Effects of electronic outlining on students' argumentative writing performance

Journal of Computer Assisted Learning

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 557-574

  de Smet, M J R ^a   Broekkamp, H ^b,c   Brand Gruwel, S ^a   Kirschner, P A ^a  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY OF THE NETHERLANDS   (Netherlands)

^b UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Argumentative text; Electronic outlining; Mental effort; Outline tool; Writing performance; Writing process

Indexed keywords

EID: 80054750783     PISSN: 02664909     EISSN: 13652729     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2011.00418.x     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Alexander P.A., Graham S. & Harris K.R. (1998) A perspective on strategy research: progress and prospects. Educational Psychology Review 10, 129-154.
2. Bereiter C. & Scardamalia M. (1987) The Psychology of Written Composition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.
3. Braaksma M., Rijlaarsdam G. & Van den Bergh H. (2009) Hypertext writing: effects on writing processes and writing products. Paper presented at the 12th Conference of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI), Budapest (Hungary), 25-29 August 2009.
4. Brünken R., Plass J. & Leutner D. (2003) Direct measurement of cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist 38, 53-61.
5. Brünken R., Plass J. & Moreno R. (2009) Current issues and open questions in cognitive load research. In Cognitive Load Theory (eds J. Plass, R. Moreno & R. Brünken), pp. 253-272. Cambridge University Press, New York.
6. Bullen M., Morgan T., Belfer K. & Qayyum A. (2008) The digital learner at BCIT and implications for an e-strategy. Paper presented at the 2008 Research Workshop of the European Distance Education Network (EDEN), 'Researching and promoting access to education and training: the role of distance education and e-learning in technology-enhanced environments', Paris, France, 20-22 October.
7. Butler D.L. (1998) The strategic content learning approach to promoting self-regulated learning: a report of three studies. Journal of Educational Psychology 90, 682-697.
8. Chanquoy L. (1996) Connectives and argumentative text: a developmental study. Paper presented at the First International Workshop on Argumentative Text Processing, Barcelona, Spain.
9. Coirier P., Andriessen J.E.B. & Chanquoy L. (1999) From planning to translating: the specificity of argumentative writing. In Foundations of Argumentative Text Processing (eds P. Coirier & J.E.B. Andriessen), pp. 1-28. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
10. Collins A. & Halverson R. (2010) The second educational revolution: rethinking education in the age of technology. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 26, 18-27.
11. DeVellis R.R. (1991) Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
12. Erkens G., Kanselaar G., Prangsma M.E. & Jaspers J.G.M. (2002) Using tools and resources in computer supported collaborative writing. In Computer Support for Collaborative Learning: Foundations for A CSCL Community (ed. G. Stahl), pp. 389-399. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.
13. Erkens G., Jaspers J.G.M., Prangsma M.E. & Kanselaar G. (2005) Coordination processes in computer supported collaborative writing. Computers in Human Behavior 21, 463-486.
14. Flower L.S. & Hayes J.R. (1981) A cognitive process: theory of writing. College Composition and Communication 32, 365-387.
15. Flower L.S. & Hayes J.R. (1984) Images, plans, and prose: the representation of meaning in writing. Written Communication 1, 120-160.
16. Galbraith D. & Torrance M. (2004) Revision in the context of different drafting strategies. In Revision: Cognitive and Instructional Processes (eds L. Allal, L. Chanquoy & P. Largy), pp. 63-86. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
17. Gopher D. & Braune R. (1984) On the psychophysics of workload: why bother with subjective measures? Human Factors 26, 519-532.
18. Haas C. (1989) How the writing medium shapes the writing process: effects of word processing on planning. Research in the Teaching of English 23, 181-207.
19. Hayes J.R. & Flower L. (1986) Writing research and the writer. American Psychologist 41, 1106-1113.
20. Hayes J.R. & Nash J.G. (1996) On the nature of planning in writing. In The Science of Writing (eds C.M. Levy & S. Ransdell), pp. 29-55. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
21. Kellogg R.T. (1988) Attentional overload: effects of rough draft and outline strategies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 14, 355-365.
22. Kellogg R.T. (2008) Training writing skills: a cognitive developmental perspective. Journal of Writing Research 1, 1-26.
23. Kieft M. (2006) The effects of adapting writing instruction to students' writing strategies (Doctoral thesis, University of Amsterdam, Graduate School of Teaching and Learning, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Available at: (last accessed 5 October 2010).
24. Kirschner P.A. (2002) Cognitive load theory: implications of cognitive load theory on the design of learning. Learning and Instruction 12, 1-10.
25. Kirschner P.A. & Wopereis I.G.J.H. (2003) Mindtools for teacher communities: a European perspective. Technology, Pedagogy and Education 12, 107-126.
26. Kirschner P.A., Ayres P. & Chandler P. (2011) Contemporary cognitive load theory research: the good, the bad and the ugly. Computers in Human Behavior 27, 99-105.
27. Kozma R.B. (1991) The impact of computer-based tools and embedded prompts on writing processes and products of novice and advanced college writers. Cognition and Instruction 8, 1-27.
28. Landis J.R. & Koch G.G. (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33, 159-174.
29. Leijten M. (2007) Writing and Speech Recognition. Observing Error Correction Strategies of Professional Writers. LOT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
30. Margaryan A., Littlejohn A. & Vojt G. (2011) Are digital natives a myth or reality? University students' use of digital technologies. Computers & Education 56, 429-440. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2010.09.004.
31. McCutchen D. (1987) Children's discourse skills: form and modality requirements of schooled writing. Discourse Processes 10, 267-286.
32. Miller G., Galanter E. & Pribram K. (1960) Plans and the Structure of Behavior. Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York.
33. Nielsen J. (1994) Usability Engineering. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA.
34. Paas F. (1992) Training strategies for attaining transfer of problem-solving skill in statistics: a cognitive-load approach. Journal of Educational Psychology 84, 429-434.
35. Prensky M. (2001) Digital natives, digital immigrants, part II: do they really think differently? On the Horizon 9, 1-6.
36. Price J. (1997) Electronic outlining as a tool for making writing visible. Computers and Composition 14, 409-427.
37. Rog L.J. & Kropp P. (2004) The Write Genre: Classroom Activities and Mini-Lessons That Promote Writing with Clarity, Style and Flashes of Brilliance. Pembroke Publishers, Markham, Ontario, Canada.
38. Säljö R. (2010) Digital tools and challenges to institutional traditions of learning: technologies, social memory and the performative nature of learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 26, 53-64.
39. Salomon G. (1995) What does the design of effective CSCL require and how do we study its effects? In Proceedings of Cscl'95: The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (eds J.L. Schnase & E.L. Cunnius), pp. 147-156. Lawrence A. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
40. Still J.D. & Dark V.J. (2010) Examining working memory load and congruency effects on affordances and conventions. International Journal of Human Computer Studies 68, 561-571.
41. Turner K.H. & Katic E.K. (2009) The influence of technological literacy on students' writing. Journal of Educational Computing Research 41, 253-270.
42. University of Chicago (2003) The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
43. Walvoord B.E., Anderson V.J., Breihan J.R., McCarthy L.P., Robison S.M. & Sherman A.K. (1995) Functions of outlining among college students in four disciplines. Research in the Teaching of English 29, 390-421.