Internal and external focus of attention in a novice form sport

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

Volumn 82, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 431-441

  Lawrence, Gavin P ^a   Gottwald, Vicky M ^a   Hardy, James ^a   Khan, Michael A ^a  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Gymnastics; Skill acquisition; Technique; Verbal instruction

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; ATTENTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; LEARNING; LONG TERM MEMORY; PHYSICAL EDUCATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

ADULT; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; ATTENTION; GYMNASTICS; HUMANS; LEARNING; RETENTION (PSYCHOLOGY); YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 80053996220     PISSN: 02701367     EISSN: 21683824     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2011.10599775     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Al-Abood, S. A., Bennett, S. J., Hernandez, F. M., Ashford, D., & Davids, K. (2002). Effect of verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies in basketball free throw shooting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 271–278.
2. Beilock, S. L., Carr, T. H., MacMahon, C., & Starkes, J. (2002). When paying attention becomes counterproductive: Impact of divided versus skill focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensorimotor skills. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 5(1), 6–16.
3. Bell, J. J., & Hardy, J. (2009). Effects of attentional focus on skilled performance in golf. Journal ofApplied Sports Psychology, 21, 163–177.
4. Bober, T. (1981). Biomechanical aspects of sports techniques. In A. Morecki, K. Fidelus, K. Kedzior, & A. Wit (Eds.), Biomechanics VII (pp. 501–509). Baltimore: University Park Press.
5. Casteneda, B., & Gray, R. (2007). Effects of focus of attention on baseball batting performance in players of differing skill levels. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29, 60–77.
6. Deikman, A. J. (1966). De-automatization and the mystic experience. Psychiatry, 29, 324–338.
7. Fasoli, S. E., Trombly, C. A., Tickle-Degnen, L., & Verfaellie, M. H. (2002). Effect of instructions on functional reach in persons with and without cerebrovascular accident. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 380–390.
8. Federation Internationale de Gymnastique. (2007). Federation Internationale de Gymnastique: Rules. Retrieved from http://www.sportcentric.com/vsite/vnavsite/page/ directory/0,10853,5187–188050-205272-nav-list,00.html
9. Ford, P., Hodges, N. J., & Williams, A. M. (2005). Online attentional-focus manipulations in a soccer dribbling task: Implications for the proceduralization of motor skills. Journal ofMotor Behavior, 37, 386–394.
10. Gentile, A. M. (1987). Skill acquisition: Action, movement and neuromotor processes. In J. Carr & R Shepherd (Eds.), Movement science: Foundations for physical therapy in rehabilitation (pp. 93–134). Rockville, MD: Aspen.
11. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 2). New York: Holt.
12. Landers, M., Wulf, G., Wallmann, H., & Guadagnoli, M. A. An external focus of attention attenuates balance impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Physiotherapy, 91, 152–185.
13. Lees, A. (2002). Technique analysis in sports: A critical review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 813–828.
14. Maxwell, J. P., & Masters, R. S. W. (2002). External versus internal focus instructions: Is the learner paying attention? International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 14, 70–88.
15. Perkins-Ceccato, N., Passmore, S. R., & Lee, T. D. (2003). Effects of focus of attention depend on golfer’s skill. JournalofSports Sciences, 21, 593–600.
16. Prinz, W. (1997). Perception and action planning. European Journal ofCognitive Psychology, 9, 129–154.
17. Poolton, J. M., Maxwell, J. P., Masters, R. S. W., & Raab, M. Benefits of an external focus of attention: Common coding or conscious processing? Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 89–99.
18. Totsika, V., & Wulf, G. (2003). An external focus of attention enhances transfer to novel situations and skills. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 220–225.
19. Turvey, M. T. (1977). Preliminaries to a theory of action with reference to vision. In R Shaw &J. Bransford (Eds.), Perceiving acting and knowing (pp. 211–265). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Weeks, D. L., & Choi, J. (1992). Modeling the perceptual component of a coincident-timing skill: The influence of frequency of demonstration. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 23, 201–213.
21. Wulf, G. (2007a). Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 10 years of research. Bewegung and Training 1, 1–11.
22. Wulf, G. (2007b). Attention and motor skill learning Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
23. Wulf, G. (2008). Attentional focus effects in balance acrobats. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79, 319–325.
24. Wulf, G., Hop, M., & Prinz, W. (1998). Instructions for motor learning: Differential effects of internal versus external focus of attention. Journal of Motor Behavior, 30, 169–179.
25. Wulf, G., Lauterbach, B., & Toole, T. (1999). Learning advantages of an external focus of attention in golf. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70, 120–126.
26. Wulf, G., McConnel, N., Gartner, M., & Schwarz, A. (2002). Enhancing the learning of sport skills through external-focus feedback. Journal of Motor Behavior, 34, 171–182.
27. Wulf, G., & McNevin, N. H. (2003). Simply distracting learners is not enough: More evidence for the learning benefits of an external focus of attention. European Journal of Sport Science, 3, 1–12.
28. Wulf, G., McNevin, N. H., Fuchs, T., Ritter, F., & Toole, T. (2000). Attentional focus in complex motor skill learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 229–239.
29. Wulf, G., McNevin, N., & Shea, C. H. (2001). The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54, 1143–1154.
30. Wulf, G., & Prinz, W. (2001). Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8, 648–660.
31. Wulf, G., & Su, J. (2007). An external focus of attention enhances golf shot accuracy in beginners and experts. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 384–389.
32. Wulf, G., Zachry, T., Granados, C., & Dufek, J. S. (2007). Increases in jump- and-reach height through an external focus of attention. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 2, 275–284.
33. Zachry, T., Wulf, G., Mercer, J., & Bezodis, N. (2005). Increased movement accuracy and reduced EMG activity as the result of adopting an external focus of attention. Brain Research Bulletin, 67, 304–309.