MR Imaging of ACL Injuries in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients

Clinics in Sports Medicine

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 707-726

  Ho Fung, Victor M ^a   Jaimes, Camilo ^a   Jaramillo, Diego ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anterior cruciate ligament; MRI; Musculoskeletal; Pediatric imaging; Sports injuries; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION; AVULSION INJURY; BONE MATURATION; CARTILAGE DEGENERATION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; HUMAN; IATROGENIC DISEASE; IMAGE DISPLAY; KNEE LIGAMENT INJURY; KNEE MENISCUS RUPTURE; KNEE RADIOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

ADOLESCENT; AGE FACTORS; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; ATHLETIC INJURIES; BONE AND BONES; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; FEMALE; HUMANS; KNEE; KNEE INJURIES; KNEE JOINT; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; PEDIATRICS; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES;

EID: 80055084016     PISSN: 02785919     EISSN: 1556228X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2011.06.006     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Roberts C.C., Towers J.D., Spangehl M.J., et al. Advanced MR imaging of the cruciate ligaments. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 2007, 15:73-86.
2. Moore S.L. Imaging the anterior cruciate ligament. Orthop Clin North Am 2002, 33:663-674.
3. Slattery T., Major N. Magnetic resonance imaging pitfalls and normal variations: the knee. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 2010, 18:675-689.
4. Duc S.R., Pfirrmann C.W., Koch P.P., et al. Internal knee derangement assessed with 3-minute three-dimensional isovoxel true FISP MR sequence: preliminary study. Radiology 2008, 246:526-535.
5. Kijowski R., Davis K.W., Woods M.A., et al. Knee joint: comprehensive assessment with 3D isotropic resolution fast spin-echo MR imaging-diagnostic performance compared with that of conventional MR imaging at 3.0 T. Radiology 2009, 252:486-495.
6. Sampson M.J., Jackson M.P., Moran C.J., et al. Three Tesla MRI for the diagnosis of meniscal and anterior cruciate ligament pathology: a comparison to arthroscopic findings. Clin Radiol 2008, 63:1106-1111.
7. Link T.M., Sell C.A., Masi J.N., et al. 3.0 vs 1.5 T MRI in the detection of focal cartilage pathology-ROC analysis in an experimental model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006, 14:63-70.
8. Bowers M.E., Tung G.A., Trinh N., et al. Effects of ACL interference screws on articular cartilage volume and thickness measurements with 1.5 T and 3 T MRI. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008, 16:572-578.
9. Laor T., Jaramillo D. MR imaging insights into skeletal maturation: what is normal?. Radiology 2009, 250:28-38.
10. Vogler J.B., Murphy W.A. Bone marrow imaging. Radiology 1988, 168:679-693.
11. Burdiles A., Babyn P.S. Pediatric bone marrow MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 2009, 17:391-409.
12. Siegel M.J., Luker G.G. Bone marrow imaging in children. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 1996, 4:771-796.
13. Khanna P.C., Thapa M.M. The growing skeleton: MR imaging appearances of developing cartilage. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 2009, 17:411-421.
14. Varich L.J., Laor T., Jaramillo D. Normal maturation of the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage: age-related changes at MR imaging. Radiology 2000, 214:705-709.
15. Ecklund K., Jaramillo D. Imaging of growth disturbance in children. Radiol Clin North Am 2001, 39:823-841.
16. Shea K.G., Apel P.J., Pfeiffer R.P., et al. The anatomy of the proximal tibia in pediatric and adolescent patients: implications for ACL reconstruction and prevention of physeal arrest. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007, 15:320-327.
17. Connolly S.A., Connolly L.P., Jaramillo D. Imaging of sports injuries in children and adolescents. Radiol Clin North Am 2001, 39:773-790.
18. Kim H.K., Laor T., Shire N.J., et al. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments at different patient ages: MR imaging findings. Radiology 2008, 247:826-835.
19. Clark C.R., Ogden J.A. Development of the menisci of the human knee joint. Morphological changes and their potential role in childhood meniscal injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1983, 65:538-547.
20. Utukuri M.M., Somayaji H.S., Khanduja V., et al. Update on paediatric ACL injuries. Knee 2006, 13:345-352.
21. Kirks D.R., Griscom N.T. Practical pediatric imaging: diagnostic radiology of infants and children 1998, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. 3rd edition.
22. Greulich W.W., Pyle S.I. Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist 1959, Stanford University Press, Stanford (CA). 2nd edition.
23. Lee K., Siegel M.J., Lau D.M., et al. Anterior cruciate ligament tears: MR imaging-based diagnosis in a pediatric population. Radiology 1999, 213:697-704.
24. Prince J.S., Laor T., Bean J.A. MRI of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and associated findings in the pediatric knee: changes with skeletal maturation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005, 185:756-762.
25. Strouse P.J. MRI of the knee: key points in the pediatric population. Pediatr Radiol 2010, 40:447-452.
26. Meyers A.B., Laor T., Zbojniewicz A.M. Stump entrapment of the anterior cruciate ligament in late childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Radiol 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
27. Zaricznyj B. Avulsion fracture of the tibial eminence: treatment by open reduction and pinning. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977, 59:1111-1114.
28. Sanchez T.R.S., Jadhav S.P., Swischuk L.E. MR imaging of pediatric trauma. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 2009, 17:439-450.
29. Shea K.G., Grimm N.L., Laor T., et al. Bone bruises and meniscal tears on MRI in skeletally immature children with tibial eminence fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 2011, 31:150-152.
30. Kocher M.S., Mandiga R., Klingele K., et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury versus tibial spine fracture in the skeletally immature knee: a comparison of skeletal maturation and notch width index. J Pediatr Orthop 2004, 24:185-188.
31. Micheli L.J., Kocher M.S. The pediatric and adolescent knee 2006, Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia.
32. McCauley T.R., Moses M., Kier R., et al. MR diagnosis of tears of anterior cruciate ligament of the knee: importance of ancillary findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994, 162:115-119.
33. Gentili A., Seeger L.L., Yao L., et al. Anterior cruciate ligament tear: indirect signs at MR imaging. Radiology 1994, 193:835-840.
34. Oeppen R.S., Jaramillo D. Sports injuries in the young athlete. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2003, 14:199-208.
35. Sanders T.G., Medynski M.A., Feller J.F., et al. Bone contusion patterns of the knee at MR imaging: footprint of the mechanism of injury. Radiographics 2000, 20(Spec No):S135-S151.
36. Snearly W.N., Kaplan P.A., Dussault R.G. Lateral-compartment bone contusions in adolescents with intact anterior cruciate ligaments. Radiology 1996, 198:205-208.
37. Cobby M.J., Schweitzer M.E., Resnick D. The deep lateral femoral notch: an indirect sign of a torn anterior cruciate ligament. Radiology 1992, 184:855-858.
38. Stanitski C.L., Harvell J.C., Fu F. Observations on acute knee hemarthrosis in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 1993, 13:506-510.
39. Zbojniewicz A. Postoperative imaging in adolescents with a focus on the knee. Imaging of the Active Life Style From the weekend warrior to the Pro Athlete 2011, 171-175. American Roentgen Ray Society, Leesburg (VA). B.F.A. Morrison, D. Jaramillo, A. Kielar (Eds.).
40. Lawrence J.T., Bowers A.L., Belding J., et al. All-epiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010, 468:1971-1977.
41. Gupta R., Cheung A.C., Bartling S.H., et al. Flat-panel volume CT: fundamental principles, technology, and applications. Radiographics 2008, 28:2009-2022.
42. Bencardino J.T., Beltran J., Feldman M.I., et al. MR imaging of complications of anterior cruciate ligament graft reconstruction. Radiographics 2009, 29:2115-2126.
43. Jaramillo D. Cartilage imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2008, 38(Suppl 2):S256-S258.
44. Crema M.D., Roemer F.W., Marra M.D., et al. Articular cartilage in the knee: current MR imaging techniques and applications in clinical practice and research. Radiographics 2011, 31:37-61.
45. Theologis A.A., Kuo D., Cheng J., et al. Evaluation of bone bruises and associated cartilage in anterior cruciate ligament-injured and -reconstructed knees using quantitative t(1rho) magnetic resonance imaging: 1-year cohort study. Arthroscopy 2011, 27:65-76.
46. Li X., Kuo D., Theologis A., et al. Cartilage in anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees: MR imaging T1{rho} and T2-initial experience with 1-year follow-up. Radiology 2011, 258:505-514.
47. Major N.M., Beard L.N., Helms C.A. Accuracy of MR imaging of the knee in adolescents. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003, 180:17-19.
48. Oeppen R.S., Connolly S.A., Bencardino J.T., et al. Acute injury of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone: a common but unrecognized lesion in the immature knee. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004, 182:111-117.
49. Outerbridge R.E. The etiology of chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1961, 43-B:752-757.
50. Potter H.G., Linklater J.M., Allen A.A., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage in the knee. An evaluation with use of fast-spin-echo imaging. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998, 80:1276-1284.
51. Palmer W.E. Magnetic resonance imaging of knee trauma: biomechanical approach. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2003, 14:161-178.
52. O'Donoghue D.H. The unhappy triad: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthop 1964, 6:242-247.
53. Al-Otaibi L., Siegel M.J. The pediatric knee. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 1998, 6:643-660.
54. Kennedy J.C., Hawkins R.J., Willis R.B., et al. Tension studies of human knee ligaments. Yield point, ultimate failure, and disruption of the cruciate and tibial collateral ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1976, 58:350-355.
55. Ugutmen E., Sener N., Eren A., et al. Avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament at the tibial insertion in a child: a case report. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006, 14:340-342.
56. Fanelli G.C., Edson C.J. Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in trauma patients: part II. Arthroscopy 1995, 11:526-529.
57. LaPrade R.F., Resig S., Wentorf F., et al. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on anterior cruciate ligament graft force. A biomechanical analysis. Am J Sports Med 1999, 27:469-475.
58. Vinson E.N., Major N.M., Helms C.A. The posterolateral corner of the knee. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008, 190:449-458.
59. Gottsegen C.J., Eyer B.A., White E.A., et al. Avulsion fractures of the knee: imaging findings and clinical significance. Radiographics 2008, 28:1755-1770.
60. Campos J.C., Chung C.B., Lektrakul N., et al. Pathogenesis of the Segond fracture: anatomic and MR imaging evidence of an iliotibial tract or anterior oblique band avulsion. Radiology 2001, 219:381-386.