernandez JE, Cutrell AG, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction and abacavir therapy: no increased risk across 52 GlaxoSmithKline-sponsored clinical trials in adult subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(1):20-28.
66. Aberg JA, Ribaudo H. Cardiac risk: not so simple. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(3):315-317.
67. Cooper DA; Altair Study Group. Safety and efficacy of three different combination antiretroviral regimens as initial therapy for HIV infection: week 48 data from a randomised, open-label study. In: 5th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Cape Town, South Africa: International AIDS Society; 2009. Abstract LBPEB09.
68. Cassetti I, Madruga JV, Etzel A, et al. The safety and efficacy of tenofovir DF (TDF) in combination with lamivudine (3TC) and efavirenz (EFV) in antiretroviral-naive patients through seven years. In: 17th Annual International AIDS Conference. Mexico City, Mexico: International AIDS Society; 2008. Abstract TUPE0057.
69. Riddler SA, Haubrich RH, DiRienzo AG, et al; AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5142 Team. Class-sparing regimens for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(20):2095-2106.
70. Young J, Bucher HC, Guenthard HF, et al; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Virological and immunological responses to efavirenz or boosted lopinavir as first-line therapy for patients with HIV. Antivir Ther. 2009; 14(6):771-779.
71. Lennox JL, DeJesus E, Lazzarin A, et al; STARTMRK investigators. Safety and efficacy of raltegravir-based versus efavirenz-based combination therapy in treatmentnaive patients with HIV-1 infection: a multicentre, double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009; 374(9692):796-806.
72. von Wyl V, Yerly S, Böni J, et al; for the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance in previously untreated patients initiating combination antiretroviral treatment: a comparison of different regimen types. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(16):1782-1790.
73. 3 in Mexico. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53(5):582-588.
74. Wheeler W, Ziebell R, Zabina H, et al. Prevalence of transmitted drug resistance associated mutations and HIV-1 subtypes in new HIV-1 diagnoses, US - 2006. AIDS. 2010;24:1203-1212.
75. Vercauteren J, Wensing AM, van de Vijver DA, et al. Transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 is stabilizing in Europe. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(10):1503-1508.
76. Kim D, Wheeler W, Ziebell R, et al. Prevalence of transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance among newly-diagnosed HIV-1 infected persons, United States, 2007. In: 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA: CROI; 2010. Abstract 580.
77. Soriano V, Koppe S, Migrone H, et al. Prospective randomised comparison of nevirapine and atazanavir /ritonavir both combined with tenofovir DF /emtricitabine in treatment-naive HIV-1 infected patients: ARTEN Study week 48 results. In: 5th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Cape Town, South Africa: International AIDS Society; 2008. Abstract LBPEB07.
78. McIntyre J, Hughes M, Mellors J, et al. Efficacy of ART with NVP+TDF/FTC vs LPV/r+TDF/FTC among antiretroviral-naive women in Africa: OCTANE Trial 2/ACTG A5208. In: 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA: CROI; 2010. Abstract 153LB.
79. Rey D, Hoen B, Chavanet P, et al. High rate of early virological failure with the once-daily tenofovir /lamivudine/nevirapine combination in naive HIV-1-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009; 63(2):380-388.
80. Lapadula G, Costarelli S, Quiros-Roldan E, et al. Risk of early virological failure of once-daily tenofoviremtricitabine plus twice-daily nevirapine in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(7):1127-1129.
81. Hirsch MS, Günthard HF, Schapiro JM, et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adultHIV-1 infection: 2008 recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA panel. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(2):266-285.
82. Kesselring AM, Wit FW, Sabin CA, et al; Nevirapine Toxicity Multicohort Collaboration. Risk factors for treatment-limiting toxicities in patients starting nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2009; 23(13):1689-1699.
83. Malan DR, Krantz E, David N, Wirtz V, Hammond J, McGrath D; 089 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of atazanavir, with or without ritonavir, as part of once-daily highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens in antiretroviral-naive patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47(2):161-167.
84. Molina JM, Andrade-Villanueva J, Echevarria J, et al; CASTLE Study Team. Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 48 week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Lancet. 2008;372(9639):646-655.
85. Molina J, Andrade-Villanueva J, Echeverria J; CASTLE Study Team. Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96 week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. JAIDS. 2010;53:323-332.
86. Misovich SJ, Fisher JD, Fisher WA. Close relationships and elevated HIV risk behavior. Rev Gen Psychol. 1997;1(1):72-107.
87. Le Tiec C, Barrail A, Goujard C, Taburet AM. Clinical pharmacokinetics and summary of efficacy and tolerability of atazanavir. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005; 44(10):1035-1050.
88. Klein CE, Chiu YL, Cai Y, et al. Effects of acid-reducing agents on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir /ritonavir and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48(5):553-562. (Pubitemid 351503512)
89. Mills AM, Nelson M, Jayaweera D, et al. Oncedaily darunavir/ritonavir vs. lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week analysis. AIDS. 2009;23(13):1679-1688.
90. Ortiz R, Dejesus E, Khanlou H, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir /ritonavir in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients at week 48. AIDS. 2008;22(12):1389-1397.
91. Gathe J, Da Silva B, Cohen DE, et al. A once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir- based regimen is noninferior to twice-daily dosing and results in similar safety and tolerability in antiretroviral-naive subjects through 48 weeks . JAIDS. 2009;15:474-481.
92. Pulido F, Estrada V, Baril JG, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of fosamprenavir plus ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with abacavir/lamivudine over 144 weeks. HIV Clin Trials. 2009; 10(2):76-87.
93. Carosi L, Lazzarin A, Stellbrink H, et al. Study of once-daily versus twice-daily fosamprenavir plus ritonavir administered with abacavir/lamivudine once daily in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected adult subjects. HIV Clin Trials. 2009;10(6):356-367.
94. Walmsley S, Avihingsanon A, Slim J, et al. Gemini: a noninferiority study of saquinavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir as initial HIV-1 therapy in adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;50(4):367-374.
95. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: ongoing safety review of saquinavir and possible association with abnormal heart rhythms. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm201221.htm. Published February 23, 2010. Accessed May 18, 2010.
96. Haubrich RH, Riddler SA, DiRienzo AG, et al; AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) A5142 Study Team. Metabolic outcomes in a randomized trial of nucleoside, non-nucleoside and protease inhibitor-sparing regimens for initial HIV treatment. AIDS. 2009;23(9):1109-1118.
97. Lang S, Mary-Krause M, Cotte L, et al. Impact of specific nRTI and PI exposure on the risk of myocardial infarction: a case-control study nested within FHDH ANRS CO4. In: 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Montreal, Canada: CROI; 2009. Abstract 43LB.
98. Lennox J, DeJesus E, Berger DS, et al. Raltegravir versus efavirenz regimens in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy, durability, subgroup, safety, and metabolic analyses. JAIDS. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181da1287.
99. Gotuzzo E, Nguyen BY, Markowitz M, et al. Sustained antiretroviral efficacy of raltegravir after 192 weeks of combination ART in treatment-naive HIV-1 infected patients. In: 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA: CROI; 2010. Abstract 514.
100. Canducci F, Sampaolo M, Marinozzi MC, et al. Dynamic patterns of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase gene evolution in patients failing raltegravir-based salvage therapies. AIDS. 2009;23(4):455-460.
101. Cooper DA, Heera J, Goodrich J, et al. Maraviroc versus efavirenz, both in combination with zidovudine-lamivudine, for the treatment of antiretroviral-naive subjects with CCR5-tropicHIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis. 2010; 201(6):803-813.
102. Heera J, Ive P, Botes M, et al. The MERIT study of maraviroc in antiretroviral-naive patients with R5 HIV-1: 96-week results. In: 5th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Cape Town, South Africa: International AIDS Society; 2009. Abstract TUAB103.
103. Swenson LC, Moores A, Low AJ, et al. Improved detection of CXCR4-using HIV by V3 genotyping: application of population-based and "deep" sequencing to plasma RNA and proviral DNA. JAIDS. doi:10.1097/QAI. 0b013e3181d0558f.
104. McGovern R, Dong W, Zhong X, et al. Population-based sequencing of the V3-loop is comparable to the enhanced sensitivity trofile assay (ESTA) in predicting virologic response to maraviroc (MVC) of treatmentnaïve patients in the MERIT Trial. In: 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA: CROI; 2010. Abstract 92.
105. Swenson L, Dong W, MoT, et al. Large-scale application of deep sequencing using 454 technology to HIV tropism screening. In: 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA: CROI; 2010. Abstract 545.
106. Gupta RK, Hill A, Sawyer AW, et al. Virological monitoring and resistance to first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with HIV-1 treated under WHO guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(7):409-417.
107. Kaplan JE, Benson C, Holmes KH, Brooks JT, Pau A, Masur H; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009;58(RR-4): 1-207, quiz CE1-CE4.
108. Aberg JA, Kaplan JE, Libman H, et al; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: 2009 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(5):651-681.
109. Reekie J, Mocroft A, Sambatakou H, et al; Euro-SIDA Study Group. Does less frequent routine monitoring of patients on a stable, fully suppressed cART regimen lead to an increased risk of treatment failure? AIDS. 2008;22(17):2381-2390.
110. Reekie J, Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, et al; for the EuroSIDA Study Group. History of viral suppression on combination antiretroviral therapy as a predictor of virological failure after a treatment change. HIV Med. 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00816.x.
111. Lima VD, Harrigan R, Montaner JS. Increased reporting of detectable plasma HIV-1 RNA levels at the critical threshold of 50 copies per milliliter with the Taqman assay in comparison to the Amplicor assay. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(1):3-6.
112. Pas S, Rossen JW, Schoener D, et al. Performance evaluation of the new Roche COBAS AmpliPrep COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 test version 2.0 for the quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(4):1195-1200.
113. Rebeiro PF, Kheshti A, Bebawy SS, et al. Increased detectability of plasma HIV-1 RNA after introduction of anewassay and altered specimen-processing procedures. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(10):1354-1357.
114. Yerly S, von Wyl V, Ledergerber B, et al; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Transmission of HIV-1 drug resistance in Switzerland: a 10-year molecular epidemiology survey. AIDS. 2007;21(16):2223-2229.
115. Halvas EK, Wiegand A, Boltz VF, et al. Low frequency nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-resistant variants contribute to failure of efavirenz-containing regimens in treatment- experienced patients. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(5):672-680.
116. Paredes R, Lalama CM, Ribaudo HJ, et al; AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) A5095 Study Team. Preexisting minority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants, adherence, and risk of antiretroviral treatment failure. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(5):662-671.
117. Heneine W. When do minority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants have amajor clinical impact? J Infect Dis. 2010;201(5):647-649.
118. Metzner KJ, Giulieri SG, Knoepfel SA, et al. Minority quasispecies of drug-resistant HIV-1 that lead to early therapy failure in treatment-naive and -adherent patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(2):239-247.
119. Mackie NE, Phillips AN, Kaye S, Booth C, Geretti AM. Antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1-infected patients with low-level viremia. J Infect Dis. 2010;201 (9):1303-1307.
120. Bozek K, Thielen A, Sierra S, Kaiser R, Lengauer T. V3 loop sequence space analysis suggests different evolutionary patterns of CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV. PLoS One. 2009;4(10):e7387.
121. European AIDS Clinical Society. Guidelines on prevention and management of non-infectious comorbidities in HIV. http://www.europeanaidsclinicalsociety. org/guidelinespdf/2-Non-Infectious-Co-Morbidities-in-HIV.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2010.
122. National Osteoporosis Foundation. The recommendations and algorithms of the National US Osteoporosis Foundation. http://www.nof.org. Accessed May 28, 2010.
123. World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Disease. WHO fracture risk assessment tool. http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/ reference.htm. Accessed May 28, 2010.
124. Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, Ström O, Borgström F. Development and use of FRAX in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(suppl 2): S407-S413.
125. Mueller NJ, Fux CA, Ledergerber B, et al; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. High prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency in combined antiretroviral therapy-naive and successfully treated Swiss HIV patients. AIDS. 2010; 24(8):1127-1134.
126. van Vonderen MG, Lips P, van Agtmael MA, et al. First line zidovudine/lamivudine/lopinavir/ritonavir leads to greater bone loss compared to nevirapine/lopinavir/ritonavir. AIDS. 2009;23(11):1367-1376.
127. Brown TT, McComsey GA. Association between initiation of antiretroviral therapy with efavirenz and decreases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Antivir Ther. 2010; 15(3):425-429.
128. Law MG, Friis-Møller N, El-Sadr WM, et al; D:A:D Study Group. The use of the Framingham equation to predict myocardial infarctions in HIV-infected patients: comparison with observed events in the D:A:D Study. HIV Med. 2006;7(4):218-230.
129. Kredo T, Van der Walt JS, Siegfried N, Cohen K. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretrovirals for people with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3): CD007268.
130. Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Kumar PN, et al; BENCHMRK Study Teams. Raltegravir with optimized background therapy for resistant HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(4):339-354.
131. Wittkop L, Breilh D, Da Silva D, et al; ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort. Virological and immunological response in HIV-1-infected patients with multiple treatment failures receiving raltegravir and optimized background therapy, ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63(6):1251-1255.
132. Yazdanpanah Y, Fagard C, Descamps D, et al; ANRS 139 TRIO Trial Group. High rate of virologic suppression with raltegravir plus etravirine and darunavir/ritonavir among treatment-experienced patients infected with multidrug-resistant HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 49(9):1441-1449.
133. Katlama C, Haubrich R, Lalezari J, et al; DUET-1, DUET-2 study groups. Efficacy and safety of etravirine in treatment-experienced, HIV-1 patients: pooled 48 week analysis of two randomized, controlled trials. AIDS. 2009;23(17):2289-2300.
134. Landman R, Capitant C, Descamps D, et al; ANRS 127 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of ritonavirboosted dual protease inhibitor therapy in antiretroviralnaive HIV-1-infected patients: the 2IP ANRS 127 study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64(1):118-125.
135. von Wyl V, Yerly S, Böni J, et al; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Factors associated with the emergence of K65R in patients with HIV-1 infection treated with combination antiretroviral therapy containing tenofovir. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(8):1299-1309.
136. Arribas JR, Horban A, Gerstoft J, et al. The MONET trial: darunavir/ritonavir with or without nucleoside analogues, for patients with HIV RNA below 50 copies/ml. AIDS. 2010;24(2):223-230.
137. Gutmann C, Opravil M, Yerly S, et al. Low-nadir CD4 count predicts failure of monotherapy maintenancewith ritonavir-boosted lopinavir: results after premature termination of a randomized study due to unexpectedly high
138. Bierman WF, van Agtmael MA, Nijhuis M, Danner SA, Boucher CA. HIV monotherapy with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors: a systematic review. AIDS. 2009;23(3):279-291.
139. Soriano V, Puoti M, Garcia-Gascó P, et al. Antiretroviral drugs and liver injury. AIDS. 2008;22(1): 1-13.
140. Eron JJ, Young B, Cooper DA, et al; SWITCHMRK 1 and 2 investigators. Switch to a raltegravir-based regimen versus continuation of a lopinavir-ritonavir-based regimen in stable HIV-infected patients with suppressed viraemia (SWITCHMRK 1 and 2): two multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2010;375(9712):396-407.
141. De Castro N, Braun J, Charreau I, et al; EASIER ANRS 138 study group. Switch from enfuvirtide to raltegravir in virologically suppressed multidrug-resistant HIV-1-infected patients: a randomized open-label trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(8):1259-1267.
142. Scherrer AU, von Wyl V, Fux CA, et al; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Implementation of raltegravir in routine clinical practice: selection criteria for choosing this drug, virologic response rates, and characteristics of failures. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53(4):464-471.
143. Cahn P, Fourie J, Grinsztejn B, et al. Efficacy and safety at 48 weeks of once-daily vs twice-daily DRV/r in treatment-experienced HIV-1+ patients with noDRV resistance-associated mutations: the ODIN Trial. In: 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA: CROI; 2010. Abstract 57.
144. Gatell J, Salmon-Ceron D, Lazzarin A, et al;SWAN Study Group. Efficacy and safety of atazanavir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with virologic suppression switched from a stable, boosted or unboosted protease inhibitor treatment regimen: the SWAN Study (AI424-097) 48-week results. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(11):1484-1492.
145. McIntyre JA, Martinson N, Gray GE. Single dose nevirapine combined with a short course of Combivir for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV-1 can significantly decrease the subsequent development of maternal and infant resistant virus. Antivir Ther. 2005;10:S4.