Management of insomnia: Update and new Approaches

Nature and Science of Sleep

Volumn 2, Issue , 2010, Pages 127-138

  Unbehaun, Thomas ^a   Spiegelhalder, Kai ^a   Hirscher, Verena ^a   Riemann, Dieter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Access; CBT I; Pharmacological; Treatment

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053914648     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11791608     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Text Revision. Washington, DC: APA; 2000.
2. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. ICSD-2 - International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual, ICSD-2. 2nd ed. Newton, MA: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005.
3. Ohayon MM. Difficulty in resuming sleep or inability to resume sleep and the links to daytime impairement: definition, prevalence and comoridity. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43(10):934-940.
4. Ohayon MM. Nocturnal awakenings and comorbid disorders in the American general population. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;43(1):48-54.
5. LeBlanc M, Mérette C, Savard J, Ivers H, Baillargeon L, Morin CM. Incidence and risk factors of insomnia in a population-based sample. Sleep. 2009;32(8):1027-1037.
6. National Institutes of Health SotSCS. Manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults. Sleep. 2005:1049-1057.
7. Riemann D, Voderholzer U. Primary Insomnia: a risk factor to develop depression? J Affect Disord. 2003;76(1-3):255-259. (Pubitemid 37013378)
8. Neckelmann D, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Chronic insomnia as a risk factor for developing anxiety and depression. Sleep. 2007;30(7):873-880. (Pubitemid 47041390)
9. Breslau N, Roth T, Rosenthal L. Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39(6):411-418. (Pubitemid 26124560)
10. Vgontzas AN, Liao D, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP, Vela-Bueno A. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with a high risk for hypertension. Sleep. 2009;32(4):491-497.
11. Suka M, Yoshida K, Sugimori H. Persistent insomnia is a predictor of hypertension in Japanese male workers. J Occup Health. 2003; 45(6):344-350. (Pubitemid 38036189)
12. Mander B, Colecchia E, Spiegel K, Kim R, Sannar E, Van Cauter E. Short sleep: a risk factor for insulin resistance and obesity. Diabetes. 2001; 50 Suppl 2:A45.
13. Burgos I, Richter L, Klein T, et al. Increased nocturnal Interleukin-6 excretion in patients with primary insomnia: a pilot study. Brain Behav Immun. 2006;20(3):246-253.
14. Nakajima H, Kaneita Y, Yokoyama E, et al. Association between sleep duration and hemoglobin A1c level. Sleep Med. 2008;9(7):745-752.
15. Ford D, Kamerow D. Epidemiological study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. JAMA. 1989;262(11):1479-1484. (Pubitemid 19220042)
16. Perlis ML, Giles DE, Mendelson WB, Bootzin RR. Psychophysiological insomnia: the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. J Sleep Res. 1997;6(3):179-188. (Pubitemid 27414458)
17. Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, et al. The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Med Rev. 2010 Feb;14(1):19-31. Epub 2009 May 28.
18. Bonnet MH, Arand DL. Physiological activation in patients with sleep state misperceptions. Psychosom Med. 1997;59(5):533-540. (Pubitemid 27422252)
19. Freedman RR, Sattler HL. Physiological and psychological factors in sleep-onset insomnia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1982;91(5):380-389.
20. Monroe LJ. Psychological and physiological differences between good and poor sleepers. J Abnorm Psychol. 1967;72(3):255-264.
21. Rodenbeck A, Huether G, Ruether E, Hajak G. Interactions between evening and nocturnal cortisol secretion and sleep parameters in patients with severe chronic primary insomnia. Neurosci Lett. 2002;324(2):159-163. (Pubitemid 34460695)
22. Perlis ML, Merica H, Smith MT, Giles DE. Beta EEG activity and insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2001;5(5):363-374.
23. Buysse DJ, Germain A, Hall M, et al. EEG spectral analysis in primary insomnia: NREM period effects and sex differences. Sleep. 2008;31(12):1673-1682.
24. Hauri PJ. Case Studies in Insomnia. New York: Plenum Medical Book Company; 1991.
25. Dauvilliers Y, Morin C, Cervena K, et al. Family studies in insomnia. J Psychosom Res. 2005;58(3):271-278. (Pubitemid 40603915)
26. Zhang B, Wing YK. Sex differences in insomnia: a meta-analysis. Sleep. 2006;29(1):85-93. (Pubitemid 44019033)
27. Kyle SD, Morgan K, Espie CA. Insomnia and health-related quality of life. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(1):69-82.
28. Varkevisser M, Van Dongen HP, Van Amsterdam JG, Kerkhof GA. Chronic insomnia and daytime functioning: an ambulatory assessment. Behav Sleep Med. 2007;5(4):279-296.
29. Shekleton JA, Rogers NL, Rajaratnam SM. Searching for the daytime impairments of primary insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(1):47-60.
30. Martin SA, Aikens JE, Chervin RD. Toward cost-effectiveness analysis in the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2004;8(1):63-72. (Pubitemid 38313381)
31. Daley M, Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Grégoire JP, Savard J. The economic burden of insomnia: direct and indirect costs for individuals with insomnia syndrome, insomnia symptoms, and good sleepers. Sleep. 2009;32(1):55-64.
32. Kleinman NL, Brook RA, Doan JF, Melkonian AK, Baran RW. Health benefit costs and absenteeism due to insomnia from the employer's perspective: a retrospective, case-control, database study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(8):1084-1104.
33. Morin CM, Gaulier B, Barry T, Kowatch R. Patient's acceptance of psychological and pharmacological therapies for insomnia. Sleep. 1992;15(4):302-305.
34. Morin CM, Vallières A, Guay B, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication, for persistent insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(19): 2005-2015.
35. Nowell PD, Mazumdar S, Buysse DJ, Dew MA, Reynolds CF III, Kupfer DJ. Benzodiazepines and zolpidem for chronic insomnia: a metaanalysis of treatment efficacy. JAMA. 1997;278(24):2170-2177. (Pubitemid 28013492)
36. Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, Cheng C, King D. Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia. CMAJ. 2000; 162(2):225-233. (Pubitemid 30073249)
37. Duendar Y, Boland A, Strobl J, et al. Newer hypnotic drugs for the short-term management of insomnia: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2004;8(24):1-125.
38. Glass J, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N, Sproule BA, Busto UE. Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits. BMJ. 2005;331(7526):1169-1175.
39. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Friesen C, et al. The efficacy and safety of drug treatments for chronic insomnia in adults: a meta-analysis of RCTs. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(9):1335-1350. (Pubitemid 47247294)
40. Krystal AD, Walsh JK, Laska E, et al. Sustained efficacy of eszopiclone over 6 months of nightly treatment: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep. 2003;26(7):793-799. (Pubitemid 39610622)
41. Krystal AD, Erman M, Zammit GK, Soubrane C, Roth T. Long-term efficacy and safety of zolpidem extended-release 12.5 mg, administered 3 to 7 nights per week for 24 weeks, in patients with chronic primary insomnia: a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study. Sleep. 2008;31(1):79-90.
42. Ancoli-Israel S, Richardson GS, Mangano RM, Jenkins L, Hall P, Jones WS. Long-term use of sedative hypnotics in older patients with insomnia. Sleep Med. 2005;2:107-113. (Pubitemid 40247172)
43. Erman M, Guiraud A, Joish VN, Lerner D. Zolpidem extended-release 12.5 mg associated with improvements in work performance in a 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Sleep. 2008;31(10): 1371-1378.
44. Walsh JK. Drugs used to treat insomnia in 2002: Regulatorybased rather than evidence-based medicine. Sleep. 2004;27(8): 1441-1442. (Pubitemid 40041609)
45. Walsh JK, Erman M, Erwin CW, et al. Subjective hypnotic efficacy of trazodone and zolpidem in DMSIII-R primary insomnia. Hum Psychopharmacol. 1998;13(3):191-198. (Pubitemid 28216251)
46. Hajak G, Rodenbeck A, Voderholzer U, et al. Doxepin in the treatment of primary insomnia: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, polysomnographic study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(6):453-463. (Pubitemid 32717879)
47. Roth T, Rogowski R, Hull S, et al. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in adults with primary insomnia. Sleep. 2007;30(11): 1555-1561. (Pubitemid 350036981)
48. Riemann D, Voderholzer U, Cohrs S, et al. Trimipramine in primary insomnia: results of a polysomnographic double-blind controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002;35(5):165-174.
49. DeMartinis NA, Winokur A. Effects of psychiatric medications on sleep and sleep disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2007; 6(1):17-29. (Pubitemid 46322292)
50. Jeste DV, Blazer D, Casey D, et al. ACNP white paper: update on use of antipsychotic drugs in elderly persons with dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(5):957-970. (Pubitemid 351367549)
51. Haupt M, Cruz-Jentoft A, Jeste D. Mortality in elderly dementia patients treated with risperidone. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006; 26(6):566-570. (Pubitemid 44772732)
52. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, et al. The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(12):1151-1158. (Pubitemid 43110268)
53. Herxheimer A. Does melatonin help people sleep? BMJ. 2006; 332(7538):373-374. (Pubitemid 43797372)
54. EMEA. Circadin. 2007. Available from: http://www.emea.europa.eu/ humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/circadin/H-695-de1.pdf. Accessed on February 10, 2010.
55. Bent S, Padula A, Moore D, Patterson M, Mehling W. Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2006:119(12): 1005-1012. (Pubitemid 44826933)
56. Stevinson C, Ernst E. Valerian for insomnia: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Sleep Med. 2000;1(2):91-99.
57. Taibi DM, Landis CA, Petry H, Vitiello MV. A systematic review of valerian as a sleep aid: safe but not effective. Sleep Med Rev. 2007;11(3):209-232.
58. Huang W, Kutner N, Bliwise DL. A systematic review of the effects of acupuncture in treating insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13(1): 73-104.
59. Yeung WF, Chung KF, Leung YK, Zhang SP, Law AC. Traditional needle acupuncture treatment for insomnia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med. 2009;10(7):694-704.
60. Lee MS, Shin BC, Suen LK, Park TY, Ernst E. Auricular acupuncture for insomnia: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(11): 1744-1752.
61. Borbély AA. A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol. 1982;1(3):195-204. (Pubitemid 13213853)
62. Morin CM, Hauri PJ, Espie CA, Spielman AJ, Buysse DJ, Bootzin RR. Nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. Sleep. 1999; 22:1134-1156. (Pubitemid 30173990)
63. Stepanski EJ, Wyatt JK. Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7(3):215-225. (Pubitemid 36736274)
64. Adan A, Fabbri M, Natale V, Prat G. Sleep Beliefs Scale (SBS) and circadian typology. J Sleep Res. 2006;15:125-132.
65. Bootzin RR. Stimulus control therapy for insomnia. Proc Am Psychol Assoc. 1972:323-334.
66. Means MK, Lichstein KL, Epperson MT, Johnson CT. Relaxation therapy for insomnia: nighttime and day time effects. Behav Res Ther. 2000;38(7):665-678. (Pubitemid 30249024)
67. Harvey AG, Payne S. The management of unwanted pre-sleep thoughts in insomnia: distraction with imgary vs general distraction. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40(3):267-277. (Pubitemid 34142194)
68. Nicassio PM, Boylan MB, McCabe TG. Progressive relaxation, EMG biofeedback and biofeedback placebo in the treatment of sleep-onset insomnia. Br J Med Psychol. 1982;55(2):159-166. (Pubitemid 12010910)
69. Ebben MR, Spielman AJ. Non-pharmacological treatments for insomnia. J Behav Med. 2009;32:244-254.
70. Ong J, Shapiro S, Manbar R. Combining mindfulness meditation with cognitive-behavior therapy for insomnia: a treatment development study. Behav Ther. 2008;39(2):171-182. (Pubitemid 351697901)
71. Gooneratne NS. Complimentary and alternative medicine for sleep disturbances. Clin Geriatr Med. 2008;24(1):121-138. (Pubitemid 351492518)
72. Backhaus J, Hohagen F, Voderholzer U, Riemann D. Long-term effectiveness of a short-term cognitive-behavioral group treatment for primary insomnia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;1: 35-41. (Pubitemid 32267314)
73. Espie CA. The Psychological Treatment of Insomnia. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 1991.
74. Backhaus J, Riemann D. Schlafstörungen Fortschritte in der Psychotherapie. Goettingen, Bern, Toronto, Seattle: Hogrefe; 1999.
75. Morin CM, Espie CA. Insomnia - A Clinical Guide to Assessment and Therapy. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2003.
76. Perlis M, Jungquist C, Smith MT, Posner D. Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia. New York: Springer; 2005.
77. Harris J, Lack L, Wright H, Gradisar M, Brooks A. Intense Sleep Retraining treatment for chronic primary insomnia: a preliminary investigation. J Sleep Res. 2007;16(3):276-284. (Pubitemid 47283920)
78. Ritterband LM, Thorndike FP, Gonder-Frederick LA, Magee JC, Bailey ET, Saylor DK. Efficacy on an internet-based behavioral intervention for adults with insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(7): 692-698.
79. van Straten A, Cuijpers P. Self-help therapy for insomnia: a metaanalysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13(1):61-71.
80. Morin CM, Culbert JP, Schwartz SM. Non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(8):1172-1180. (Pubitemid 24240960)
81. Murtagh DR, Greenwood KM. Identifying effective psychological treatments for insomnia: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63(1):79-89.
82. Pallesen S, Nordhus IH, Kvale G. Non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia in older adults: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. Psychother Theory Res Prac Train. 1998;35:472-482. (Pubitemid 29227719)
83. Montgomery P, Dennis J. A systematic review of non-pharmacological therapies for sleep problems in later life. Sleep Med Rev. 2004; 8(1):47-62. (Pubitemid 38313380)
84. Irwin MR, Cole JC, Nicassio PM. Comparative meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for insomnia and their efficacy in middle-aged adults and in older adults 55 years of age. Health Psychol. 2006;25(1):3-14. (Pubitemid 43214376)
85. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
86. Espie CA. Stepped care: a health technology solution for delivering cognitive behavioral therapy as a first line insomnia treatment. Sleep. 2009;32(12):1549-1558.
87. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria fr Research. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1993.