Assessment of Myocardial Ischemia with Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 191-203

  Heydari, Bobak ^a   Jerosch Herold, Michael ^a   Kwong, Raymond Y ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute coronary syndrome; Adenosine; Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR); Chest pain; Coronary artery disease; Dobutamine; Echocardiography; Ischemia; Myocardial infarction; Perfusion; Persantine; Positron emission tomography; Regadenoson; Single photon emission computed tomography; Vasodilators

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; DIPYRIDAMOLE; DOBUTAMINE; GADOLINIUM; REGADENOSON;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ARTICLE; CARDIAC IMAGING; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CORONARY FLOW RESERVE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG MEGADOSE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; IMAGE QUALITY; MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; OPTICAL RESOLUTION; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SAFETY; PHARMACOLOGIC STRESS TESTING; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY;

CARDIOTONIC AGENTS; CORONARY CIRCULATION; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; VASODILATOR AGENTS;

EID: 80054790327     PISSN: 00330620     EISSN: 18731740     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2011.09.004     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Watkins S., Thiemann D., Coresh J., et al. Fourteen-year (1987 to 2000) trends in the attack rates of, therapy for, and mortality from non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes in four United States communities. Am J Cardiol 2005, 96:1349-1355.
2. Thom T., Haase N., Rosamond W., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2006, 113:e85-e151.
3. Yao S.S., Rozanski A. Principal uses of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in the management of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2001, 43:281-302.
4. Vanzetto G., Ormezzano O., Fagret D., et al. Long-term additive prognostic value of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging over clinical and exercise stress test in low to intermediate risk patients: study in 1137 patients with 6-year follow-up. Circulation 1999, 100:1521-1527.
5. Hachamovitch R., Berman D.S., Shaw L.J., et al. Incremental prognostic value of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography for the prediction of cardiac death: differential stratification for risk of cardiac death and myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998, 97:535-543.
6. Hachamovitch R., Berman D.S., Kiat H., et al. Value of stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in patients with normal resting electrocardiograms: an evaluation of incremental prognostic value and cost-effectiveness. Circulation 2002, 105:823-829.
7. Krenning B.J., Geleijnse M.L., Poldermans D., et al. Methodological analysis of diagnostic dobutamine stress echocardiography studies. Echocardiography 2004, 21:725-736.
8. Freedman N., Schechter D., Klein M., et al. SPECT attenuation artifacts in normal and overweight persons: insights from a retrospective comparison of Rb-82 positron emission tomography and TI-201 SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. Clin Nucl Med 2000, 25:1019-1023.
9. Bach D.S., Muller D.W., Gros B.J., et al. False positive dobutamine stress echocardiograms: characterization of clinical, echocardiographic and angiographic findings. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:928-933.
10. Ha J.W., Juracan E.M., Mahoney D.W., et al. Hypertensive response to exercise: a potential cause for new wall motion abnormality in the absence of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:323-327.
11. Smart S.C., Bhatia A., Hellman R., et al. Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography and dipyridamole sestamibi scintigraphy for the detection of coronary artery disease: limitations and concordance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 36:1265-1273.
12. Hansen C.L., Crabbe D., Rubin S. Lower diagnostic accuracy of thallium-201 SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging in women: an effect of smaller chamber size. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 28:1214-1219.
13. Karamitsos T.D., Dall'armellina E., Choudhury R.P., et al. Ischemic heart disease: comprehensive evaluation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am Heart J 2011, 162:16-30.
14. McCaig L.F., Nawar E.W. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2004 emergency department summary. Adv Data 2006, 1-29.
15. Farkouh M.E., Smars P.A., Reeder G.S., et al. A clinical trial of a chest-pain observation unit for patients with unstable angina. Chest Pain Evaluation in the Emergency Room (CHEER) Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1882-1888.
16. Pope J.H., Aufderheide T.P., Ruthazer R., et al. Missed diagnoses of acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1163-1170.
17. Schalla S., Klein C., Paetsch I., et al. Real-time MR image acquisition during high-dose dobutamine hydrochloride stress for detecting left ventricular wall-motion abnormalities in patients with coronary arterial disease. Radiology 2002, 224:845-851.
18. Kwong R.Y., Schussheim A.E., Rekhraj S., et al. Detecting acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2003, 107:531-537.
19. Cury R.C., Shash K., Nagurney J.T., et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance with T2-weighted imaging improves detection of patients with acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department. Circulation 2008, 118:837-844.
20. Abdel-Aty H., Zagrosek A., Schulz-Menger J., et al. Delayed enhancement and T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging differentiate acute from chronic myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004, 109:2411-2416.
21. Aletras A.H., Tilak G.S., Natanzon A., et al. Retrospective determination of the area at risk for reperfused acute myocardial infarction with T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: histopathological and displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) functional validations. Circulation 2006, 113:1865-1870.
22. Plein S., Greenwood J.P., Ridgway J.P., et al. Assessment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 44:2173-2181.
23. Ingkanisorn W.P., Kwong R.Y., Bohme N.S., et al. Prognosis of negative adenosine stress magnetic resonance in patients presenting to an emergency department with chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47:1427-1432.
24. Wu K.C., Zerhouni E.A., Judd R.M., et al. Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998, 97:765-772.
25. Assomull R.G., Lyne J.C., Keenan N., et al. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients presenting with chest pain, raised troponin, and unobstructed coronary arteries. Eur Heart J 2007, 28:1242-1249.
26. Codreanu A., Djaballah W., Angioi M., et al. Detection of myocarditis by contrast-enhanced MRI in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome but no coronary stenosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007, 25:957-964.
27. Miller C.D., Hwang W., Hoekstra J.W., et al. Stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with observation unit care reduces cost for patients with emergent chest pain: a randomized trial. Ann Emerg Med 2010, 56:209-219.e2.
28. Wahl A., Paetsch I., Gollesch A., et al. Safety and feasibility of high-dose dobutamine-atropine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance for diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia: experience in 1000 consecutive cases. Eur Heart J 2004, 25:1230-1236.
29. Kuijpers D., Janssen C.H., van Dijkman P.R., et al. Dobutamine stress MRI. Part I. Safety and feasibility of dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients suspected of myocardial ischemia. Eur Radiol 2004, 14:1823-1828.
30. Shah D.J., Kim H.W., Kim R.J. Evaluation of ischemic heart disease. Heart Fail Clin 2009, 5:315-332.
31. Kuijpers D., Ho K.Y., van Dijkman P.R., et al. Dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the detection of myocardial ischemia with the use of myocardial tagging. Circulation 2003, 107:1592-1597.
32. Zerhouni E.A., Parish D.M., Rogers W.J., et al. Human heart: tagging with MR imaging-a method for noninvasive assessment of myocardial motion. Radiology 1988, 169:59-63.
33. Korosoglou G., Lehrke S., Wochele A., et al. Strain-encoded CMR for the detection of inducible ischemia during intermediate stress. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010, 3:361-371.
34. Schwitter J., Nanz D., Kneifel S., et al. Assessment of myocardial perfusion in coronary artery disease by magnetic resonance: a comparison with positron emission tomography and coronary angiography. Circulation 2001, 103:2230-2235.
35. Pennell D.J., Underwood S.R., Ell P.J., et al. Dipyridamole magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison with thallium-201 emission tomography. Br Heart J 1990, 64:362-369.
36. Pennell D.J., Underwood S.R., Manzara C.C., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging during dobutamine stress in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1992, 70:34-40.
37. van Rugge F.P., van der Wall E.E., de Roos A., et al. Dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging for detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:431-439.
38. Baer F.M., Voth E., Theissen P., et al. Coronary artery disease: findings with GRE MR imaging and Tc-99 m-methoxyisobutyl-isonitrile SPECT during simultaneous dobutamine stress. Radiology 1994, 193:203-209.
39. van Rugge F.P., van der Wall E.E., Spanjersberg S.J., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging during dobutamine stress for detection and localization of coronary artery disease. Quantitative wall motion analysis using a modification of the centerline method. Circulation 1994, 90:127-138.
40. Nagel E., Lehmkuhl H.B., Bocksch W., et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation 1999, 99:763-770.
41. Hundley W.G., Hamilton C.A., Thomas M.S., et al. Utility of fast cine magnetic resonance imaging and display for the detection of myocardial ischemia in patients not well suited for second harmonic stress echocardiography. Circulation 1999, 100:1697-1702.
42. Paetsch I., Jahnke C., Wahl A., et al. Comparison of dobutamine stress magnetic resonance, adenosine stress magnetic resonance, and adenosine stress magnetic resonance perfusion. Circulation 2004, 110:835-842.
43. Wahl A., Paetsch I., Roethemeyer S., et al. High-dose dobutamine-atropine stress cardiovascular MR imaging after coronary revascularization in patients with wall motion abnormalities at rest. Radiology 2004, 233:210-216.
44. Jahnke C., Paetsch I., Gebker R., et al. Accelerated 4D dobutamine stress MR imaging with k-t BLAST: feasibility and diagnostic performance. Radiology 2006, 241:718-728.
45. Gebker R., Jahnke C., Manka R., et al. Additional value of myocardial perfusion imaging during dobutamine stress magnetic resonance for the assessment of coronary artery disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2008, 1:122-130.
46. Nandalur K.R., Dwamena B.A., Choudhri A.F., et al. Diagnostic performance of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:1343-1353.
47. Paetsch I., Jahnke C., Ferrari V.A., et al. Determination of interobserver variability for identifying inducible left ventricular wall motion abnormalities during dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J 2006, 27:1459-1464.
48. Gebker R., Mirelis J.G., Jahnke C., et al. Influence of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry on diagnostic accuracy of wall motion and perfusion magnetic resonance during dobutamine stress. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010, 3:507-514.
49. Hundley W.G., Morgan T.M., Neagle C.M., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging determination of cardiac prognosis. Circulation 2002, 106:2328-2333.
50. Baer F.M., Theissen P., Schneider C.A., et al. Dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging predicts contractile recovery of chronically dysfunctional myocardium after successful revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:1040-1048.
51. Bodi V., Sanchis J., Lopez-Lereu M.P., et al. Prognostic value of dipyridamole stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:1174-1179.
52. Korosoglou G., Elhmidi Y., Steen H., et al. Prognostic value of high-dose dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging in 1,493 consecutive patients: assessment of myocardial wall motion and perfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010, 56:1225-1234.
53. Kuijpers D., van Dijkman P.R., Janssen C.H., et al. Dobutamine stress MRI. Part II. Risk stratification with dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients suspected of myocardial ischemia. Eur Radiol 2004, 14:2046-2052.
54. Jahnke C., Nagel E., Gebker R., et al. Prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance stress tests: adenosine stress perfusion and dobutamine stress wall motion imaging. Circulation 2007, 115:1769-1776.
55. Rerkpattanapipat P., Morgan T.M., Neagle C.M., et al. Assessment of preoperative cardiac risk with magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90:416-419.
56. Dall'Armellina E., Morgan T.M., Mandapaka S., et al. Prediction of cardiac events in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction with dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of wall motion score index. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:279-286.
57. Rieber J., Huber A., Erhard I., et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance perfusion imaging for the functional assessment of coronary artery disease: a comparison with coronary angiography and fractional flow reserve. Eur Heart J 2006, 27:1465-1471.
58. Karamitsos T.D., Ntusi N.A., Francis J.M., et al. Feasibility and safety of high-dose adenosine perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2010, 12:66.
59. Klem I., Heitner J.F., Shah D.J., et al. Improved detection of coronary artery disease by stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance with the use of delayed enhancement infarction imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47:1630-1638.
60. Klocke F.J., Simonetti O.P., Judd R.M., et al. Limits of detection of regional differences in vasodilated flow in viable myocardium by first-pass magnetic resonance perfusion imaging. Circulation 2001, 104:2412-2416.
61. Lee D.C., Simonetti O.P., Harris K.R., et al. Magnetic resonance versus radionuclide pharmacological stress perfusion imaging for flow-limiting stenoses of varying severity. Circulation 2004, 110:58-65.
62. Cullen J.H., Horsfield M.A., Reek C.R., et al. A myocardial perfusion reserve index in humans using first-pass contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 33:1386-1394.
63. Tonino P.A., De Bruyne B., Pijls N.H., et al. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:213-224.
64. Lockie T., Ishida M., Perera D., et al. High-resolution magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging at 3.0-Tesla to detect hemodynamically significant coronary stenoses as determined by fractional flow reserve. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011, 57:70-75.
65. Giang T.H., Nanz D., Coulden R., et al. Detection of coronary artery disease by magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging with various contrast medium doses: first European multi-centre experience. Eur Heart J 2004, 25:1657-1665.
66. Wolff S.D., Schwitter J., Coulden R., et al. Myocardial first-pass perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: a multicenter dose-ranging study. Circulation 2004, 110:732-737.
67. Nagel E., Klein C., Paetsch I., et al. Magnetic resonance perfusion measurements for the noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2003, 108:432-437.
68. Ishida N., Sakuma H., Motoyasu M., et al. Noninfarcted myocardium: correlation between dynamic first-pass contrast-enhanced myocardial MR imaging and quantitative coronary angiography. Radiology 2003, 229:209-216.
69. Doyle M., Fuisz A., Kortright E., et al. The impact of myocardial flow reserve on the detection of coronary artery disease by perfusion imaging methods: an NHLBI WISE study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2003, 5:475-485.
70. Takase B., Nagata M., Kihara T., et al. Whole-heart dipyridamole stress first-pass myocardial perfusion MRI for the detection of coronary artery disease. Jpn Heart J 2004, 45:475-486.
71. Plein S., Radjenovic A., Ridgway J.P., et al. Coronary artery disease: myocardial perfusion MR imaging with sensitivity encoding versus conventional angiography. Radiology 2005, 235:423-430.
72. Pilz G., Bernhardt P., Klos M., et al. Clinical implication of adenosine-stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging as potential gatekeeper prior to invasive examination in patients with AHA/ACC class II indication for coronary angiography. Clin Res Cardiol 2006, 95:531-538.
73. Merkle N., Wohrle J., Grebe O., et al. Assessment of myocardial perfusion for detection of coronary artery stenoses by steady-state, free-precession magnetic resonance first-pass imaging. Heart 2007, 93:1381-1385.
74. Schwitter J., Wacker C.M., van Rossum A.C., et al. MR-IMPACT: comparison of perfusion-cardiac magnetic resonance with single-photon emission computed tomography for the detection of coronary artery disease in a multicentre, multivendor, randomized trial. Eur Heart J 2008, 29:480-489.
75. Gebker R., Jahnke C., Paetsch I., et al. Diagnostic performance of myocardial perfusion MR at 3 T in patients with coronary artery disease. Radiology 2008, 247:57-63.
76. Klem I., Greulich S., Heitner J.F., et al. Value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance stress perfusion testing for the detection of coronary artery disease in women. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008, 1:436-445.
77. Thomas D., Strach K., Meyer C., et al. Combined myocardial stress perfusion imaging and myocardial stress tagging for detection of coronary artery disease at 3 Tesla. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2008, 10:59.
78. Hamon M., Fau G., Nee G., et al. Meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance for detection of coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2010, 12:29.
79. Araoz P.A., Glockner J.F., McGee K.P., et al. 3 Tesla MR imaging provides improved contrast in first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging over a range of gadolinium doses. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2005, 7:559-564.
80. Cheng A.S., Pegg T.J., Karamitsos T.D., et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance perfusion imaging at 3-tesla for the detection of coronary artery disease: a comparison with 1.5-tesla. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:2440-2449.
81. Manka R., Vitanis V., Boesiger P., et al. Clinical feasibility of accelerated, high spatial resolution myocardial perfusion imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010, 3:710-717.
82. Pilz G., Jeske A., Klos M., et al. Prognostic value of normal adenosine-stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:1408-1412.
83. Steel K., Broderick R., Gandla V., et al. Complementary prognostic values of stress myocardial perfusion and late gadolinium enhancement imaging by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Circulation 2009, 120:1390-1400.
84. Velazquez E.J., Lee K.L., Deja M.A., et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:1607-1616.
85. Christakis G.T., Weisel R.D., Fremes S.E., et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with poor ventricular function. Cardiovascular Surgeons of the University of Toronto. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992, 103:1083-1091. [discussion 91-2].
86. Hochberg M.S., Parsonnet V., Gielchinsky I., et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ejection fractions below forty percent. Early and late results in 466 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983, 86:519-527.
87. van den Berg E.K., Popma J.J., Dehmer G.J., et al. Reversible segmental left ventricular dysfunction after coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1990, 81:1210-1216.
88. Ragosta M., Beller G.A., Watson D.D., et al. Quantitative planar rest-redistribution 201Tl imaging in detection of myocardial viability and prediction of improvement in left ventricular function after coronary bypass surgery in patients with severely depressed left ventricular function. Circulation 1993, 87:1630-1641.
89. Carluccio E., Biagioli P., Alunni G., et al. Patients with hibernating myocardium show altered left ventricular volumes and shape, which revert after revascularization: evidence that dyssynergy might directly induce cardiac remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47:969-977.
90. Alderman E.L., Fisher L.D., Litwin P., et al. Results of coronary artery surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function (CASS). Circulation 1983, 68:785-795.
91. Allman K.C., Shaw L.J., Hachamovitch R., et al. Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:1151-1158.
92. Panting J.R., Gatehouse P.D., Yang G.Z., et al. Abnormal subendocardial perfusion in cardiac syndrome × detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:1948-1953.
93. Keijer J.T., van Rossum A.C., Wilke N., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial perfusion in single-vessel coronary artery disease: implications for transmural assessment of myocardial perfusion. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2000, 2:189-200.
94. Greenwood J.P., Maredia N., Radjenovic A., et al. Clinical evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging in coronary heart disease: the CE-MARC study. Trials 2009, 10:62.
95. Greenwood J.P., Maredia N., Younger J.F., et al. Abstract 21797: Clinical Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Coronary Heart Disease (The CE-MARC Study): a prospective evaluation of 750 patients. Circulation. 2010, 122:A21797.
96. Wallace E.L., Morgan T.M., Walsh T.F., et al. Dobutamine cardiac magnetic resonance results predict cardiac prognosis in women with known or suspected ischemic heart disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009, 2:299-307.
97. Wellnhofer E., Olariu A., Klein C., et al. Magnetic resonance low-dose dobutamine test is superior to SCAR quantification for the prediction of functional recovery. Circulation 2004, 109:2172-2174.
98. Cheong B.Y., Muthupillai R., Wilson J.M., et al. Prognostic significance of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging: survival of 857 patients with and without left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2009, 120:2069-2076.
99. Kwong R.Y., Chan A.K., Brown K.A., et al. Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2006, 113:2733-2743.
100. Iles L., Pfluger H., Phrommintikul A., et al. Evaluation of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with cardiac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:1574-1580.
101. Kawara T., Derksen R., de Groot J.R., et al. Activation delay after premature stimulation in chronically diseased human myocardium relates to the architecture of interstitial fibrosis. Circulation 2001, 104:3069-3075.
102. Weber K.T., Brilla C.G. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation 1991, 83:1849-1865.
103. Kehr E., Sono M., Chugh S.S., et al. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for detection and quantification of fibrosis in human myocardium in vitro. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2008, 24:61-68.
104. Wilkoff B.L., Bello D., Taborsky M., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with a pacemaker system designed for the magnetic resonance environment. Heart Rhythm 2011, 8:65-73.
105. Grobner T. Gadolinium-a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006, 21:1104-1108.
106. Prince M.R., Zhang H., Morris M., et al. Incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis at two large medical centers. Radiology 2008, 248:807-816.
107. Wertman R., Altun E., Martin D.R., et al. Risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: evaluation of gadolinium chelate contrast agents at four American universities. Radiology 2008, 248:799-806.