Postoperative care of the transplanted patient

Current Cardiology Reviews

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 110-122

  Schumacher, Kurt R ^a   Gajarski, Robert J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Critical care; Pediatric heart transplant

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BASILIXIMAB; BOSENTAN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CLOTRIMAZOLE; CORTICOSTEROID; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; DAPSONE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; GANCICLOVIR; ILOPROST; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; ISOPRENALINE; METHOTREXATE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NITRIC OXIDE; NYSTATIN; OKT 3; PENTAMIDINE ISETHIONATE; PYRIMETHAMINE; RITUXIMAB; SILDENAFIL; TACROLIMUS; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALGANCICLOVIR; VASOPRESSIN;

ACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; ALOPECIA; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; ASPERGILLOSIS; ASSISTED CIRCULATION; BLOOD GROUP ABO INCOMPATIBILITY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; BRAIN DISEASE; CANDIDIASIS; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DESENSITIZATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FEVER; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DYSPNEA; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTION; EXTRACORPOREAL OXYGENATION; FLUID THERAPY; GINGIVA HYPERTROPHY; GRAFT FAILURE; GRAFT RECIPIENT; GRAFT REJECTION; HEART HEMODYNAMICS; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART MUSCLE BIOPSY; HEART OUTPUT; HEART RATE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART TAMPONADE; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HEMODIALYSIS; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYPERACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INTENSIVE CARE; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG INFECTION; LUNG VASCULAR RESISTANCE; LUNG WEDGE PRESSURE; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; MONITORING; MORBIDITY; MYCOSIS; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; OLIGURIA; PARESTHESIA; PERFUSION PRESSURE; PERICARDIAL EFFUSION; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PLASMA TRANSFUSION; PLASMAPHERESIS; PNEUMOCYSTOSIS; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; SEIZURE; SHOCK; SINUS NODE DYSFUNCTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; SURGICAL INFECTION; SURGICAL MORTALITY; SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE; T LYMPHOCYTE; THORAX PAIN; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VOMITING;

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS; EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION; GRAFT REJECTION; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HEMODYNAMICS; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY; HLA ANTIGENS; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; INTENSIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; VASCULAR RESISTANCE;

EID: 80054700618     PISSN: 1573403X     EISSN: 18756557     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157340311797484286     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Costanzo MR, Dipchand A, Starling R, et al. The International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29(8): 914-56.
2. Mohanty PK, Sowers JR, Thames MD, et al. Myocardial norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine concentrations after cardiac autotransplantation in dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7(2): 419-24.
3. Tissot C, Buckvold S, Phelps CM, et al. Outcome of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for early primary graft failure after pediatric heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54(8): 730-7.
4. Mitchell MB, Campbell DN, Bielefeld MR, Doremus T. Utility of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for early graft failure following heart transplantation in infancy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000; 19(9): 834-9.
5. Rubel JR, Milford EL, McKay DB, Jarcho JA. Renal insufficiency and end-stage renal disease in the heart transplant population. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23(3): 289-300.
6. Crespo-Leiro, M. Tacrolimus in heart transplantation. Transplant proc 2003; 35(5): 1981-3.
7. Braith RW, Mills RM Jr, Wilcox CS, Davis GL, Wood CE. Breakdown of blood pressure and body fluid homeostasis in heart transplant recipients. J Am Colg Cardiol 1996; 27(2): 375-83.
8. Reichart, B. Size matching in heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992 11(4 Pt 2): S199-202.
9. Tamisier D, Vouhé P, Le Bidois J, Mauriat P, Khoury W, Leca F. Donor-recipient size matching in pediatric heart transplantation: a word of caution about small grafts. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15(2): 190-5.
10. Quin JA, Tauriainen MP, Huber LM, et al. Predictors of pericardial effusion after orthotopic heart transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 124(5): 979-83.
11. Hauptman PJ, Couper GS, Aranki SF, Kartashov A, Mudge GH Jr, Loh E. Pericardial effusions after cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994 23(7): 1625-9.
12. Heinz G, Hirschl M, Buxbaum P, Laufer G, Gasic S, Laczkovics A. Sinus node dysfunction after orthotopic cardiac transplantation: postoperative incidence and long-term implications. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1992 15(5): 731-7.
13. Bexton RS, Nathan AW, Hellestrand KJ, et al. Electrophysiological abnormalities in the transplanted human heart. Br Heart J 1983; 50(6): 555-63.
14. Chinnock RE, Torres VI, Jutzy RV, et al. Cardiac pacemakers in pediatric heart transplant recipients: incidence, indications, and associated factors. Pediatric Heart Transplant Group-Loma Linda. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996; 19(1): 26-30.
15. Collins KK, Thiagarajan RR, Chin C, et al. Atrial tachyarrhythmias and permanent pacing after pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22(10): 1126-33.
16. Murali S, Kormos RL, Uretsky BF, et al. Preoperative pulmonary hemodynamics and early mortality after orthotopic cardiac transplantation: the Pittsburgh experience. Am Heart J 1993; 126(4): 896-904.
17. Hoskote A, Carter C, Rees P, Elliott M, Burch M, Brown K. Acute right ventricular failure after pediatric cardiac transplant: predictors and long-term outcome in current era of transplantation medicine. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139(1): 146-53.
18. Costard-Jäckle A, Fowler MB. Influence of preoperative pulmonary artery pressure on mortality after heart transplantation: testing of potential reversibility of pulmonary hypertension with nitroprusside is useful in defining a high risk group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19(1): 48-54.
19. Huang J, Trinkaus K, Huddleston CB, Mendeloff EN, Spray TL, Canter CE. Risk factors for primary graft failure after pediatric cardiac transplantation: importance of recipient and donor characteristics. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23(6): 716-22.
20. Daftari B, JC Alejos, G Perens. Initial Experience with Sildenafil, Bosentan, and Nitric Oxide for Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Patients with Elevated Pulmonary Vascular Resistance before and after Orthotopic Heart Transplantation. J Transplant 2010; 2010: 656984.
21. Addonizio LJ, Gersony WM, Robbins RC, et al. Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and cardiac transplantation. Circulation 1987; 76(5 Pt 2): V52-5.
22. Huddleston CB, AJ, Thul JM ed. Postoperative Management: Early graft failure, pulmonary hypertension, and initial immunosuppresion strategies. ISHLT Monograph Series, ed. J.K. CE Canter. Vol. 2. 2007, Elsevier Philadelphia, PA.
23. Rajek A, Pernerstorfer T, Kastner J, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide reduces pulmonary vascular resistance more than prostaglandin E(1) during heart transplantation. Anesth Analg 2000; 90(3): 523-30.
24. Ardehali A, Hughes K, Sadeghi A, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide for pulmonary hypertension after heart transplantation. Transplantation 2001; 72(4): 638-41.
25. Bauer J, Dapper F, Demirakça S, Knothe C, Thul J, Hagel KJ. Perioperative management of pulmonary hypertension after heart transplantation in childhood. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 1997; 16(12): 1238-47.
26. Olschewski H, Simonneau G, Galiè N, et al. Inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 2002; 347(5): 322-9.
27. Ozdogan ME, Erer D, Iriz E, Oktar GL, Kula S, Buyukates M. Right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale left open in the management of acute right heart failure after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27(1): 135-7.
28. Theodoraki K, Tsiapras D, Tsourelis L, et al. Inhaled iloprost in eight heart transplant recipients presenting with post-bypass acute right ventricular dysfunction. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50(10): 1213-7.
29. Kulkarni A, Singh TP, Sarnaik A, Walters HL, Delius R. Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2004; 23(12): 1441-4.
30. Canter CE, Shaddy RE, Bernstein D, et al. Indications for heart transplantation in pediatric heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Cardiovascular Nursing, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007; 115(5): 658-76.
31. D'Ancona G, Santise G, Falletta C, et al. Primary graft failure after heart transplantation: the importance of donor pharmacological management. Transplant Proc 2010; 42(3): 710-2.
32. Kirk R, Edwards LB, Aurora P, et al. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twelfth Official Pediatric Heart Transplantation Report-2009. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28(10): 993-1006.
33. Canter C, Naftel D, Caldwell R, et al. Survival and risk factors for death after cardiac transplantation in infants. A multi-institutional study. The Pediatric Heart Transplant Study. Circulation 1997; 96(1): 227-31.
34. West LJ, Pollock-Barziv SM, Dipchand AI, et al. ABOincompatible heart transplantation in infants. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(11): 793-800.
35. Dipchand AI, Pollock BarZiv SM, Manlhiot C, West LJ, VanderVliet M, McCrindle BW. Equivalent outcomes for pediatric heart transplantation recipients: ABO-blood group incompatible versus ABO-compatible. Am j transplant 2010; 10(2): 389-97.
36. Roche SL, Burch M, O'Sullivan J, et al. Multicenter experience of ABO-incompatible pediatric cardiac transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8(1): 208-15.
37. Schowengerdt, K.O.,Azeka E, ed. Infection following pediatric heart transplantation. Pediatric Heart Transplantation; ISHLT Monograph Series, ed. C.K.J. Kanter. Vol. 2. 2007, Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA.
38. Gajarski RJ, Smith EO, Denfield SW, et al. Long-term results of triple-drug-based immunosuppression in nonneonatal pediatric heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 1998; 65(11): 1470-6.
39. Schowengerdt KO, Naftel DC, Seib PM, et al. Infection after pediatric heart transplantation: results of a multiinstitutional study. The Pediatric Heart Transplant Study Group. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997 16(12): 1207-16.
40. Mattner F, Fischer S, Weissbrodt H, et al. Post-operative nosocomial infections after lung and heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007 26(3): 241-9.
41. Schaenman JM, Rosso F, Austin JM, et al. Trends in invasive disease due to Candida species following heart and lung transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2009; 11(2): 112-21.
42. Muñoz P, Muñoz RM, Palomo J, Rodríguez-Creixéms M, Muñoz R, Bouza E. Pneumocystis carinii infection in heart transplant recipients. Efficacy of a weekend prophylaxis schedule. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997; 76(6): 415-22.
43. Gajarski RJ, Rosenblatt HM, Denfield SW, Schowengerdt KO, Price JK, Towbin JA. Outcomes among pediatric heart transplant recipients. Tex Heart Inst J 1997; 24(2): 97-104.
44. Mahle WT, Fourshee MT, Naftel DM, et al. Does cytomegalovirus serology impact outcome after pediatric heart transplantation? J Heart Lung Transplant 2009 28(12): 1299-305.
45. Miller GG, B Kaplan. Prophylaxis versus preemptive protocols for CMV: do they impact graft survival? Am J Transplant 2008 8(5): 913-4.
46. Potena L, Grigioni F, Magnani G, et al. Prophylaxis versus preemptive anti-cytomegalovirus approach for prevention of allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28(5): 461-7.
47. Snydman DR, Kistler KD, Ulsh P, Morris J. Cytomegalovirus Prevention and Long-Term Recipient and Graft Survival in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients. Transplantation, 2010.
48. Bonaros NE, Kocher A, Dunkler D, et al. Comparison of combined prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin plus ganciclovir versus cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin alone in high-risk heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 2004; 77(6): 890-7.
49. Vrtovec B, Thomas CD, Radovancevic R, Frazier OH, Radovancevic B. Comparison of intravenous ganciclovir and cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin pre-emptive treatment in cytomegalovirus-positive heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23(4): 461-5.
50. Kuhn MA, Deming DD, Cephus CE, et al. Moderate acute rejection detected during annual catheterization in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22(3): 276-80.
51. Kobashigawa JA, JK Patel. Immunosuppression for heart transplantation: where are we now? Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006; 3(4): 203-12.
52. [Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Bourge RC, et al. Rejection after cardiac transplantation. A time-related risk factor analysis. Circulation 1992; 86(5 Suppl): II236-41.
53. Gossett JG, Canter CE, Zheng J, et al. Decline in rejection in the first year after pediatric cardiac transplantation: a multi-institutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29(6): 625-32.
54. Cantarovich M, DA Latter, R Loertscher. Treatment of steroidresistant and recurrent acute cardiac transplant rejection with a short course of antibody therapy. Clin Transplant 1997; 11(4): 316-21.
55. Canter CE, Appleton RS, Saffitz JE, et al. Surveillance for rejection by echocardiographically guided endomyocardial biopsy in the infant heart transplant recipient. Circulation 1991 84(5 Suppl): III310-5.
56. Chin C, Akhtar MJ, Rosenthal DN, Bernstein D. Safety and utility of the routine surveillance biopsy in pediatric patients 2 years after heart transplantation. J Pediatr 2000; 136(2): 238-42.
57. Ibrahim JE, Sweet SC, Flippin M, et al. Rejection is reduced in thoracic organ recipients when transplanted in the first year of life. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21(3): 311-8.
58. Boucek MM, Mathis CM, Boucek RJ Jr, et al. Prospective evaluation of echocardiography for primary rejection surveillance after infant heart transplantation: comparison with endomyocardial biopsy. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994. 13(1 Pt 1): 66-73.
59. Putzer GJ, Cooper D, Keehn C, et al. An improved echocardiographic rejection-surveillance strategy following pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000; 19(12): 1166-74.
60. Dodd DA, CJ, Dipchand AI, ed. Acute Rejection: Natural History, Risk Factors, Surveillance, and Treatment. ISHLT Monograph Series: Pediatric Heart Transplantation, ed. K.J. Canter CE. Vol. 2. 2007, Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA.
61. Berglin E, Kjellström C, Mantovani V, Stelin G, Svalander C, Wiklund L. Plasmapheresis as a rescue therapy to resolve cardiac rejection with vasculitis and severe heart failure. A report of five cases. Transpl Int 1995; 8(5): 382-7.
62. Pollock-BarZiv SM, den Hollander N, Ngan BY, et al. Pediatric heart transplantation in human leukocyte antigen sensitized patients: evolving management and assessment of intermediateterm outcomes in a high-risk population. Circulation 2007; 116(11 Suppl): I172-8.
63. Jordan, S.C., et al., Posttransplant therapy using high-dose human immunoglobulin (intravenous gammaglobulin) to control acute humoral rejection in renal and cardiac allograft recipients and potential mechanism of action. Transplantation 1998 66(6): 800-5.
64. Garrett, H.E., Jr., et al., Treatment of vascular rejection with rituximab in cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005 24(9): 1337-42.
65. Grauhan O, Knosalla C, Ewert R, et al. Plasmapheresis and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of humoral rejection after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20(3): 316-21.
66. Rose ML, Smith J, Dureau G, Keogh A, Kobashigowa J. Mycophenolate mofetil decreases antibody production after cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21(2): 282-5.
67. Shaddy RE, Hunter DD, Osborn KA, et al. Prospective analysis of HLA immunogenicity of cryopreserved valved allografts used in pediatric heart surgery. Circulation 1996; 94(5): 1063-7.
68. Shaddy RE, TC Fuller. The sensitized pediatric heart transplant candidate: causes, consequences, and treatment options. Pediatr Transplant 2005; 9(2): 208-14.
69. Massad MG, Cook DJ, Schmitt SK, et al. Factors influencing HLA sensitization in implantable LVAD recipients. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64(4): 1120-5.
70. Yang J, Schall C, Smith D, et al. HLA sensitization in pediatric pretransplant cardiac patients supported by mechanical assist devices: the utility of Luminex. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28(2): 123-9.
71. Jacobs JP, Quintessenza JA, Boucek RJ, et al. Pediatric cardiac transplantation in children with high panel reactive antibody. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78(5): 1703-9.
72. [Rossano JW, Morales DL, Zafar F, et al. Impact of antibodies against human leukocyte antigens on long-term outcome in pediatric heart transplant patients: an analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140(3): 694-9, 699 e1-2.
73. Balfour IC, Fiore A, Graff RJ, Knutsen AP. Use of rituximab to decrease panel-reactive antibodies. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24(5): 628-30.
74. Everly MJ. A summary of bortezomib use in transplantation across 29 centers. Clin Transpl 2009: 323-37.
75. Stehlik J, Islam N, Hurst D, et al. Utility of virtual crossmatch in sensitized patients awaiting heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28(11): 1129-34.
76. Kirk R, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, etal. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirteenth official pediatric heart transplantation report--2010. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29(10): 1119-28.
77. Yamani MH, Taylor DO, Czerr J, et al. Thymoglobulin induction and steroid avoidance in cardiac transplantation: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Clin Transplant 2008; 22(1): 76-81.
78. Pollock-BarZiv SM, Allain-Rooney T, Manlhiot C, et al. Continuous infusion of thymoglobulin for induction therapy in pediatric heart transplant recipients; experience and outcomes with a novel strategy for administration. Pediatr Transplant 2009; 13(5): 585-9.
79. Boucek RJ Jr, Naftel D, Boucek MM, et al. Induction immunotherapy in pediatric heart transplant recipients: a multicenter study. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18(5): 460-9.
80. [Starnes VA, Oyer PE, Stinson EB, Dein JR, Shumway NE. Prophylactic OKT3 used as induction therapy for heart transplantation. Circulation 1989; 80(5 Pt 2): III79-83.
81. Parisi F, Danesi H, Squitieri C, Di Chiara L, Ravà L, Di Donato RM. Thymoglobuline use in pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22(5): 591-3.
82. Singh TP, Faber C, Blume ED, et al. Safety and early outcomes using a corticosteroid-avoidance immunosuppression protocol in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29(5): 517-22.
83. Ford KA, Cale CM, Rees PG, Elliott MJ, Burch M. Initial data on basiliximab in critically ill children undergoing heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24(9): 1284-8.
84. Johnson MR, Mullen GM, O'Sullivan EJ, et al. Risk/benefit ratio of perioperative OKT3 in cardiac transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74(3): 261-6.
85. Costanzo-Nordin MR, Swinnen LJ, Fisher SG, et al. Cytomegalovirus infections in heart transplant recipients: relationship to immunosuppression. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992; 11(5): 837-46.
86. Swinnen LJ, Costanzo-Nordin MR, Fisher SG, et al. Increased incidence of lymphoproliferative disorder after immunosuppression with the monoclonal antibody OKT3 in cardiac-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 1990; 323(25): 1723-8.
87. Prieto M, Lake KD, Pritzker MR, et al. OKT3 induction and steroid-free maintenance immunosuppression for treatment of highrisk heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1991; 10(6): 901-11.
88. Kirklin JK, Bourge RC, White-Williams C, et al. Prophylactic therapy for rejection after cardiac transplantation. A comparison of rabbit antithymocyte globulin and OKT3. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 99(4): 716-24.
89. Di Filippo S, Boissonnat P, Sassolas F, et al. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin as induction immunotherapy in pediatric heart transplantation. Transplantation 2003; 75(3): 354-8.
90. Shaddy RE, Bullock EA, Morwessel NJ, et al. Murine monoclonal CD3 antibody (OKT3)-based early rejection prophylaxis in pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993; 12(3): 434-9.
91. [Bernstein D, Baum D, Berry G, et al. Neoplastic disorders after pediatric heart transplantation. Circulation 1993; 88(5 Pt 2): II230-7.
92. Gajarski RJ, Blume ED, Urschel S, et al. Infection and malignancy after pediatric heart transplantation: The role of induction therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010.
93. Lindenfeld J, Miller GG, Shakar SF, et al. Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part I: cardiac rejection and immunosuppressive drugs. Circulation 2004; 110(24): 3734-40.
94. Urschel S, LA Altamirano-Diaz, LJ West. Immunosuppression armamentarium in 2010: mechanistic and clinical considerations. Pediatr Clin North Am 2010; 57(2): 433-57, table of contents.
95. Brophy PD, Thomas SE, McBryde KD, Bunchman TE. Comparison of polyclonal induction agents in pediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2001; 5(3): 174-8.
96. Grundy N, Simmonds J, Dawkins H, Rees P, Aurora P, Burch M. Pre-implantation basiliximab reduces incidence of early acute rejection in pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28(12): 1279-84.
97. Mattei MF, Redonnet M, Gandjbakhch I, et al. Lower risk of infectious deaths in cardiac transplant patients receiving basiliximab versus anti-thymocyte globulin as induction therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26(7): 693-9.
98. Vega O, Cárdenas G, Correa-Rotter R, Alberú J, Morales- Buenrostro LE. Basiliximab vs. limited-dose daclizumab (2 mg/kg) administered in single or two separated doses in kidney transplantation. Rev Invest Clin 2008; 60(2): 82-6.
99. Swenson JM, FJ Fricker, JM Armitage. Immunosuppression switch in pediatric heart transplant recipients: cyclosporine to FK 506. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25(5): 1183-8.
100. Pollock-Barziv SM, Dipchand AI, McCrindle BW, Nalli N, West LJ. Randomized clinical trial of tacrolimus- vs cyclosporine-based immunosuppression in pediatric heart transplantation: preliminary results at 15-month follow-up. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24(2): 190-4.
101. Ye F, Ying-Bin X, Yu-Guo W, Hetzer R. Tacrolimus versus cyclosporine microemulsion for heart transplant recipients: a metaanalysis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28(1): 58-66.
102. Kobashigawa JA, Patel J, Furukawa H, et al. Five-year results of a randomized, single-center study of tacrolimus vs microemulsion cyclosporine in heart transplant patients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25(4): 434-9.
103. Cantin B, Kwok BW, Shiba N, Valantine HA, Hunt SA, Chan MC. Post-operative conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus in heart transplantation: a single-center experience. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22(7): 723-30.
104. Lindenfeld J, Miller GG, Shakar SF, et al. Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part II: immunosuppressive drugs. Circulation 2004; 110(25): 3858-65.
105. Kaczmarek I, Ertl B, Schmauss D, et al. Preventing cardiac allograft vasculopathy: long-term beneficial effects of mycophenolate mofetil. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25(5): 550-6.
106. Dandel M, Jasaityte R, Lehmkuhl H, Knosalla C, Hetzer R. Maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil: long-term efficacy and safety after heart transplantation. Transplant Proc 2009; 41(6): 2585-8.
107. Kobashigawa JA, Tobis JM, Mentzer RM, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil reduces intimal thickness by intravascular ultrasound after heart transplant: reanalysis of the multicenter trial. Am J Transplant 2006; 6(5 Pt 1): 993-7.
108. Boyer O, Le Bidois J, Dechaux M, Gubler MC, Niaudet P. Improvement of renal function in pediatric heart transplant recipients treated with low-dose calcineurin inhibitor and mycophenolate mofetil. Transplantation 2005; 79(10): 1405-10.
109. Gajarski RJ, Crowley DC, Zamberlan MC, Lake KD. Lack of correlation between MMF dose and MPA level in pediatric and young adult cardiac transplant patients: does the MPA level matter? Am J Transplant, 2004. 4(9): p. 1495-500.
110. Kobashigawa JA, Renlund DG, Gerosa G, et al. Similar efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS, myfortic) compared with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in de novo heart transplant recipients: results of a 12-month, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25(8): 935-41.
111. Hunt J, Lerman M, Magee MJ, Dewey TM, Herbert M, Mack MJ. Improvement of renal dysfunction by conversion from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24(11): 1863-7.
112. Raichlin E, Bae JH, Khalpey Z, et al. Conversion to sirolimus as primary immunosuppression attenuates the progression of allograft vasculopathy after cardiac transplantation. Circulation 2007; 116(23): 2726-33.
113. Keogh A, Richardson M, Ruygrok P, et al. Sirolimus in de novo heart transplant recipients reduces acute rejection and prevents coronary artery disease at 2 years: a randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2004; 110(17): 2694-700.
114. Leet AS, Bergin PJ, Richardson M, Taylor AJ, Esmore D, Kaye DM. Outcomes following de novo CNI-free immunosuppression after heart transplantation: a single-center experience. Am J Transplant 2009; 9(1): 140-8.
115. Lobach NE, Pollock-Barziv SM, West LJ, Dipchand AI. Sirolimus immunosuppression in pediatric heart transplant recipients: a single-center experience. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24(2): 184-9.
116. Balfour IC, Srun SW, Wood EG, Belsha CW, Marshall DL, Ferdman BR. Early renal benefit of rapamycin combined with reduced calcineurin inhibitor dose in pediatric heart transplantation patients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25(5): 518-22.
117. Matthews K, Gossett J, Kappelle PV, Jellen G, Pahl E. Indications, tolerance and complications of a sirolimus and calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppression regimen: intermediate experience in pediatric heart transplantation recipients. Pediatr Transplant, 2010. 14(3): p. 402-8.
118. Teuteberg JJ, Shullo M, Zomak R, McNamara D, McCurry K, Kormos RL. Aggressive steroid weaning after cardiac transplantation is possible without the additional risk of significant rejection. Clinical transplantation 2008; 22(6): 730-7.
119. Leonard H, Hornung T, Parry G, Dark JH. Pediatric cardiac transplant: results using a steroid-free maintenance regimen. Pediatr Transplant 2003; 7(1): 59-63.
120. [Canter, C.E., et al., Steroid withdrawal in the pediatric heart transplant recipient initially treated with triple immunosuppression. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994; 13(1): 74-9; discussion79-80.
121. Tjang YS, Stenlund H, Tenderich G, Hornik L, Bairaktaris A, Körfer R. Risk factor analysis in pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27(4): 408-15.
122. [Davies RR, Russo MJ, Mital S, et al. Predicting survival among high-risk pediatric cardiac transplant recipients: an analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 135(1): 147-55, 155 e1-2.
123. Lamour JM, Kanter KR, Naftel DC, et al. The effect of age, diagnosis, and previous surgery in children and adults undergoing heart transplantation for congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54(2): 160-5.
124. Bernstein D, Naftel D, Chin C, et al. Outcome of listing for cardiac transplantation for failed Fontan: a multi-institutional study. Circulation 2006; 114(4): 273-80.
125. Shaffer KM, Denfield SW, Schowengerdt KO, et al. Cardiac transplantation for pediatric patients. With inoperable congenital heart disease. Tex Heart Inst J 1998; 25(1): 57-63.
126. Hsu DT, Quaegebeur JM, Michler RE, et al. Heart transplantation in children with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26(3): 743-9.
127. Irving CA, SA Webber. Immunosuppression therapy for pediatric heart transplantation. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2010; 12(5): 489-502.
128. Hoyer PF, Ettenger R, Kovarik JM, et al. Everolimus in pediatric de nova renal transplant patients. Transplantation 2003; 75(12): 2082-5.