메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 294, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1842-1855

Functional anatomy and adaptation of male gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Author keywords

Body composition; Gorilla; Locomotor behavior; Musculo skeleton; Orangutan

Indexed keywords

ANATOMICAL VARIATION; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY DISTRIBUTION; BODY FAT; BODY MASS; BONE; CLIMBING; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISSECTION; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; FORELIMB; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; GENEALOGY; GORILLA; HINDLIMB; JOINT MOBILITY; JOINT STABILITY; LOCOMOTION; MALE; MUSCLE; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; ORANG UTAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ROTATION; SHOULDER; SKIN; TISSUE SECTION; TRAVEL; WEIGHT BEARING;

EID: 80054108102     PISSN: 19328486     EISSN: 19328494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ar.21449     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (44)

References (111)
  • 2
    • 85027473778 scopus 로고
    • The musculature of the inferior extremity of the orang-utan Simia satyrus
    • Boyer EL. 1935. The musculature of the inferior extremity of the orang-utan Simia satyrus. Am J Anat 56: 193-256.
    • (1935) Am J Anat , vol.56 , pp. 193-256
    • Boyer, E.L.1
  • 3
    • 79960984774 scopus 로고
    • The cranio-mandibular musculature of the orang-utan, Simia satyrus
    • Boyer EL. 1939. The cranio-mandibular musculature of the orang-utan, Simia satyrus. Am J Phys Anthropol 24: 417-427.
    • (1939) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.24 , pp. 417-427
    • Boyer, E.L.1
  • 4
    • 0037598755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphometric analysis of growth and development in wild-collected vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), with implications for growth patterns across Old World monkeys, apes, and humans
    • Bolter D, Zihlman AL. 2003. Morphometric analysis of growth and development in wild-collected vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), with implications for growth patterns across Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. J Zool Lond 260: 99-110.
    • (2003) J Zool Lond , vol.260 , pp. 99-110
    • Bolter, D.1    Zihlman, A.L.2
  • 5
    • 84996120378 scopus 로고
    • Effects of sexual dimorphism in body size on feeding postural behavior of Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
    • Cant JH. 1987. Effects of sexual dimorphism in body size on feeding postural behavior of Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Am J Phys Anthropol 74: 143-148.
    • (1987) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.74 , pp. 143-148
    • Cant, J.H.1
  • 6
    • 0026721766 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior and body size of arboreal primates: a theoretical framework for field studies and an illustration of its application
    • Cant JH. 1992. Positional behavior and body size of arboreal primates: a theoretical framework for field studies and an illustration of its application. Am J Phys Anthropol 88: 273-283.
    • (1992) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.88 , pp. 273-283
    • Cant, J.H.1
  • 7
    • 0008704002 scopus 로고
    • On the structure of the gorilla
    • Chapman HC. 1878. On the structure of the gorilla. Proc Zool Soc Lond 30: 385-394.
    • (1878) Proc Zool Soc Lond , vol.30 , pp. 385-394
    • Chapman, H.C.1
  • 8
    • 79960987323 scopus 로고
    • On the structure of the orang outang
    • Chapman HC. 1880. On the structure of the orang outang. Proc Zool Soc Lond 32: 160-174.
    • (1880) Proc Zool Soc Lond , vol.32 , pp. 160-174
    • Chapman, H.C.1
  • 9
    • 0020395990 scopus 로고
    • The adaptive significance of higher intelligence in wild orangutans: a preliminary report
    • Chevalier-Skolnikoff S, Galdikas BMF, Skolnikoff AZ. 1982. The adaptive significance of higher intelligence in wild orangutans: a preliminary report. J Hum Evol 11: 639-652.
    • (1982) J Hum Evol , vol.11 , pp. 639-652
    • Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S.1    Galdikas, B.M.F.2    Skolnikoff, A.Z.3
  • 13
    • 53249089546 scopus 로고
    • Origin of the mammalian feeding mechanism
    • Davis DD. 1961. Origin of the mammalian feeding mechanism. Am Zool 1: 229-234.
    • (1961) Am Zool , vol.1 , pp. 229-234
    • Davis, D.D.1
  • 14
    • 51649155817 scopus 로고
    • Orangutan diet, range, and activity at Tanjung Putting, Central Borneo
    • Galdikas B. 1988. Orangutan diet, range, and activity at Tanjung Putting, Central Borneo. Int J Primatol 9: 1-35.
    • (1988) Int J Primatol , vol.9 , pp. 1-35
    • Galdikas, B.1
  • 15
    • 0026758323 scopus 로고
    • Plantigrady and foot adaptation in African apes: implications for hominid evolution
    • Gebo DL. 1992. Plantigrady and foot adaptation in African apes: implications for hominid evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 89: 29-58.
    • (1992) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.89 , pp. 29-58
    • Gebo, D.L.1
  • 16
    • 0034718496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft tissue characteristics in higher primate phylogenetics
    • Gibbs S, Collard M, Wood B. 2000. Soft tissue characteristics in higher primate phylogenetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 11130-11132.
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.97 , pp. 11130-11132
    • Gibbs, S.1    Collard, M.2    Wood, B.3
  • 17
    • 0036211245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft tissue anatomy of the extant hominoids: a review and phylogenetic analysis
    • Gibbs S, Collard M, Wood B. 2002. Soft tissue anatomy of the extant hominoids: a review and phylogenetic analysis. J Anat 200: 3-49.
    • (2002) J Anat , vol.200 , pp. 3-49
    • Gibbs, S.1    Collard, M.2    Wood, B.3
  • 18
    • 0033050381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological constraints on the foraging effort of western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic
    • Goldsmith ML. 1999. Ecological constraints on the foraging effort of western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. Int J Primatol 20: 1-23.
    • (1999) Int J Primatol , vol.20 , pp. 1-23
    • Goldsmith, M.L.1
  • 19
    • 80054100926 scopus 로고
    • The functional anatomy of the shoulder of the chimpanzee. PhD Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
    • Grand TI. 1964. The functional anatomy of the shoulder of the chimpanzee. PhD Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
    • (1964)
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 20
    • 84981806752 scopus 로고
    • The functional anatomy of the ankle and foot of the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang)
    • Grand TI. 1967. The functional anatomy of the ankle and foot of the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang). Am J Phys Anthropol 26: 207-218.
    • (1967) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.26 , pp. 207-218
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 21
    • 0000564678 scopus 로고
    • Functional anatomy of the upper limb
    • Basel, New York: Karger, Bibl Primat
    • Grand TI. 1968a. Functional anatomy of the upper limb. In: Biology of the howler monkey (Alouatta caraya). Basel, New York: Karger, Bibl Primat. p 104-125.
    • (1968) Biology of the howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) , pp. 104-125
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 22
    • 0014259052 scopus 로고
    • The functional anatomy of the lower limb of the howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)
    • Grand TI. 1968b. The functional anatomy of the lower limb of the howler monkey (Alouatta caraya). Am J Phys Anthropol 28: 163-181.
    • (1968) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.28 , pp. 163-181
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 23
    • 0000024840 scopus 로고
    • A mechanical interpretation of terminal branch feeding
    • Grand TI. 1972. A mechanical interpretation of terminal branch feeding. J Mammal 53: 198-201.
    • (1972) J Mammal , vol.53 , pp. 198-201
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 24
    • 0017739221 scopus 로고
    • Body weight: its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, and motor function. I. Interspecific comparisons
    • Grand TI. 1977. Body weight: its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, and motor function. I. Interspecific comparisons. Am J Phys Anthropol 47: 211-239.
    • (1977) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.47 , pp. 211-239
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 25
    • 0001548230 scopus 로고
    • Adaptations of tissue and limb segments to facilitate moving and feeding in arboreal folivores
    • Montgomery GG, editor. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press
    • Grand TI. 1978. Adaptations of tissue and limb segments to facilitate moving and feeding in arboreal folivores. In: Montgomery GG, editor. The Ecology of arboreal folivores. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 231-241.
    • (1978) The Ecology of arboreal folivores , pp. 231-241
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 26
    • 0003096168 scopus 로고
    • Motion economy within the canopy: four strategies for mobility
    • Rodman PS, Cant JGH, editors. New York: Columbia University Press
    • Grand TI. 1984. Motion economy within the canopy: four strategies for mobility. In: Rodman PS, Cant JGH, editors. Adaptations for foraging in nonhuman primates. New York: Columbia University Press. p 54-72.
    • (1984) Adaptations for foraging in nonhuman primates , pp. 54-72
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 27
    • 0030958981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How muscle mass is part of the fabric of behavioral ecology in East African bovids (Madoqua, Gazella, Damaliscus, Hippotragus)
    • Grand TI. 1997. How muscle mass is part of the fabric of behavioral ecology in East African bovids (Madoqua, Gazella, Damaliscus, Hippotragus). Anat Embryol 195: 375-386.
    • (1997) Anat Embryol , vol.195 , pp. 375-386
    • Grand, T.I.1
  • 29
    • 0034374193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose regulation in captive Pongo pygmaeus abeli, P.p. pygmaeus, and P.p. abeli x P.p.pygmaeus
    • Gresl TA, Baum ST, Kenmitz JW. 2000. Glucose regulation in captive Pongo pygmaeus abeli, P.p. pygmaeus, and P.p. abeli x P.p.pygmaeus. Zoo Biol 19: 193-208.
    • (2000) Zoo Biol , vol.19 , pp. 193-208
    • Gresl, T.A.1    Baum, S.T.2    Kenmitz, J.W.3
  • 30
    • 77954027413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orang-utan energetics and the influence of fruit availability in the nonmasting peat-swamp forest of Sabangau, Indonesia, Borneo
    • Harrison ME, Morrogh-Bernard HC, Chivers DJ. 2010. Orang-utan energetics and the influence of fruit availability in the nonmasting peat-swamp forest of Sabangau, Indonesia, Borneo. Int J Primatol 31: 585-607.
    • (2010) Int J Primatol , vol.31 , pp. 585-607
    • Harrison, M.E.1    Morrogh-Bernard, H.C.2    Chivers, D.J.3
  • 31
    • 10044287355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3D-Kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids
    • Isler K. 2005. 3D-Kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 126: 66-81.
    • (2005) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.126 , pp. 66-81
    • Isler, K.1
  • 33
    • 0344584510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gait parameters in vertical climbing of captive rehabilitant and wild Sumatran orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii)
    • Isler K, Thorpe SKS. 2003. Gait parameters in vertical climbing of captive rehabilitant and wild Sumatran orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). J Exp Biol 206: 4081-4096.
    • (2003) J Exp Biol , vol.206 , pp. 4081-4096
    • Isler, K.1    Thorpe, S.K.S.2
  • 34
    • 0002812733 scopus 로고
    • Knuckle-walking and the functional anatomy of wrists in living apes
    • Tuttle RH, editor. The Hague: Mouton
    • Jenkins FA, Fleagle JG. 1975. Knuckle-walking and the functional anatomy of wrists in living apes. In: Tuttle RH, editor. Functional morphology and evolution. The Hague: Mouton. p 213-227.
    • (1975) Functional morphology and evolution , pp. 213-227
    • Jenkins, F.A.1    Fleagle, J.G.2
  • 35
    • 0032421328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in orangutan caloric intake, energy balance, and ketones in response to fluctuating fruit availability
    • Knott CD. 1998. Changes in orangutan caloric intake, energy balance, and ketones in response to fluctuating fruit availability. Int J Primatol 19: 1061-1079.
    • (1998) Int J Primatol , vol.19 , pp. 1061-1079
    • Knott, C.D.1
  • 36
    • 33846896568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetic responses to food availability in the great apes: implications for hominin evolution
    • Brockman DK, van Schaik CP, editors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Knott CD. 2005. Energetic responses to food availability in the great apes: implications for hominin evolution. In: Brockman DK, van Schaik CP, editors. Seasonality in primates: studies of living and extinct human and non-human primates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 351-378.
    • (2005) Seasonality in primates: studies of living and extinct human and non-human primates , pp. 351-378
    • Knott, C.D.1
  • 37
    • 0014488392 scopus 로고
    • The hominoid wrist joint
    • Lewis OJ. 1969. The hominoid wrist joint. Am J Phys Anthropol 30: 251-268.
    • (1969) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.30 , pp. 251-268
    • Lewis, O.J.1
  • 38
    • 0008705145 scopus 로고
    • The muscular anatomy of the gorilla
    • MacAlister A. 1873. The muscular anatomy of the gorilla. Proc Royal Irish Acad 11: 501-506.
    • (1873) Proc Royal Irish Acad , vol.11 , pp. 501-506
    • MacAlister, A.1
  • 39
    • 0016240567 scopus 로고
    • The behaviour and ecology of wild orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
    • MacKinnon J. 1974. The behaviour and ecology of wild orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Anim Behav 22: 2-74.
    • (1974) Anim Behav , vol.22 , pp. 2-74
    • MacKinnon, J.1
  • 40
    • 0008262023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body composition in male chimpanzees (P. paniscus and P. troglodytes): a preliminary report
    • McFarland RK, Zihlman AL. 1996. Body composition in male chimpanzees (P. paniscus and P. troglodytes): a preliminary report. Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 22: 251.
    • (1996) Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl , vol.22 , pp. 251
    • McFarland, R.K.1    Zihlman, A.L.2
  • 41
    • 80054124192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of body weight in chimpanzees and gorillas: a functional interpretation
    • McFarland RK, Zihlman AL. 1999. Analysis of body weight in chimpanzees and gorillas: a functional interpretation. Am J Primatol 499: 79-80.
    • (1999) Am J Primatol , vol.499 , pp. 79-80
    • McFarland, R.K.1    Zihlman, A.L.2
  • 42
    • 84944486882 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in primates
    • Miller RA. 1932. Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 17: 1-56.
    • (1932) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.17 , pp. 1-56
    • Miller, R.A.1
  • 43
    • 0008181590 scopus 로고
    • Body composition and limb proportions
    • Schwartz J, editor. New York: Oxford University Press
    • Morbeck ME, Zihlman AL. 1988. Body composition and limb proportions. In: Schwartz J, editor. Orangutan biology. New York: Oxford University Press. p 285-297.
    • (1988) Orangutan biology , pp. 285-297
    • Morbeck, M.E.1    Zihlman, A.L.2
  • 44
    • 0000191023 scopus 로고
    • Feeding ecology of western lowland gorillas in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park
    • Nishihara T. 1995. Feeding ecology of western lowland gorillas in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park. Primates 36: 151-168.
    • (1995) Primates , vol.36 , pp. 151-168
    • Nishihara, T.1
  • 45
    • 48449092123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle architecture of the upper limb in the orangutan
    • Oishi M, Ogihara N, Endo H, Asari M. 2008. Muscle architecture of the upper limb in the orangutan. Primates 49: 204-209.
    • (2008) Primates , vol.49 , pp. 204-209
    • Oishi, M.1    Ogihara, N.2    Endo, H.3    Asari, M.4
  • 46
    • 70349973892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of forelimb muscles in orangutans and chimpanzees
    • Oishi M, Ogihara N, Endo H, Ichihara N, Asari M. 2009. Dimensions of forelimb muscles in orangutans and chimpanzees. J Anat 215: 373-382.
    • (2009) J Anat , vol.215 , pp. 373-382
    • Oishi, M.1    Ogihara, N.2    Endo, H.3    Ichihara, N.4    Asari, M.5
  • 47
    • 0008700721 scopus 로고
    • Notes of the dissection of a female orang-utan (Simia satyrus, Linn.)
    • Owen R. 1843. Notes of the dissection of a female orang-utan (Simia satyrus, Linn.). Proc Zool Soc Lond 11: 123-124.
    • (1843) Proc Zool Soc Lond , vol.11 , pp. 123-124
    • Owen, R.1
  • 48
    • 0008739526 scopus 로고
    • On the gorilla (Troglodytes gorilla, Sav.)
    • Owen R. 1859. On the gorilla (Troglodytes gorilla, Sav.). Proc Zool Soc Lond 27: 1-23.
    • (1859) Proc Zool Soc Lond , vol.27 , pp. 1-23
    • Owen, R.1
  • 49
    • 84981814238 scopus 로고
    • The functional morphology of the primate shoulder as revealed by comparative anatomical, osteometric, and discriminant function techniques
    • Oxnard CE. 1967. The functional morphology of the primate shoulder as revealed by comparative anatomical, osteometric, and discriminant function techniques. Am J Phys Anthropol 26: 219-240.
    • (1967) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.26 , pp. 219-240
    • Oxnard, C.E.1
  • 52
    • 0030078359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and morphological records of the Hominoidea and hominid origins: a synthesis
    • Pilbeam D. 1996. Genetic and morphological records of the Hominoidea and hominid origins: a synthesis. Mol Phylogen Evol 5: 155-168.
    • (1996) Mol Phylogen Evol , vol.5 , pp. 155-168
    • Pilbeam, D.1
  • 53
    • 0034718593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hominoid systematics: the soft evidence
    • Pilbeam D. 2000. Hominoid systematics: the soft evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 10684-10686.
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.97 , pp. 10684-10686
    • Pilbeam, D.1
  • 54
    • 0029445138 scopus 로고
    • Arboreal clambering and the evolution of self-conception
    • Povinelli DJ, Cant JGH. 1995. Arboreal clambering and the evolution of self-conception. Quart Rev Biol 70: 393-421.
    • (1995) Quart Rev Biol , vol.70 , pp. 393-421
    • Povinelli, D.J.1    Cant, J.G.H.2
  • 55
    • 2742580059 scopus 로고
    • Muskeln und gelenke der hinterextremitat des gorillas (Gorilla gorilla Savege et Wymann, 1847)
    • Preuschoft H. 1961. Muskeln und gelenke der hinterextremitat des gorillas (Gorilla gorilla Savege et Wymann, 1847). Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 101: 432-540.
    • (1961) Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb , vol.101 , pp. 432-540
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 56
    • 0008259197 scopus 로고
    • Muskelgewichte bei Gorilla, Orang-Utan, und Mensch
    • Preuschoft H. 1963. Muskelgewichte bei Gorilla, Orang-Utan, und Mensch. Anthrop Anz 26: 308-317.
    • (1963) Anthrop Anz , vol.26 , pp. 308-317
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 57
    • 0008701299 scopus 로고
    • Part two. Regional anatomy of the gorilla
    • Gregory WK, editor. New York: Columbia University Press
    • Raven HC. 1950. Part two. Regional anatomy of the gorilla. In: Gregory WK, editor. The Henry Cushier Raven memorial volume. The anatomy of the gorilla. New York: Columbia University Press. p 15-188.
    • (1950) The Henry Cushier Raven memorial volume. The anatomy of the gorilla , pp. 15-188
    • Raven, H.C.1
  • 58
    • 80054112139 scopus 로고
    • Feeding ecology and positional behavior of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Central African Republic. PhD Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
    • Remis MJ. 1994. Feeding ecology and positional behavior of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Central African Republic. PhD Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
    • (1994)
    • Remis, M.J.1
  • 59
    • 0029083565 scopus 로고
    • The effects of body size and social context on the arboreal activities of western lowland gorillas in the Central African Republic
    • Remis MJ. 1995. The effects of body size and social context on the arboreal activities of western lowland gorillas in the Central African Republic. Am J Phys Primatol 97: 413-433.
    • (1995) Am J Phys Primatol , vol.97 , pp. 413-433
    • Remis, M.J.1
  • 60
    • 0030765875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) as seasonal frugivores: use of variable resources
    • Remis MJ. 1997a. Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) as seasonal frugivores: use of variable resources. Am J Primatol 43: 87-109.
    • (1997) Am J Primatol , vol.43 , pp. 87-109
    • Remis, M.J.1
  • 61
    • 0030812987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ranging and grouping patterns of a western lowland gorilla group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic
    • Remis MJ. 1997b. Ranging and grouping patterns of a western lowland gorilla group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. Am J Primatol 43: 111-133.
    • (1997) Am J Primatol , vol.43 , pp. 111-133
    • Remis, M.J.1
  • 62
    • 0032870468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree structure and sex differences in arboreality among western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic
    • Remis MJ. 1999. Tree structure and sex differences in arboreality among western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. Primates 40: 383-396.
    • (1999) Primates , vol.40 , pp. 383-396
    • Remis, M.J.1
  • 64
    • 84942119708 scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of the primate scapula
    • Jenkins F, editor. New York: Academic Press
    • Roberts D. 1974. Structure and function of the primate scapula. In: Jenkins F, editor. Primate locomotion. New York: Academic Press. p 171-200.
    • (1974) Primate locomotion , pp. 171-200
    • Roberts, D.1
  • 65
    • 80054092756 scopus 로고
    • Introduction: from comparative morphology and socioecology to an organismal biology of primates
    • Rodman PS, Cant JGH, editors. New York: Columbia University Press
    • Rodman PS, Cant JGH. 1984. Introduction: from comparative morphology and socioecology to an organismal biology of primates. In: Rodman PS, Cant JGH, editors. Adaptations for foraging in nonhuman primates. New York: Columbia University Press. p 1-20.
    • (1984) Adaptations for foraging in nonhuman primates , pp. 1-20
    • Rodman, P.S.1    Cant, J.G.H.2
  • 67
    • 0005723363 scopus 로고
    • Functional anatomy of the cheiridia
    • Schwartz J, editor. New York: Oxford University Press
    • Rose MD. 1988. Functional anatomy of the cheiridia. In: Schwartz J, editor. Orangutan biology. New York: Oxford University Press. p 299-310.
    • (1988) Orangutan biology , pp. 299-310
    • Rose, M.D.1
  • 68
    • 51249176825 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy of the hominoid wrist joint. Its evolutionary and functional implications
    • Sarmiento EE. 1988. Anatomy of the hominoid wrist joint. Its evolutionary and functional implications. Int J Primatol 9: 281-345.
    • (1988) Int J Primatol , vol.9 , pp. 281-345
    • Sarmiento, E.E.1
  • 69
    • 0001416990 scopus 로고
    • The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates
    • Schultz AH. 1930. The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates. Hum Biol 2: 303-438.
    • (1930) Hum Biol , vol.2 , pp. 303-438
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 70
    • 0004852465 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the growth, classification, and evolutionary specializations of gibbons and siamangs
    • Schultz AH. 1933. Observations on the growth, classification, and evolutionary specializations of gibbons and siamangs. Hum Biol 5: 212-255.
    • (1933) Hum Biol , vol.5 , pp. 212-255
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 71
    • 0001292458 scopus 로고
    • Proportions, variability, and asymmetries of the long bones of the limbs and the clavicles in man and apes
    • Schultz AH. 1937. Proportions, variability, and asymmetries of the long bones of the limbs and the clavicles in man and apes. Hum Biol 9: 281-328.
    • (1937) Hum Biol , vol.9 , pp. 281-328
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 72
    • 0000972608 scopus 로고
    • Postembryonic age changes
    • Schultz AH. 1956. Postembryonic age changes. Primatologia 1: 887-964.
    • (1956) Primatologia , vol.1 , pp. 887-964
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 73
    • 0014453058 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the acetabulum of primates
    • Schultz AH. 1963a. Observations on the acetabulum of primates. Folia Primatol (Basel) 11: 181-199.
    • (1963) Folia Primatol (Basel) , vol.11 , pp. 181-199
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 74
    • 0041981772 scopus 로고
    • Relations between the lengths of the main parts of the foot skeleton in primates
    • Schultz AH. 1963b. Relations between the lengths of the main parts of the foot skeleton in primates. Folia Primatol (Basel) 1: 150-171.
    • (1963) Folia Primatol (Basel) , vol.1 , pp. 150-171
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 75
    • 0015969368 scopus 로고
    • A functional analysis of pongid hip and thigh musculature
    • Sigmon BA. 1974. A functional analysis of pongid hip and thigh musculature. J Hum Evol 3: 161-185.
    • (1974) J Hum Evol , vol.3 , pp. 161-185
    • Sigmon, B.A.1
  • 76
    • 19044398783 scopus 로고
    • Functions and evolution of hominid hip and thigh musculatures
    • Tuttle RH, editor. The Hague: Mouton
    • Sigmon BA. 1975. Functions and evolution of hominid hip and thigh musculatures. In: Tuttle RH, editor. Primate functional morphology and evolution. The Hague: Mouton. p 235-252.
    • (1975) Primate functional morphology and evolution , pp. 235-252
    • Sigmon, B.A.1
  • 77
    • 84980091501 scopus 로고
    • On the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the orang-utan
    • Sonntag CF. 1924a. On the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the orang-utan. Proc Zool Soc Lond 24: 349-451.
    • (1924) Proc Zool Soc Lond , vol.24 , pp. 349-451
    • Sonntag, C.F.1
  • 80
    • 0008735675 scopus 로고
    • Anatomical observations in a Gorilla gorilla
    • Steiner P. 1954. Anatomical observations in a Gorilla gorilla. Am J Phys Anthropol 12: 145-179.
    • (1954) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.12 , pp. 145-179
    • Steiner, P.1
  • 81
    • 0019819961 scopus 로고
    • Electomyography of the gluteal muscles in Hylobates, Pongo, and Pan: implications for the evolution of hominid bipedality
    • Stern JT, Susman RL. 1981. Electomyography of the gluteal muscles in Hylobates, Pongo, and Pan: implications for the evolution of hominid bipedality. Am J Phys Anthropol 55: 153-166.
    • (1981) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.55 , pp. 153-166
    • Stern, J.T.1    Susman, R.L.2
  • 82
    • 0001936496 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor behaviour of the Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) at Ketambe, Gunung Leuser National Park
    • Sugardjito J. 1982. Locomotor behaviour of the Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) at Ketambe, Gunung Leuser National Park. Malay Nat J 35: 57-64.
    • (1982) Malay Nat J , vol.35 , pp. 57-64
    • Sugardjito, J.1
  • 83
    • 0022847199 scopus 로고
    • Age-sex class differences in the positional behaviour of the Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia
    • Sugardjito J, van Hooff JARAM. 1986. Age-sex class differences in the positional behaviour of the Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. Folia Primatol (Basel) 47: 14-25.
    • (1986) Folia Primatol (Basel) , vol.47 , pp. 14-25
    • Sugardjito, J.1    van Hooff, J.2
  • 84
    • 0000266795 scopus 로고
    • The musculature of the superior extremity of the orangutan, Simia satyrus
    • Sullivan WE, Osgood CW. 1927. The musculature of the superior extremity of the orangutan, Simia satyrus. Anat Rec 35: 193-239.
    • (1927) Anat Rec , vol.35 , pp. 193-239
    • Sullivan, W.E.1    Osgood, C.W.2
  • 85
    • 0031264875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scapula form and biomechanics in gorillas
    • Taylor AB. 1997. Scapula form and biomechanics in gorillas. J Hum Evol 33: 529-553.
    • (1997) J Hum Evol , vol.33 , pp. 529-553
    • Taylor, A.B.1
  • 86
    • 33750073499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orangutan positional behavior and the nature of arboreal locomotion in the Hominoidea
    • Thorpe SKS, Crompton RH. 2006. Orangutan positional behavior and the nature of arboreal locomotion in the Hominoidea. Am J Phys Anthropol 131: 384-401.
    • (2006) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.131 , pp. 384-401
    • Thorpe, S.K.S.1    Crompton, R.H.2
  • 87
    • 34249888210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of human bipedalism as an adaptation for locomotion on flexible branches
    • Thorpe SKS, Holder RL, Crompton RH. 2007. Origin of human bipedalism as an adaptation for locomotion on flexible branches. Science 316: 1328-1331.
    • (2007) Science , vol.316 , pp. 1328-1331
    • Thorpe, S.K.S.1    Holder, R.L.2    Crompton, R.H.3
  • 88
    • 69149100770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orangutans employ unique strategies to control branch flexibility
    • Thorpe SKS, Holder RL, Crompton RH. 2009. Orangutans employ unique strategies to control branch flexibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 12646-12651.
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.106 , pp. 12646-12651
    • Thorpe, S.K.S.1    Holder, R.L.2    Crompton, R.H.3
  • 89
    • 84996105793 scopus 로고
    • Composition of the diet of chimpanzees and comparison with that of sympatric lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon
    • Tutin CEG, Fernandez M. 1993. Composition of the diet of chimpanzees and comparison with that of sympatric lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. Am J Primatol 30: 195-211.
    • (1993) Am J Primatol , vol.30 , pp. 195-211
    • Tutin, C.E.G.1    Fernandez, M.2
  • 91
    • 0014544886 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative and functional studies on the hands of the Anthropoidea. I. The Hominoidea
    • Tuttle RH. 1969. Quantitative and functional studies on the hands of the Anthropoidea. I. The Hominoidea. J Morphol 128: 309-364.
    • (1969) J Morphol , vol.128 , pp. 309-364
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 92
    • 0010347687 scopus 로고
    • Postural, propulsive, and prehensile capabilities in the cheiridia of chimpanzees and other great apes
    • Bourne GH, editor. Basel: Karger
    • Tuttle RH. 1970. Postural, propulsive, and prehensile capabilities in the cheiridia of chimpanzees and other great apes. In: Bourne GH, editor. The chimpanzee. Basel: Karger. Vol 2: p 167-253.
    • (1970) The chimpanzee , vol.2 , pp. 167-253
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 93
    • 4243223261 scopus 로고
    • Relative mass of cheiridial muscles in catarrhine primates
    • Tuttle RH, editor. Chicago, New York: Aldine Atherton
    • Tuttle RH. 1972. Relative mass of cheiridial muscles in catarrhine primates. In: Tuttle RH, editor. The functional and evolutionary biology of primates. Chicago, New York: Aldine Atherton. p 262-291.
    • (1972) The functional and evolutionary biology of primates , pp. 262-291
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 94
    • 0016219815 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography of brachial muscles in Pan gorilla and hominoid evolution
    • Tuttle RH, Basmajian JV. 1974a. Electromyography of brachial muscles in Pan gorilla and hominoid evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 41: 71-90.
    • (1974) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.41 , pp. 71-90
    • Tuttle, R.H.1    Basmajian, J.V.2
  • 95
    • 84942097750 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography of forelimb musculature in Gorilla and problems related to knuckle-walking
    • Jenkins FA, editor. New York: Academic Press
    • Tuttle RH, Basmajian JV. 1974b. Electromyography of forelimb musculature in Gorilla and problems related to knuckle-walking. In: Jenkins FA, editor. Primate locomotion. New York: Academic Press. p 293-348.
    • (1974) Primate locomotion , pp. 293-348
    • Tuttle, R.H.1    Basmajian, J.V.2
  • 96
    • 0017897364 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles. II. Deltoid, rhomboids, and "rotator cuff."
    • Tuttle RH, Basmajian JV. 1978. Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles. II. Deltoid, rhomboids, and "rotator cuff." Am J Phys Anthropol 49: 47-56.
    • (1978) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.49 , pp. 47-56
    • Tuttle, R.H.1    Basmajian, J.V.2
  • 97
    • 0013556762 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography of the gluteus maximus muscle in gorilla and the evolution of hominid bipedalism
    • Tuttle RH, editor. The Hague: Mouton
    • Tuttle RH, Basmajian JV, Ishida H. 1975. Electromyography of the gluteus maximus muscle in gorilla and the evolution of hominid bipedalism. In: Tuttle RH, editor. Primate functional morphology and evolution. The Hague: Mouton. p 253-269.
    • (1975) Primate functional morphology and evolution , pp. 253-269
    • Tuttle, R.H.1    Basmajian, J.V.2    Ishida, H.3
  • 98
    • 0002332402 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior, adaptive complexes, and evolution
    • Schwartz J, editor. New York: Oxford University Press
    • Tuttle RH, Cortright GW. 1988. Positional behavior, adaptive complexes, and evolution. In: Schwartz J, editor. Orangutan biology. New York: Oxford University Press. p 311-330.
    • (1988) Orangutan biology , pp. 311-330
    • Tuttle, R.H.1    Cortright, G.W.2
  • 99
    • 0020966533 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography of brachial muscles in Pan troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus
    • Tuttle RH, Velte J, Basmajian JV. 1983. Electromyography of brachial muscles in Pan troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus. Am J Phys Anthropol 61: 75-83.
    • (1983) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.61 , pp. 75-83
    • Tuttle, R.H.1    Velte, J.2    Basmajian, J.V.3
  • 101
    • 76549236991 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of primate evolution with particular reference to the origin of man. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 15, 67-78. (Reprinted 1999)
    • Strum SC, Lindburg D, Hamburg D, editors. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
    • Washburn SL. 1951. Analysis of primate evolution with particular reference to the origin of man. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 15, 67-78. (Reprinted 1999) In: Strum SC, Lindburg D, Hamburg D, editors. The new physical anthropology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. p 7-17.
    • (1951) The new physical anthropology , pp. 7-17
    • Washburn, S.L.1
  • 102
    • 84925798312 scopus 로고
    • Behavior and human evolution
    • Washburn SL, editor., Current Anthropology, New York: Wenner-Gren Foundation
    • Washburn SL. 1963. Behavior and human evolution. In: Washburn SL, editor. Classification and human evolution. Viking Fund Pub. 37, Current Anthropology, New York: Wenner-Gren Foundation. p 190-203.
    • (1963) Classification and human evolution. Viking Fund Pub. 37 , pp. 190-203
    • Washburn, S.L.1
  • 103
    • 84990082147 scopus 로고
    • Morphology and relationships of the orangutan fatty cheek pads
    • Winkler L. 1989. Morphology and relationships of the orangutan fatty cheek pads. Am J Primatol 17: 305-319.
    • (1989) Am J Primatol , vol.17 , pp. 305-319
    • Winkler, L.1
  • 104
    • 77950873467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shouldering the burdens of locomotion and posture: glenohumeral joint structure in prosimians
    • Wright-Fitzgerald AS, Balceniuk MD, Burrows AM. 2010. Shouldering the burdens of locomotion and posture: glenohumeral joint structure in prosimians. Anat Rec 293: 680-691.
    • (2010) Anat Rec , vol.293 , pp. 680-691
    • Wright-Fitzgerald, A.S.1    Balceniuk, M.D.2    Burrows, A.M.3
  • 105
    • 0002729484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary and ranging overlap in sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire
    • McGrew WC, Marchant L, Nishida T, editors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Yamagiwa J, Maruhashi T, Yumoto T, Mwanza N. 1996. Dietary and ranging overlap in sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire. In: McGrew WC, Marchant L, Nishida T, editors. Great ape societies: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 82-98.
    • (1996) Great ape societies , pp. 82-98
    • Yamagiwa, J.1    Maruhashi, T.2    Yumoto, T.3    Mwanza, N.4
  • 106
    • 0002783984 scopus 로고
    • Body build and tissue composition in Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes, with comparisons to other hominoids
    • Susman RL, editor. New York: Plenum Publishing
    • Zihlman AL. 1984. Body build and tissue composition in Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes, with comparisons to other hominoids. In: Susman RL, editor. The pygmy chimpanzee. New York: Plenum Publishing. p 179-200.
    • (1984) The pygmy chimpanzee , pp. 179-200
    • Zihlman, A.L.1
  • 107
    • 0002347497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of apes
    • Morbeck ME, Galloway A, Zihlman AZ, editors. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
    • Zihlman AL. 1997. The natural history of apes. In: Morbeck ME, Galloway A, Zihlman AZ, editors. The evolving female: life history features in females and males. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p 86-103.
    • (1997) The evolving female: life history features in females and males , pp. 86-103
    • Zihlman, A.L.1
  • 108
    • 80054091093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotor adaptations in great ape anatomy with implications for hominid origins
    • Zihlman AL. 2004. Locomotor adaptations in great ape anatomy with implications for hominid origins. Folia primatol (Basel) 75(Suppl. 1): 353.
    • (2004) Folia primatol (Basel) , vol.75 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 353
    • Zihlman, A.L.1
  • 109
    • 80054102411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative anatomy and locomotor adaptations in great apes. Presentation at Understanding great apes in the genomic era. University of California, San Diego, August.
    • Zihlman AL. 2005. Quantitative anatomy and locomotor adaptations in great apes. Presentation at Understanding great apes in the genomic era. University of California, San Diego, August.
    • (2005)
    • Zihlman, A.L.1
  • 110
    • 0033847333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass in lowland gorillas: a quantitative analysis
    • Zihlman AL, McFarland RK. 2000. Body mass in lowland gorillas: a quantitative analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 113: 61-78.
    • (2000) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.113 , pp. 61-78
    • Zihlman, A.L.1    McFarland, R.K.2
  • 111
    • 79960437406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomical contributions to hylobatid taxonomy and adaptation
    • DOI 10.1007/s10764-011-9506-y.
    • Zihlman AL, Mootnick AR, Underwood C. 2011. Anatomical contributions to hylobatid taxonomy and adaptation. Int J Primat. DOI 10.1007/s10764-011-9506-y.
    • (2011) Int J Primat
    • Zihlman, A.L.1    Mootnick, A.R.2    Underwood, C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.