The Estimation, Measurement, and Relevance of the Glomerular Filtration Rate in Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease

Seminars in Dialysis

Volumn 24, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 540-549

  White, Christine A ^a   Akbari, Ayub ^b  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DISEASE COURSE; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST; METHODOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW;

DISEASE PROGRESSION; GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; RENAL DIALYSIS;

EID: 80054706123     PISSN: 08940959     EISSN: 1525139X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2011.00943.x     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW, Hogg RJ, Perrone RD, Lau J, Eknoyan G: National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Ann Intern Med 139:137-147, 2003
2. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI: Clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:S1-S266, 2003
3. Rocco MV, Frankenfield DL, Prowant B, Frederick P, Flanigan MJ; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Peritoneal Dialysis Core Indicators Study Group: Risk factors for early mortality in U.S. peritoneal dialysis patients: impact of residual renal function. Perit Dial Int 22:371-379, 2002
4. Rocco M, Soucie JM, Pastan S, McClellan WM: Peritoneal dialysis adequacy and risk of death. Kidney Int 58:446-457, 2000
5. Bargman JM, Thorpe KE, Churchill DN; CANUSA Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group: Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: a reanalysis of the CANUSA study. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:2158-2162, 2001
6. Termorshuizen F, Dekker FW, van Manen JG, Korevaar JC, Boeschoten EW, Krediet RT; NECOSAD Study Group: Relative contribution of residual renal function and different measures of adequacy to survival in hemodialysis patients: an analysis of the Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis (NECOSAD)-2. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1061-1070, 2004
7. Smith HW: The reliability of inulin as a filtration marker. The Kidney: Structure and Function In Health and Disease. New York: Oxford University Press, 1951:231-238
8. Smith HW: Measurement of the Filtration Rate. The Kidney: Structure and Function in Health and Disease. New York: Oxford University Press, 1951:39-62
9. Agarwal R: Reproducibility of renal function measurements in adult men with diabetic nephropathy: research and clinical implications. Am J Nephrol 27:92-100, 2007
10. Sambataro M, Thomaseth K, Pacini G, Robaudo C, Carraro A, Bruseghin M, Brocco E, Abaterusso C, DeFerrari G, Fioretto P, Maioli M, Tonolo GC, Crepaldi G, Nosadini R: Plasma clearance rate of 51Cr-EDTA provides a precise and convenient technique for measurement of glomerular filtration rate in diabetic humans. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:118-127, 1996
11. Morton KA, Pisani DE, Whiting JH Jr, Cheung AK, Arias JM, Valdivia S: Determination of glomerular filtration rate using technetium-99m-DTPA with differing degrees of renal function. J Nucl Med Technol 25:110-114, 1997
12. Klassen DK, Weir MR, Buddemeyer EU: Simultaneous measurements of glomerular filtration rate by two radioisotopic methods in patients without renal impairment. J Am Soc Nephrol 3:108-112, 1992
13. LaFrance ND, Drew HH, Walser M: Radioisotopic measurement of glomerular filtration rate in severe chronic renal failure. J Nucl Med 29:1927-1930, 1988
14. Frennby B, Sterner G, Almen T, Hagstam KE, Hultberg B, Jacobsson L: The use of iohexol clearance to determine GFR in patients with severe chronic renal failure - a comparison between different clearance techniques. Clin Nephrol 43:35-46, 1995
15. Perrone RD, Madias NE, Levey AS: Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old concepts. Clin Chem 38:1933-1953, 1992
16. Shemesh O, Golbetz H, Kriss JP, Myers BD: Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patients. Kidney Int 28:830-838, 1985
17. Brochner-Mortensen J, Rodbro P: Selection of routine method for determination of glomerular filtration rate in adult patients. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 36:35-43, 1976
18. Walser M: Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 32:23-31, 1998
19. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Greene T, Levey AS: Assessing kidney function - measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med 354:2473-2483, 2006
20. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH: Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 16:31-41, 1976
21. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D: A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 130:461-470, 1999
22. Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, Stevens LA, Zhang YL, Hendriksen S, Kusek JW, Van LF; Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration: Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 145:247-254, 2006
23. Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF III, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van LF, Greene T, Coresh J; CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration): A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 150:604-612, 2009
24. Grubb AO: Cystatin C - properties and use as diagnostic marker. Adv Clin Chem 35:63-99, 2000
25. Mussap M, Plebani M: Biochemistry and clinical role of human cystatin C. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 41:467-550, 2004
26. Laterza OF, Price CP, Scott MG: Cystatin C: an improved estimator of glomerular filtration rate? Clin Chem 48:699-707, 2002
27. Rule AD, Bergstralh EJ, Slezak JM, Bergert J, Larson TS: Glomerular filtration rate estimated by cystatin C among different clinical presentations. Kidney Int 69:399-405, 2006
28. White CA, Akbari A, Doucette S, Fergusson D, Ramsay T, Hussain N, Dinh L, Filler G, Lepage N, Knoll GA: Effect of clinical variables and immunosuppression on serum cystatin C and beta-trace protein in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis 54:922-930, 2009
29. Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Greene T, Li L, Beck GJ, Joffe MM, Froissart M, Kusek JW, Zhang YL, Coresh J, Levey AS: Factors other than glomerular filtration rate affect serum cystatin C levels. Kidney Int 75:652-660, 2009
30. White CA, Knoll GA, Poggio ED: Measuring vs estimating glomerular filtration rate in kidney transplantation. Transplant Rev 24:18-27, 2010
31. Urade Y, Hayaishi O: Biochemical, structural, genetic, physiological, and pathophysiological features of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1482:259-271, 2000
32. Olsson JE, Link H, Nosslin B: Metabolic studies on 125I-labelled beta-trace protein, with special reference to synthesis within the central nervous system. J Neurochem 21:1153-1159, 1973
33. Hoffmann A, Nimtz M, Conradt HS: Molecular characterization of beta-trace protein in human serum and urine: a potential diagnostic marker for renal diseases. Glycobiology 7:499-506, 1997
34. White CA, Akbari A, Doucette S, Fergusson D, Hussain N, Dinh L, Filler G, Lepage N, Knoll GA: A novel equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate using Beta-trace protein. Clin Chem 53:1965-1968, 2007
35. Poge U, Gerhardt T, Stoffel-Wagner B, Palmedo H, Klehr HU, Sauerbruch T, Woitas RP: Beta-trace protein-based equations for calculation of GFR in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 8:608-615, 2008
36. Jones JD, Burnett PC: Creatinine metabolism in humans with decreased renal function: creatinine deficit. Clin Chem 20:1204-1212, 1974
37. Enger E, Blegen EM: The relationship between endogenous creatinine clearance and serum creatinine in renal failure. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 16:273-280, 1964
38. Doolan PD, Alpen EL, Theil GB: A clinical appraisal of the plasma concentration and endogenous clearance of creatinine. Am J Med 32:65-79, 1962
39. Jones JD, Burnett PC: Implication of creatinine and gut flora in the uremic syndrome: induction of "creatininase" in colon contents of the rat by dietary creatinine. Clin Chem 18:280-284, 1972
40. Dunn SR, Gabuzda GM, Superdock KR, Kolecki RS, Schaedler RW, Simenhoff ML: Induction of creatininase activity in chronic renal failure: timing of creatinine degradation and effect of antibiotics. Am J Kidney Dis 29:72-77, 1997
41. Ikizler TA, Greene JH, Wingard RL, Parker RA, Hakim RM: Spontaneous dietary protein intake during progression of chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 6:1386-1391, 1995
42. Jagenburg R, Attman PO, Aurell M, Bucht H: Determination of glomerular filtration rate in advanced renal insufficiency. Scand J Urol Nephrol 12:133-137, 1978
43. Lubowitz H, Slatopolsky E, Shankel S, Rieselbach RE, Bricker NS: Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal disease. JAMA 199:252-256, 1967
44. ERA-EDTA: The initiation of dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20(Suppl. 9), ix3-ix7, 2005
45. Bauer JH, Brooks CS, Burch RN: Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Am J Kidney Dis 2:337-346, 1982
46. Bauer JH, Brooks CS, Burch RN: Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 2:30-35, 1982
47. Van Acker BA, Koomen GC, Koopman MG, de Waart DR, Arisz L: Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Lancet 340:1326-1329, 1992
48. Roubenoff R, Drew H, Moyer M, Petri M, Whiting-O'Keefe Q, Hellmann DB: Oral cimetidine improves the accuracy and precision of creatinine clearance in lupus nephritis. Ann Intern Med 113:501-506, 1990
49. Hilbrands LB, Artz MA, Wetzels JF, Koene RA: Cimetidine improves the reliability of creatinine as a marker of glomerular filtration. Kidney Int 40:1171-1176, 1991
50. Zaltzman JS, Whiteside C, Cattran DC, Lopez FM, Logan AG: Accurate measurement of impaired glomerular filtration using single-dose oral cimetidine. Am J Kidney Dis 27:504-511, 1996
51. Jindal K, Chan CT, Deziel C, Hirsch D, Soroka SD, Tonelli M, Culleton BF: Hemodialysis clinical practice guidelines for the Canadian Society of Nephrology. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:S1-S27, 2006
52. Botev R, Mallie JP, Couchoud C, schuck O, Fauvel JP, Wetzels JF, Lee N, De Santo NG, Cirillo M: Estimating glomerular filtration rate: Cockcroft-Gault and modification of diet in renal disease formulas compared to renal inulin clearance. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:899-906, 2009
53. Rule AD, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ, Slezak JM, Jacobsen SJ, Cosio FG: Using serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate: accuracy in good health and in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 141:929-937, 2004
54. White CA, Huang D, Akbari A, Garland J, Knoll GA: Performance of creatinine-based estimates of GFR in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 51:1005-1015, 2008
55. Froissart M, Rossert J, Jacquot C, Paillard M, Houillier P: Predictive performance of the modification of diet in renal disease and cockcroft-gault equations for estimating renal function. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:763-773, 2005
56. Kemperman FA, Silberbusch J, Slaats EH, Prins AM, Weber JA, Krediet RT, Arisz L: Estimation of the glomerular filtration rate in NIDDM patients from plasma creatinine concentration after cimetidine administration. Diabetes Care 21:216-220, 1998
57. Frennby B, Sterner G: Contrast media as markers of GFR. Eur Radiol 12:475-484, 2002
58. Agarwal R, Bills JE, Yigazu PM, Abraham T, Gizaw AB, Light RP, Bekele DM, Tegegne GG: Assessment of iothalamate plasma clearance: duration of study affects quality of GFR. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:77-85, 2009
59. Gaspari F, Guerini E, Perico N, Mosconi L, Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G: Glomerular filtration rate determined from a single plasma sample after intravenous iohexol injection: is it reliable? J Am Soc Nephrol 7:2689-2693, 1996
60. Brochner-Mortensen J: Current status on assessment and measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Clin Physiol 5:1-17, 1985
61. Blaufox MD, Aurell M, Bubeck B, Fommei E, Piepsz A, Russell C, Taylor A, Thomsen HS, Volterrani D: Report of the Radionuclides in Nephrourology Committee on renal clearance. J Nucl Med 37:1883-1890, 1996
62. Fleming JS, Zivanovic MA, Blake GM, Burniston M, Cosgriff PS; British Nuclear Medicine Society: Guidelines for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate using plasma sampling. Nucl Med Commun 25:759-769, 2004
63. Stevens LA, Levey AS: Measured GFR as a confirmatory test for estimated GFR. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:2305-2313, 2009
64. Chantler C, Garnett ES, Parsons V, Veall N: Glomerular filtration rate measurement in man by the single injection methods using 51Cr-EDTA. Clin Sci 37:169-180, 1969
65. Schwartz GJ, Furth S, Cole SR, Warady B, Munoz A: Glomerular filtration rate via plasma iohexol disappearance: pilot study for chronic kidney disease in children. Kidney Int 69:2070-2077, 2006
66. Skluzacek PA, Szewc RG, Nolan CR III, Riley DJ, Lee S, Pergola PE: Prediction of GFR in liver transplant candidates. Am J Kidney Dis 42:1169-1176, 2003
67. Henriksen JH, Brochner-Mortensen J, Malchow-Moller A, Schlichting P: Over-estimation of glomerular filtration rate by single injection [51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance determination in patients with ascites. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 40:279-284, 1980
68. Priem F, Althaus H, Birnbaum M, Sinha P, Conradt HS, Jung K: Beta-trace protein in serum: a new marker of glomerular filtration rate in the creatinine-blind range. Clin Chem 45:567-568, 1999
69. Filler G, Priem F, Lepage N, Sinha P, Vollmer I, Clark H, Keely E, Matzinger M, Akbari A, Althaus H, Jung K: Beta-trace protein, cystatin C, beta(2)-microglobulin, and creatinine compared for detecting impaired glomerular filtration rates in children. Clin Chem 48:729-736, 2002
70. Woitas RP, Stoffel-Wagner B, Poege U, Schiedermaier P, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T: Low-molecular weight proteins as markers for glomerular filtration rate. Clin Chem 47:2179-2180, 2001
71. Kobata M, Shimizu A, Rinno H, Hamada C, Maeda K, Fukui M, Saito K, Horikoshi S, Tomino Y: Beta-trace protein, a new marker of GFR, may predict the early prognostic stages of patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. J Clin Lab Anal 18:237-239, 2004
72. Donadio C, Lucchesi A, Ardini M, Donadio E, Giordani R: Serum levels of beta-trace protein and glomerular filtration rate - preliminary results. J Pharm Biomed Anal 32:1099-1104, 2003
73. Spanaus KS, Kollerits B, Ritz E, Hersberger M, Kronenberg F, von EA; Mild and Moderate Kidney Disease (MMKD) Study Group: Serum creatinine, cystatin C, and beta-trace protein in diagnostic staging and predicting progression of primary nondiabetic chronic kidney disease. Clin Chem 56:740-749, 2010
74. Poge U, Gerhardt TM, Stoffel-Wagner B, Palmedo H, Klehr HU, Sau-erbruch T, Woitas RP: beta-Trace protein is an alternative marker for glomerular filtration rate in renal transplantation patients. Clin Chem 51:1531-1533, 2005
75. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Schmid CH, Feldman HI, Froissart M, Kusek J, Rossert J, Van LF, Bruce RD, III, Zhang YL, Greene T, Levey AS: Estimating GFR using serum cystatin c alone and in combination with serum creatinine: a pooled analysis of 3, 418 individuals with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 51:395-406, 2008
76. Sterner G, rk J, Carlson J, Grubb A, Nyman U: Validation of a new plasma cystatin C-based formula and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease creatinine-based formula for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Scand J Urol Nephrol 43:242-249, 2009
77. Lameire N, Van BW: The initiation of renal-replacement therapy - just-in-time delivery. N Engl J Med 363:678-680, 2010
78. Rosansky SJ, Clark WF, Eggers P, Glassock RJ: Initiation of dialysis at higher GFRs: is the apparent rising tide of early dialysis harmful or helpful? Kidney Int 76:257-261, 2009
79. K/DOQI: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hemodialysis Adequacy Update 2006: Am J Kidney Dis 48(Suppl. 1):S13-S16, 2006
80. Levin A, Hemmelgarn B, Culleton B, Tobe S, McFarlane P, Ruzicka M, Burns K, Manns B, White C, Madore F, Moist L, Klarenbach S, Barrett B, Foley R, Jindal K, Senior P, Pannu N, Shurraw S, Akbari A, Cohn A, Reslerova M, Deved V, Mendelssohn D, Nesrallah G, Kappel J, Tonelli M; Canadian Society of Nephrology: Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease. Can Med Assoc J 179:1154-1162, 2008
81. Cooper BA, Branley P, Bulfone L, Collins JF, Craig JC, Fraenkel MB, Harris A, Johnson DW, Kesselhut J, Li JJ, Luxton G, Pilmore A, Tiller DJ, Harris DC, Pollock CA; IDEAL Study: A randomized, controlled trial of early versus late initiation of dialysis. N Engl J Med 363:609-619, 2010
82. Stevens LA, Greene T, Levey AS: Surrogate end points for clinical trials of kidney disease progression. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1:874-884, 2006
83. Levey AS, Greene T, Schluchter MD, Cleary PA, Teschan PE, Lorenz RA, Molitch ME, Mitch WE, Siebert C, Hall PM: Glomerular filtration rate measurements in clinical trials. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group and the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1159-1171, 1993
84. Mariat C, Maillard N, Phayphet M, Thibaudin L, Laporte S, Alamartine E, Berthoux F: Estimated glomerular filtration rate as an end point in kidney transplant trial: where do we stand? Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:33-38, 2008
85. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, Caggiula AW, Hunsicker L, Kusek JW, Striker G: The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. New Engl J Med 330:877-884, 1994
86. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia). Lancet 349:1857-1863, 1997
87. Agodoa LY, Appel L, Bakris GL, Beck G, Bourgoignie J, Briggs JP, Charleston J, Cheek D, Cleveland W, Douglas JG, Douglas M, Dowie D, Faulkner M, Gabriel A, Gassman J, Greene T, Hall Y, Hebert L, Hiremath L, Jamerson K, Johnson CJ, Kopple J, Kusek J, Lash J, Lea J, Lewis JB, Lipkowitz M, Massry S, Middleton J, Miller ER III, Norris K, O'Connor D, Ojo A, Phillips RA, Pogue V, Rahman M, Randall OS, Rostand S, Schulman G, Smith W, Thornley-Brown D, Tisher CC, Toto RD, Wright JT, Jr., Xu S; African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Study Group: Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 285:2719-2728, 2001
88. Milutinovic J, Cutler RE, Hoover P, Meijsen B, Scribner BH: Measurement of residual glomerular filtration rate in the patient receiving repetitive hemodialysis. Kidney Int 8:185-190, 1975
89. van Olden RW, van Acker BA, Koomen GC, Krediet RT, Arisz L: Time course of inulin and creatinine clearance in the interval between two haemodialysis treatments. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10:2274-2280, 1995
90. Hoek FJ, Korevaar JC, Dekker FW, Boeschoten EW, Krediet RT: Estimation of residual glomerular filtration rate in dialysis patients from the plasma cystatin C level. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1633-1638, 2007
91. Swan SK, Halstenson CE, Kasiske BL, Collins AJ: Determination of residual renal function with iohexol clearance in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 49:232-235, 1996
92. Kabanda A, Jadoul M, Pochet JM, Lauwerys R, van Ypersele de SC, Bernard A: Determinants of the serum concentrations of low molecular weight proteins in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Kidney Int 45:1689-1696, 1994
93. Sjostrom PA, Jones IL, Tidman MA: Cystatin C as a filtration marker - haemodialysis patients expose its strengths and limitations. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 69:65-72, 2009
94. Gerhardt T, Poge U, Stoffel-Wagner B, Klein B, Klehr HU, Sauerbruch T, Woitas RP: Serum levels of beta-trace protein and its association to diuresis in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:309-314, 2008
95. Lindstrom V, Grubb A, Alquist HM, Christensson A: Different elimination patterns of beta-trace protein, beta2-microglobulin and cystatin C in haemodialysis, haemodiafiltration and haemofiltration. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 68:685-691, 2008
96. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for 2006 Updates: Hemodialysis Adequacy, Peritoneal Dialysis Adequacy and Vascular Access. Am J Kidney Dis 48(Suppl. 1), S1-S322, 2006
97. Tattersall J, Martin-Malo A, Pedrini L, Basci A, Canaud B, Fouque D, Haage P, Konner K, Kooman J, Pizzarelli F, Tordoir J, Vennegoor M, Wanner C, ter WP, Vanholder R: EBPG guideline on dialysis strategies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22(Suppl. 21):ii5-ii21, 2007
98. Ifudu O, Mayers JD, Matthew JJ, Fowler AM, Homel P, Friedman EA: Standardized hemodialysis prescriptions promote inadequate treatment in patients with large body mass. Ann Intern Med 128:451-454, 1998
99. Powers KM, Wilkowski MJ, Helmandollar AW, Koenig KG, Bolton WK: Improved urea reduction ratio and Kt/V in large hemodialysis patients using two dialyzers in parallel. Am J Kidney Dis 35:266-274, 2000
100. Jansen MA, Hart AA, Korevaar JC, Dekker FW, Boeschoten EW, Krediet RT; NECOSAD Study Group: Predictors of the rate of decline of residual renal function in incident dialysis patients. Kidney Int 62:1046-1053, 2002
101. Moist LM, Port FK, Orzol SM, Young EW, Ostbye T, Wolfe RA, Hulbert-Shearon T, Jones CA, Bloembergen WE: Predictors of loss of residual renal function among new dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:556-564, 2000
102. McCarthy JT, Jenson BM, Squillace DP, Williams AW: Improved preservation of residual renal function in chronic hemodialysis patients using polysulfone dialyzers. Am J Kidney Dis 29:576-583, 1997
103. Schiffl H, Lang SM, Fischer R: Ultrapure dialysis fluid slows loss of residual renal function in new dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:1814-1818, 2002
104. Taskapan H, Theodoros P, Tam P, Bargman J, Oreopoulos D: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated from serum creatinine predicts total (urine and peritoneal) creatinine clearance in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 42:1085-1092, 2010
105. Tzamaloukas AH, Murata GH: Creatinine excretion in continuous peritoneal dialysis: a systematic error of the Cockroft-Gault formula. Am J Kidney Dis 38:862-866, 2001
106. van Olden RW, Krediet RT, Struijk DG, Arisz L: Measurement of residual renal function in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:745-750, 1996
107. Delaney MP, Stevens PE, Al HM, Stowe HJ, Judge C, Lamb EJ: Relationship of serum cystatin C to peritoneal and renal clearance measures in peritoneal dialysis: a cross-sectional study. Am J Kidney Dis 51:278-284, 2008
108. Mulay A, Biyani M, Akbari A: Cystatin C and residual renal function in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 52:194-195, 2008
109. Ros S, Bajo A, del PG, Garcia de MA, Santacruz S, Fernandez E, de GR, Selgas R: Cystatin C as marker of residual renal function in patients on peritoneal dialysis: relation with parameters of peritoneal function. J Nephrol 20:468-473, 2007
110. Fan SL, Pile T, Punzalan S, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM: Randomized controlled study of biocompatible peritoneal dialysis solutions: effect on residual renal function. Kidney Int 73:200-206, 2008
111. Suzuki H, Kanno Y, Sugahara S, Okada H, Nakamoto H: Effects of an angiotensin II receptor blocker, valsartan, on residual renal function in patients on CAPD. Am J Kidney Dis 43:1056-1064, 2004
112. Li PK, Chow KM, Wong TY, Leung CB, Szeto CC: Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on residual renal function in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. A randomized, controlled study. Ann Intern Med 139:105-112, 2003
113. Lo WK, Ho YW, Li CS, Wong KS, Chan TM, Yu AW, Ng FS, Cheng IK: Effect of Kt/V on survival and clinical outcome in CAPD patients in a randomized prospective study. Kidney Int 64:649-656, 2003
114. Paniagua R, Amato D, Vonesh E, Correa-Rotter R, Ramos A, Moran J, Mujais S; Mexican Nephrology Collaborative Study Group: Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis: ADEMEX, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1307-1320, 2002