Scapula form and biomechanics in gorillas

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 529-553

  Taylor, Andrea B ^a,b  

^a SLIPPERY ROCK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SAMUEL MERRITT COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Allometry; Biomechanics; Gorillas; Ontogeny; Scapula

Indexed keywords

GORILLA BERINGEI; GORILLA GORILLA BERINGEI; GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA;

ANIMAL; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; FEMALE; GORILLA; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HISTOLOGY; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; SCAPULA; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ANIMALS; ANTHROPOMETRY; BIOMECHANICS; FEMALE; GORILLA GORILLA; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; SCAPULA;

EID: 0031264875     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhev.1997.0147     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Alexander, R. McN., Jayes, A. S., Maloiy, G. M. O. & Wathuta, E. M. (1981). Allometry of the leg muscles of mammals. J. Zool., London 194, 539-552.
2. Ashton, E. H. & Oxnard, C. E. (1963). The musculature of the primate shoulder. Trans. Zool. Soc. London 29, 553-650.
3. Ashton, E. H. & Oxnard, C. E. (1964). Functional adaptations of the primate shoulder girdle. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 142, 49-66.
4. Bingham, H. C. (1932). Gorillas in a native habitat. Carnegie Institute of Washington publication 426, 1-66.
5. Cartmill, M. (1974). Pads and claws in arboreal locomotion. In (F. A. Jenkins, Ed.) Primate Locomotion, pp. 45-83. New York: Academic Press.
6. Casimir, M. J. & Butenandt, E. (1973). Migration and core area shifting in relation to some ecological factors in a mountain gorilla group (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in Mt. Kahuzi region (Republique du Zaire). Zool. Tierpsychol. 33, 514-522.
7. Clarke, M. R. B. (1980). The reduced major axis of a bivariate sample. Biometrika 67, 441-446.
8. Coolidge, H. J. (1929). A revision of the genus Gorilla. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 50, 292-381.
9. Coolidge, H. J. (1933). Pan paniscus: Pygmy chimpanzee from south of the Congo River. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 18, 1-57.
10. Corruccini, R. S. & Ciochon, R. L. (1976). Morphometric affinities of the human shoulder. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 45, 19-38.
11. Donisthrope, J. H. (1958). A pilot study of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in South West Uganda, February to September 1957. S. Afr. J. Sci. 54, 195-217.
12. Doran, D. M. (1996). Comparative positional behavior of the African apes. In (W. McGrew, L. Marchant & T. Nishida, Eds), Great Ape Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Emlen, J. T. & Schaller, G. B. (1960). Distribution and status of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Zoologica 45, 41-52.
14. Fleagle, J. G. (1976). Locomotor behavior and skeletal anatomy of sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys (Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos). Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 20, 440-453.
15. Fleagle, J. G. (1977). Locomotor behavior and muscular anatomy of sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys (Presbytis obscura and Presbytis meladophos). Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 46, 297-308.
16. Fossey, D. & Harcourt, A. H. (1977). Feeding ecology of free-ranging mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). In (T. H. Clutton-Brock, Ed.) Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behavior in Lemurs, Monkeys and Apes, pp. 415-447. London: Academic Press.
17. Goodall, A. G. (1977). Feeding and ranging in Kahuzi gorillas. In (T. H. Clutton-Brock, Ed.) Primate Ecology: Studies of Foraging and Ranging in Lemurs, Monkeys and Apes, pp. 450-479. London: Academic Press.
18. Gould, S. J. (1966). Allometry and size in ontogeny and phylogeny. Biol. Rev. 41, 587-640.
19. Gould, S. J. (1975). Allometry in primates, with emphasis on scaling and the evolution of the brain. In (F. Szalay, Ed.) Approaches to Primate Paleobiology, Contributions to Primatology, vol. 5, pp. 244-292. New York: Karger, Basel.
20. Gould, S. J. (1977). Ontogeny and Phylogengy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
21. Graves, W. W. (1910). The scaphoid scapula, a frequent anomaly in development of hereditary, clinical, and anatomical significance. Med. Rec. 68, 861-873.
22. Gregory, W. K. (1927). How near is the relationship of man to the chimpanzee-gorilla stock? Q. Rev. Biol. 11, 549-560.
23. Gregory, W. K. & Raven, H. C. (1937). In Quest of Gorillas. New Bedford: Darwin Press.
24. Groves, C. P. & Stott, K. W. (1979). Systematic relationships of gorillas from Kahuzi, Tshiaberimu and Kayonza. Folia Primatol. 32, 161-179.
25. Harcourt, A. H. (1978). Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas. Zool. Tierpsychol. 48, 401-420.
26. Harcourt, A. H. & Harcourt, S. A. (1984). Insectivory by gorillas. Folia Primatol. 43, 229-233.
27. Hunt, K. D. (1991a). Positional behavior in the Hominoidea. Int. J. Primatol. 12, 95-118.
28. Hunt, K. D. (1991b). Mechanical implications of chimpanzee positional behavior. Am. J. phys. Anthropol. 86, 521-536.
29. Inouye, S. E. (1992). Ontogeny and allometry of African ape manual rays. J. hum. Evol. 23, 107-138.
30. Inouye, S. E. & Shea, B. T. (1997). What's your angle? Size-correction and bar-glenoid orientation in "Lucy" (A.L. 288-1). Int. J. Primatol. In press.
31. Jungers, W. L. (1985). Body size and scaling of limb proportions in primates. In (W. L. Jungers, Ed.) Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, pp. 345-381. New York: Plenum Press.
32. Jungers, W. L. & Stern, Jr, J. T. (1984). Kinesiological aspects of brachiation in lar gibbons. In (H. Preuschoft, D. Chivers, W. Y. Brockelman & N. Creel, Eds) The Lesser Apes, pp. 119-134. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
33. Jungers, W. L. & Susman, R. L. (1984). Body size and skeletal allometry in African apes. In (R. L. Susman, Ed.) The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, pp. 131-177. New York: Plenum Press.
34. Larson, S. G. (1995). New characters for the functional interpretation of primate scapulae and proximal humeri. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 98, 13-35.
35. Larson, S. G. & Stern, Jr, J. T. (1986). EMG of scapulohumeral muscles in the chimpanzee during reaching and "arboreal" locomotion. Am J. Anat. 176, 171-190.
36. Larson, S. G. & Stern, Jr, J. T. (1989). The role of supraspinatus in the quadrupedal locomotion of vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops): Implications for interpretation of humeral morphology. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 79, 369-377.
37. Larson, S. G., Stern, Jr, J. T. & Jungers, W. L. (1991). EMG of serratus anterior and trapezius in the chimpanzee: Scapular rotators revisited. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 85, 71-84.
38. McMahon, T. A. (1975). Allometry and biomechanics: Limb bones in adult ungulates. Am. Naturalist 109, 547-563.
39. Osborn, R. M. (1963). Observations on the behavior of the mountain gorilla. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 10, 29-37.
40. Oxnard, C. E. (1963). Locomotor adaptation in the primate forelimb. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 10, 165-182.
41. Oxnard, C. E. (1967). The functional morphology of the primate shoulder as revealed by comparative anatomical, osteometric and discriminant function techniques. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 26, 219-240.
42. Oxnard, C. E. (1976). Primate quadrupedalism: Some subtle structural correlates. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 20, 538-554.
43. Remis, M. J. (1994). Feeding Ecology and Positional Behavior of Western Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Central African Republic. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University.
44. Remis, M. J. (1995). Effects of body size and social context on the arboreal activities of lowland gorillas in the Central African Republic. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 97, 413-434.
45. Roberts, D. (1974). Structure and function of the primate scapula. In (F. A. Jenkins, Jr., Ed.) Primate Locomotion, pp. 171-200. New York: Academic Press.
46. Rogers, M. E., Williamson, E., Tutin, C. & Fernandez, M. (1990). Gorilla diet in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon: A nutritional analysis. Oecologia 84, 326-339.
47. Schaller, G. B. (1963). The Mountain Gorilla: Ecology and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48. Schultz, A. H. (1927). Studies on the growth of the gorilla and of other higher primates, with special reference to a fetus of gorilla, preserved in the Carnegie Museum. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 11, 1-87.
49. Schultz, A. H. (1930). The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates. Hum. Biol. 2, 303-438.
50. Schultz, A. H. (1934) Some distinguishing characters of the mountain gorilla. J. Mammal. 15, 51-61.
51. Schultz, A. H. (1973). The skeleton of the Hylobatidae and other observations on their morphology. Gibbon Siamang 2, 1-54.
52. Shea, B. T. (1981). Relative growth of the limbs and trunk in the African apes. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 56, 179-201.
53. Shea, B. T. (1983). Allometry and heterochrony in the African apes. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 62, 275-289.
54. Shea, B. T. (1984). An allometric perspective on the morphological and evolutionary relationships between pygmy (Pan paniscus) and common (Pan troglodytes) chimpanzees. In (R. L. Susman, Ed.) The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, pp. 89-130. New York: Plenum Press.
55. Shea, B. T. (1985). Ontogenetic allometry and scaling: a discussion based on the growth and form of the skull in African apes. In (W. L. Jungers, Ed.) Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, pp. 175-205. New York: Plenum Press.
56. Shea, B. T. (1986). Scapula form and locomotion in chimpanzee evolution. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 70, 475-488.
57. Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. (1995). Biometry, 3rd edn. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
58. Stern, Jr, J. T., Wells, J. P., Jungers, W. L. & Vangor, A. K. (1980). An electromyographic study of serratus anterior in Atelines and Alouatta: Implications for hominoid evolution. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 52, 323-334.
59. Steudel, K. (1980). New estimates of early hominid body size. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 52, 63-70.
60. Steudel, K. (1981). Body size estimators in primate skeletal material. Int. J. Primatol. 2, 81-90.
61. Stewart, K. J. & Harcourt, S. A. (1986). Gorillas: Variation in female relationships. In (B. B. Smuts, Ed.) Primate Societes, pp. 155-164. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
62. Strasser, E. (1992). Hindlimb proportions, allometry, and biomechanics in Old World monkeys (Primates, Cercopithecidae). Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 87, 187-213.
63. Susman, R. L. (1984). The locomotor behavior of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest. In (R. L. Susman, Ed.) The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, pp. 369-394. New York: Plenum Press.
64. Takahashi, L. K. (1990). Morphological basis of arm-swinging: multivariate analyses of the forelimbs of Hylobates and Ateles. Folia Primatol. 54, 70-85.
65. Taylor, A. B. (1992). A morphometric study of the scapula in Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla and Gorilla gorilla beringei). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
66. Taylor, A. B. (1995). Effects of ontogeny and sexual dimorphism on scapula morphology in the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 98, 431-445.
67. Taylor, A. B. (1997). Relative growth, ontogeny and sexual dimorphism in Gorilla (Gorila gorilla gorilla and Gorilla gorilla beringei): Evolutionary and ecological considerations. Am. J. Primatol. 43, 1-31.
68. Tsutakawa, R. K. & Hewett, J. E. (1977). Quick test for comparing two populations with bivariate data. Biometrics 33, 215-219.
69. Tutin, C. E. G. & Fernandez, M. (1984). Nationwide census of gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan t. troglodytes) populations in Gabon. Am. J. Primatol. 6, 313-336.
70. Tutin, C. E. G. & Fernandez, M. (1985). Foods consumed by sympatric populations of Gorilla g. gorilla and Pan t. troglodytes in Gabon: Some preliminary data. Int. J. Primatol. 6, 27-43.
71. Tuttle, R. H. & Basmajian, J. V. (1977). Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles and hominoid evolution. I. Retractors of the humerus and rotators of the scapula. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 20, 491-497.
72. Tuttle, R. H. & Watts, D. P. (1985). The positional behavior and adaptive complexes of Pan gorilla. In (S. Kondo, Ed.) Primate Morphophysiology, Locomotor Analyses and Human Bipedalism, pp. 261-288. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
73. Vedder, A. (1984). Movement patterns of a group of free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and their relationship to food availability. Am. J. Primatol. 7, 73-88.
74. Watts, D. P. (1984). Composition and variation of mountain gorilla diets in the central Virungas. Am. J. Primatol. 7, 323-356.
75. Watts, D. P. (1985). Relations between group size and composition and competition in mountain gorilla groups. Animal Behav. 33, 72-85.
76. Watts, D. P. (1987). Effect of mountain gorilla foraging activities on the productivity of their food plant species. Afr. J. Ecol. 25, 155-163.
77. Watts, D. P. (1991). Strategies of habitat use by mountain gorillas. Folia Primatol. 56, 1-16.
78. Williamson, E. A. (1988). Behavioral Ecology of Western Lowland Gorillas in Gabon. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Stirling.