Soft-tissue anatomy of the extant hominoids: A review and phylogenetic analysis

Journal of Anatomy

Volumn 200, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 3-49

  Gibbs, S ^a   Collard, M ^b   Wood, B ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cladistics; Hominoids; Homo; Pan; Phylogeny; Soft tissues

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL TISSUE; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CHIMPANZEE; COMPARATIVE ANATOMY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; FORELIMB; GORILLA; HAPLORHINI; HOMINID; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; HUMAN VERSUS ANIMAL COMPARISON; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MORPHOLOGICAL TRAIT; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; ORANG UTAN; PARSIMONY ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOFT TISSUE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TAXONOMY;

ANATOMY, COMPARATIVE; ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; GORILLA GORILLA; HOMINIDAE; HUMANS; HYLOBATES; MUSCLES; NERVOUS SYSTEM; PAN TROGLODYTES; PHYLOGENY;

ANIMALIA; HAPLORHINI; HOMINIDAE; HOMINOIDEA; HOMO; HYLOBATES; PAN TROGLODYTES; PONGO; PONGO PYGMAEUS;

EID: 0036211245     PISSN: 00218782     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.0021-8782.2001.00001.x     Document Type: Review

References (259)

1. Anatomische Untersuchungen an Japanern. III. Muskelvarietaten
2. Anomalies and atavisms in appendicular myology
3. Aspects of Hominoid phylogeny
4. Cladistic relationships of extant and fossil hominoids
5. Evolution and environment in the Hominoidea
6. Gibbons and brachiation
7. On the hypotrochanteric fossa and accessory adductor groove of the primate femur
8. Female reproductive system of the gorilla
9. The human extensor digitorum profundus muscle with comments on the evolution of the primate hand
10. IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals
11. Pan paniscus and hominoid phylogeny: Morphological data, molecular data and 'total evidence'
12. Contributions to the anatomy of the anthropoid apes
13. A study of the superficial veins of the superior extremity in 300 living subjects
14. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Hylobates leuciscus and zu einer vergleichenden Anatomie der Muskeln der Affen und des Menschen. Abhandlungen Baierische akademie der wissenschaften München
15. Vergleichende anatomische Untersuchungen über die äusseren weiblichen Geschlechts- und Begattungsorgane des Menschen und der Affen, insbesondere der Anthropoiden. Abhandlungen Baierische akademie der wissenschaften München
16. Beiträge zur Affen-Anatomie - VI. Zur Entwicklung und vergleichenden Anatomie des Tractus Urethrovaginalis der Primaten
17. The relations between the ductless glands and evolution of the Primates
18. Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis libri sex
19. Contribution à l'étude anatomique de la veine cephalique du bras
20. A review of the commercial bushmeat trade with emphasis on Central/West Africa and the great apes
21. The musculature of the inferior extremity of the orang-utan Simia satyrus
22. Über das Vorkommen von Hautdrüsenorganen bei den anthropomorphen Affen
23. On the short muscles of the pollex and hallux of the anthropoid apes, with special reference to the opponens hallucis
24. The femoral artery in apes
25. Natural History, General and Particular
26. Account of the organs of speech of the Orang Outang
27. On the muscles and nerves of a chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger) and a cynocephalus anubis
28. On the structure of the gorilla
29. On the structure of the chimpanzee
30. On the structure of the orang outang
31. On the myology of the orang utang (Simia morio)
32. How reliable are human phylogenetic hypotheses?
33. How certain are hominoid phylogenies? The role of confidence intervals in cladistics
34. External genitalia
35. Genital swelling in females of the monogamous gibbon, Hylobates (H.) lar
36. The external genitalia of female gibbons, Hylobates (H.) lar
37. The functional significance of the deep head of flexor pollicis brevis in primates
38. Sul pene digli antropomorfi
39. The aortic arch in primates
40. Note sur l'appareil génital male des orang-outans
41. Pelvic and perineal anatomy of the male gorilla: Selected observations
42. The structure of the reproductive tract in the female gibbon
43. Recherches anatomiques et embryologiques sur les singes anthropoides. Foetus de gorille et de gibbon
44. Observations on the evolution of the genitalia and copulatory behaviour in male primates
45. Note on a foetus of Gorilla savagei
46. On some points in the anatomy of the plica vocalis
47. Des caractères anatomiques de grands singes pseudo-anthropomorphes
48. Notes on the dissection and brain of the chimpanzee 'Gumbo'
49. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Gorilla und Chimpanse
50. Das Gefäss- und periphere Nervensystem des Gorilla
51. Die Homologie der Extremitaeten
52. The evolution of the pelvic floor of primates
53. The abdominal viscera of the gorilla
54. Confidence limits on phylogenetics: An approach using the bootstrap
55. Vergleichend-anatomische Studien an einem erwachsenen Orang-utang
56. Beobachtungen an einem zweiten erwachsenen Orang-utang und einem Schimpansen
57. Lectures on the comparative anatomy of the organs of digestion of the Mammalia
58. Der Musculus triceps surae in der Primatenreihe
59. Mate change enhances duetting activity in the siamang gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus)
60. A sternal gland in the Siamang gibbon
61. Die Morphologie des Urogenitalsystems eines weiblichen Gorilla. Z
62. Comparative soft tissue morphology of the extant Hominoidea, including Man
63. Soft-tissue characters in higher primate phylogenetics
64. Arteries of the chimpanzee. I. The aortic arch; II. Arteries of the upper extremity; III. The descending aorta; IV. Arteries of the lower extremity
65. Man's place in the phylogeny of the primates as reflected in serum proteins
66. Molecular evidence on primate phylogeny from DNA sequences
67. The external genitalia of the gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
68. Outline of an attempt at the disposition of the Mammalia into tribes and families with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe
69. Systematics of the great apes
70. Monkey business with Red Apes
71. Overcoming polymerase chain-reaction inhibition in old animal tissue using ethidium bromide
72. Primate hip and thigh muscles: Comparative anatomy and dry weights
73. Cladistic concepts and the species problem in hominoid evolution
74. Notes on the genital anatomy and physiology of the gibbon (Hylobates)
75. A cladistic analysis of hominoid molars
76. Anthropoid Apes
77. Formation du peronier anterieur chez un chimpanzee
78. The comparative anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the superior and inferior extremities of the anthropoid apes
79. Note on the male external genitalia of the chimpanzee
80. Some points in the enteric anatomy of the great apes
81. The male external genitalia of the gorilla, with remarks on the os penis of other Hominoidea
82. Supplementary note on the male external genitalia of Gorilla
83. The external genitalia of the female chimpanzee; with observations on the mammary apparatus
84. Pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine: Form and position
85. The male reproductive organs in certain gibbons (Hylobatidae)
86. An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis
87. The migrating omohyoid muscle - Its significance?
88. The glandula apicis linguae in Pan troglodytes
89. Anatomical sketches of visceral organs of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei)
90. On some points in the anatomy of the chimpanzee
91. The hypocone as a key innovation in mammalian evolution
92. Lectures on the structure and classification of the Mammalia
93. The prostate of the gorilla
94. Linking development with generation of novelty in mammalian teeth
95. Studies on the structure of the organ of voice and vocalization in the chimpanzee
96. Studies on the structure of the organ of voice and vocalization in the chimpanzee
97. The functional and evolutionary significance of the human peroneus tertius muscle
98. Die Aufrichtung des Menschen und die morphologisches Evolution der Musculi extensores digitorum pedis unter dem Gesichtpunkt der evolutiven Myologie
99. The iliotibial tract. Clinical and morphological significance
100. Notes on a theory to account for the various arrangements of the flexor profundus digitorum in the hand and foot of primates
101. The modes of origin of the carotid and subclavian arteries from the arch of the aorta in some of the higher primates
102. A variation that occurs in the manubrium sterni of higher primates
103. The adaptational machinery concerned in the evolution of man's body
104. The anatomical basis of phonation in the chimpanzee
105. The peroneus tertius muscle in the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
106. Über die axillaren Knäueldrüsen der Affen
107. Über den Descensus testiculorum
108. Cladistics and the classification of the great apes
109. Versuch einer anatomie des Genus Hylobates. Muskeln und periphere Nerven
110. Versuch einer Anatomie des Genus Hylobates
111. Muskeln und Periphere Nerven der Primaten, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Anomalien. Verhandelingen der K
112. Rhombencephalic neural crest segmentation is preserved throughout craniofacial ontogeny
113. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Anatomie und Physiologie des Kehlkopfes der Säugethiere und des Menschen
114. The pancreatic ducts in lower primates
115. Functional analysis of the biceps femoris muscle during locomotor behavior in some primates
116. A comparison of fingers and hand in Varanus, opposum and primates
117. EMG of scapulohumeral muscles in the chimpanzee during reaching and 'arboreal' locomotion
118. EMG of serratus anterior and trapezius in the chimpanzee: Scapular rotators revisited
119. The comparative morphology of M. flexor accessorius and the associated long flexor tendons
120. The evolution of the long flexor muscles of the leg and foot
121. The phylogeny of the cruropedal extensor musculature with special reference to the primates
122. Ontogeny homology and phylogeny in the hominid craniofacial skeleton: The problem of the browridge
123. Beiträge zur Anthropologie der Negerweichteile (Muskelsystem)
124. On some points in the myology of the chimpanzee and of the primates
125. The muscular anatomy of the gorilla
126. Notes on the myology of Anthropopithecus niger and Papio-thoth ibeanus
127. Frequency of the musculus palamaris longus studied in vivo in some Amazon indians
128. The anatomical and histochemical properties on the skin of the external genitalia of the primates
129. Flexor pollicis longus muscle. Its morphology and clinical significance
130. A study of the cuboid and os peroneum in the primate foot
131. The limb arteries of primates
132. The limb arteries of primates
133. The limb arteries of primates
134. Evolution of the power ('squeeze') grip and its morphological correlates in hominids
135. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Myologie des Cynocephalus babuin, Simia satyrus, Troglodytes niger
136. The classification of gibbons
137. Comparative studies upon the morphology and distribution of the brachial plexus
138. The inguinal canal of primates
139. The musculature of Pan paniscus
140. New approaches to the skin of primates
141. The skin of primates. XV. The skin of the chimpanzee (Pan satyrus)
142. The skin of nonhuman primates
143. The evolution of human skin
144. Evolution of the human foot
145. Beiträge zur Morphologie des Gefasssystems. I. Die Armarterien des Menschen
146. Beiträge zur Morphologie des Gefasssystems. II. Die Armarterien des Säugetiere
147. Blood Immunity and Blood Relationship
148. Die Zunge des Orang-Utan
149. On the anatomy of the orangutan (Simia satyrus, L.)
150. Notes of the dissection of a female orang-utan (Simia satyrus, Linn.)
151. Notes on the dissection of a female chimpanzee
152. Osteological contributions to the natural history of the chimpanzees (Troglodytes, Geoffroy) including the description of the skull of a large species (Troglodytes gorilla, Savage) discovered by Thomas S. Savage, MD Gabon country, West Africa
153. On the gorilla (Troglodytes gorilla, Sav.)
154. Memoir on the gorilla (Troglodytes gorilla, Savage)
155. Fossils, Teeth and Sex: New Perspectives on Human Evolution
156. Catarrhine phylogeny: Noncoding DNA evidence for a diphyletic origin of the mangabeys and for a human-chimpanzee clade
157. The skin of primates. XI. The skin of the white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock)
158. The muscles of mammals, with special relation to human myology. Lecture 1 - The skin muscles and muscles of the head and neck
159. Genetic and morphological records of the Hominoidea and hominid origins: A synthesis
160. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Gorilla. I. Das Extremitätenmuskelsystem
161. The blood vessels of the chimpanzee
162. The external characters of the Catarrhine monkeys and apes
163. Pectoral gland in apes and monkeys
164. Zur Morphologie der männlichen Kopulationsorgane der Säugetiere; inbesondere der Versuch einer vergleichend-anatomischen Studie über den Penis der Primaten. Einschliesslich des Menschen
165. Das Arteriensystem der unteren Extremitäten bei den Primaten
166. The biceps femoris muscle in lemurs and monkeys
167. The anatomy of the Orang-outang (Simia satyrus), an account of some of its external characteristics; and the myology of the extremities
168. Regional anatomy of the Gorilla
169. Some aspects of pongid and hominid bipedality
170. On the homologues of certain muscles
171. Sublingual structures of primates. II. Hominoidea, review, summary and literature
172. Bibliographia Primatologica. A Classified Bibliography of Primates other than Man
173. Zur vergleichenden Anatomie der tiefen Muskeln in der Fussohle
174. Zur vergleichenden Anatomie der tiefen Muskeln in der Fussohle
175. Molecular phylogeny of the hominoids: Inference from multiple independent DNA sequence data sets
176. Objections to bootstrapping phylogenies: A critique
177. Ontleedkundige beschouwing van een' volwassen Orang-oetan (Simia satyrus, Linn.) van het mannelijk geslacht. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandische overzeesche bezittingen, door de leden commissie in Indië en andere
178. Rates of albumin evolution in primates
179. Immunological time scale for hominid evolution
180. Notice of the external characters and habits of Troglodytes gorilla, a new species of orang from the Gaboon River
181. Die Hautdrüsen des Menschen und der Säugetiere, ihre biologische und rassenanatomische Bedeutung, sowie die Muscularis sexualis
182. Zunge und weicher Gaumen
183. The occurence of a sternal gland in orangutan
184. Characters common to higher primates and characters specific for man
185. The relative weight of the testes in primates
186. On the evolutionary relationships of humans and orang-utans
187. Hominoid evolution: A review and a reassessment
188. Orang-Utan Biology
189. Primate phylogeny: Morphological vs. molecular results
190. A functional analysis of pongid hip and thigh musculature
191. A study of the superficial veins of the cubital fossa in Nigerian subjects
192. Das Muskelsystem des Gorilla
193. The comparative anatomy of the tongues of the Mammalia. II. Family 1. Simiidae
194. On the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the chimpanzee
195. On the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the orang-outan
196. The Morphology and Evolution of the Apes and Man
197. Anatomia Del Cimpanzè (Anthropopithecus Troglodytes)
198. Histologie und biologische Bedeutung eines jugulo-sternalen Duftdrüsenfeldes bei Tupaia glis Diard 1820
199. Anatomical observations in a Gorilla gorilla
200. Anatomical and functional specializations of the human gluteus maximus
201. An electromyographic study of the pectoralis major in atelines and Hylobates with special reference to the evolution of a pars clavicularis
202. The phylogeny of the human forearm extensors
203. The phylogeny of the forearm extensors (concluded)
204. Microscopic anatomy of the gorilla skin
205. The musculature of the superior extremity of the orang-utan, Simia satyrus
206. On some points in the anatomy of the chimpanzee (Anthropopithecus troglodytes)
207. Relative weights of some functionally important muscles of the thigh, hip and leg in a gibbon and in man
208. Absence of the superior gemellus muscle in American whites and Negroes
209. Valves in superficial limb veins of humans and nonhuman primates
210. The comparative anatomy of the forelimb veins of primates
211. Character phylogeny of the primate forelimb superficial venous system
212. Dimensions and moment arms of the hind- and forelimb muscles of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
213. Observations on the anatomy of the orang outang
214. Observations on the anatomy of the orang outang
215. Observationum Medicarum, Libre Tres
216. Quantitative and functional studies on the hands of the Anthropoidea
217. The triceps surae muscle in chimpanzees
218. Einige Mitteilungen über das Achselhöhlenorgan des Chimpanse
219. De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem
220. Recherches D'anatomie Comparée, Sur le Chimpansé
221. Untersuchungen über die Muskulatur der Chinesen
222. Thoracic viscera of the gorilla
223. Die Säugetiere. Einführung in die Anatomie und Systematik der recenten und fossilen Mammalia, 2
224. Observations on different gibbons of the genus Hylobates now or recently living in the Society's Gardens, and on Symphalangus syndactylus, with notes on skins in the Natural History Museum, S. Kensington
225. Contributions to the comparative myology of the chimpanzee
226. On the nature of modifications of the skin in the sternal region of certain primates
227. On the female reproductive tract of the gorilla with a comparison with that of other primates
228. Observations on the descent of the testes in the Macaque and in the chimpanzee
229. The external genitalia of the simian primates
230. On some varieties in human myology
231. Additional varieties in human myology
232. Variations in human myology observed during the Winter Session of 1865-6 at King's College
233. On human muscular variations and their relation to comparative anatomy
234. Variations in human myology observed during the Winter Session of 1866-7 at King's College London
235. Variations in human myology observed during the Winter Session of 1867-8 at King's College London
236. Man's Place Among the Mammals
237. Dissection study and mensuration of the human aortic arch
238. The Great Apes. A Study of Anthropoid Life
239. Brachiating adaptations of chimpanzee upper limb musculature
240. A comparison of animal hemoglobins by tryptic peptide pattern analysis
241. Perspectives in molecular anthropology