Persuasive features in web-based alcohol and smoking interventions: A systematic review of the literature

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2011, Pages

  Lehto, Tuomas ^a   Oinas Kukkonen, Harri ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Behavior change; Internet; Intervention; Online; Persuasive; PSD model; Review; Smoking; Web based

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ALCOHOLISM; COUNSELING; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; INTERNET; METHODOLOGY; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; REVIEW; SELF CARE; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; TEACHING; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ALCOHOL-RELATED DISORDERS; COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION; COUNSELING; DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMANS; INTERNET; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; PROGRAM EVALUATION; SELF CARE; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; TOBACCO USE DISORDER;

EID: 80053556187     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14388871     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2196/jmir.1559     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Vandelanotte C, Spathonis KM, Eakin EG, Owen N. Website-delivered physical activity interventions a review of the literature. Am J Prev Med 2007 Jul;33(1):54-64. [doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.041] [Medline: 17572313] (Pubitemid 46899387)
2. Walters ST, Wright JA, Shegog R. A review of computer and Internet-based interventions for smoking behavior. Addict Behav 2006 Feb;31(2):264-277. [doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.002] [Medline: 15950392] (Pubitemid 43144884)
3. Norman GJ, Zabinski MF, Adams MA, Rosenberg DE, Yaroch AL, Atienza AA. A review of eHealth interventions for physical activity and dietary behavior change. Am J Prev Med 2007 Oct;33(4):336-345. [doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.05. 007] [Medline: 17888860]
4. Bewick BM, Trusler K, Barkham M, Hill AJ, Cahill J, Mulhern B. The effectiveness of web-based interventions designed to decrease alcohol consumption-a systematic review. Prev Med 2008 Jul;47(1):17-26. [doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.005] [Medline: 18302970]
5. Myung SK, McDonnell DD, Kazinets G, Seo HG, Moskowitz JM. Effects of Web-and computer-based smoking cessation programs: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2009 May 25;169(10):929-937 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.109] [Medline: 19468084]
6. Webb TL, Joseph J, Yardley L, Michie S. Using the internet to promote health behavior change: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. J Med Internet Res 2010;12(1):e4 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1376] [Medline: 20164043]
7. Cugelman B, Thelwall M, Dawes P. Online interventions for social marketing health behavior change campaigns: a meta-analysis of psychological architectures and adherence factors. J Med Internet Res 2011;13(1):e17 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1367] [Medline: 21320854]
8. White A, Kavanagh D, Stallman H, Klein B, Kay-Lambkin F, Proudfoot J, et al. Online alcohol interventions: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2010;12(5):e62 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1479] [Medline: 21169175]
9. Rooke S, Thorsteinsson E, Karpin A, Copeland J, Allsop D. Computer-delivered interventions for alcohol and tobacco use: a meta-analysis. Addiction 2010 Aug;105(8):1381-1390. [doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02975.x] [Medline: 20528806]
10. Lustria ML, Cortese J, Noar SM, Glueckauf RL. Computer-tailored health interventions delivered over the Web: review and analysis of key components. Patient Educ Couns 2009 Feb;74(2):156-173. [doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.08.023] [Medline: 18947966]
11. Enwald HP, Huotari ML. Preventing the obesity epidemic by second generation tailored health communication: an interdisciplinary review. J Med Internet Res 2010;12(2):e24 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1409] [Medline: 20584698]
12. Amstadter AB, Broman-Fulks J, Zinzow H, Ruggiero KJ, Cercone J. Internet-based interventions for traumatic stress-related mental health problems: a review and suggestion for future research. Clin Psychol Rev 2009 Jul;29(5):410-420. [doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.04.001] [Medline: 19403215]
13. Brouwer W, Kroeze W, Crutzen R, de Nooijer J, de Vries NK, Brug J, et al. Which intervention characteristics are related to more exposure to internet-delivered healthy lifestyle promotion interventions? A systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2011;13(1):e2 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1639] [Medline: 21212045]
14. Bennett GG, Glasgow RE. The delivery of public health interventions via the Internet: actualizing their potential. Annu Rev Public Health 2009 Apr 29;30:273-292. [doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100235] [Medline: 19296777]
15. Portnoy DB, Scott-Sheldon LA, Johnson BT, Carey MP. Computer-delivered interventions for health promotion and behavioral risk reduction: a meta-analysis of 75 randomized controlled trials, 1988-2007. Prev Med 2008 Jul;47(1):3-16. [doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.014] [Medline: 18403003]
16. Barak A, Klein B, Proudfoot JG. Defining internet-supported therapeutic interventions. Ann Behav Med 2009 Aug;38(1):4-17. [doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9130- 7] [Medline: 19787305]
17. Shahab L, McEwen A. Online support for smoking cessation: a systematic review of the literature. Addiction 2009 Nov;104(11):1792-1804. [doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02710.x] [Medline: 19832783]
18. Eysenbach G. The law of attrition. J Med Internet Res 2005;7(1):e11 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.7.1.e11] [Medline: 15829473]
19. Danaher BG, Seeley JR. Methodological issues in research on web-based behavioral interventions. Ann Behav Med 2009 Aug;38(1):28-39. [doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9129-0] [Medline: 19806416]
20. Murray E, Burns J, See TS, Lai R, Nazareth I. Interactive Health Communication Applications for people with chronic disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005(4):CD004274. [doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004274.pub4] [Medline: 16235356]
21. Consolvo S, McDonald DW, Landay JA. Theory-driven design strategies for technologies that support behavior change in everyday life. In: Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Human factors in computing systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM; 2009 Presented at: CHI '09; April 4-9; Boston, MA, USA. [doi: 10.1145/1518701.1518766]
22. Ritterband LM, Thorndike FP, Cox DJ, Kovatchev BP, Gonder-Frederick LA. A behavior change model for internet interventions. Ann Behav Med 2009 Aug;38(1):18-27. [doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9133-4] [Medline: 19802647]
23. Oinas-Kukkonen H. Behavior change support systems: A research model and agenda. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6137. Berlin /Heidelberg: Springer; 2010 Presented at: The Fifth International Conference on Persuasive Technology; June 7-9, 2010; Copenhagen, Denmark. [doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-13226- 1-3]
24. Abraham C, Michie S. A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychol 2008 May;27(3):379-387. [doi: 10.1037/0278-6133. 27.3.379] [Medline: 18624603] (Pubitemid 352033748)
25. Kraft P, Drozd F, Olsen E. ePsychology: Designing theory-based health promotion interventions. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 2009;24(1, Article 24).
26. Oinas-Kukkonen H, Harjumaa M. Persuasive systems design: Key issues, process model, and system features. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 2009;24(1, Article 28).
27. Fogg BJ. Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann; 2003.
28. Chatterjee S, Price A. Healthy living with persuasive technologies: framework, issues, and challenges. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2009;16(2):171-178. [doi: 10.1197/jamia.M2859] [Medline: 19074300]
29. Briñol P, Petty RE. Persuasion: Insights from the self-validation hypothesis. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 2009;41:69-118. [doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08) 00402-4]
30. Ybarra ML, Suman M. Help seeking behavior and the Internet: a national survey. Int J Med Inform 2006 Jan;75(1):29-41. [doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2005.07. 029] [Medline: 16129659] (Pubitemid 43075560)
31. Griffiths F, Lindenmeyer A, Powell J, Lowe P, Thorogood M. Why are health care interventions delivered over the internet? A systematic review of the published literature. J Med Internet Res 2006;8(2):e10 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.2.e10] [Medline: 16867965]
32. Strecher V. Internet methods for delivering behavioral and health-related interventions (eHealth). Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2007;3:53-76. [doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091428] [Medline: 17716048] (Pubitemid 46651121)
33. Evers KE, Prochaska JM, Prochaska JO, Driskell MM, Cummins CO, Velicer WF. Strengths and weaknesses of health behavior change programs on the internet. J Health Psychol 2006;8(1):63-70. [doi: 10.1177/1359105303008001435]
34. Cassell MM, Jackson C, Cheuvront B. Health communication on the Internet: an effective channel for health behavior change? J Health Commun 1998;3(1):71-79. [Medline: 10947375] (Pubitemid 128670751)
35. Baym NK, Zhang YB, Lin MC. Social interactions across media: Interpersonal communication on the internet, telephone and face-to-face. New Media Soc 2004;6(3):299-318. [doi: 10.1177/1461444804041438] (Pubitemid 38773600)
36. Eysenbach G, Powell J, Englesakis M, Rizo C, Stern A. Health related virtual communities and electronic support groups: systematic review of the effects of online peer to peer interactions. BMJ 2004 May 15;328(7449):1166 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1166] [Medline: 15142921]
37. IJsselsteijn W, de Kort Y, Midden C, Eggen B. Persuasive technology for human well-being: Setting the scene. Persuasive Technology, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2006;3962/2006:1-5. [doi: 10.1007/11755494-1] (Pubitemid 44030042)
38. Fogg BJ. Creating persuasive technologies: An eight-step design process. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology. New York, NY: ACM; 2009 Presented at: Persuasive Technology; April 26-29; Claremont, CA. [doi: 10.1145/1541948.1542005]
39. Zhang J. Human-centered computing in health information systems. Part 1: analysis and design. J Biomed Inform 2005 Feb;38(1):1-3. [doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2004.12.002] [Medline: 15694880] (Pubitemid 40203035)
40. Fishbein M, Cappella JN. The role of theory in developing effective health communications. J Commun 2006 Aug;56(Supplement 1):S1-S17. [doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00280.x] (Pubitemid 44165213)
41. Tait RJ, Christensen H. Internet-based interventions for young people with problematic substance use: a systematic review. Med J Aust 2010 Jun 7;192(11 Suppl):S15-S21. [Medline: 20528701]
42. Khadjesari Z, Murray E, Hewitt C, Hartley S, Godfrey C. Can stand-alone computer-based interventions reduce alcohol consumption? A systematic review. Addiction 2011 Feb;106(2):267-282. [doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03214.x] [Medline: 21083832]
43. Danaher BG, Boles SM, Akers L, Gordon JS, Severson HH. Defining participant exposure measures in Web-based health behavior change programs. J Med Internet Res 2006;8(3):e15 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.3.e15] [Medline: 16954125]
44. Severson HH, Gordon JS, Danaher BG, Akers L. ChewFree.com: evaluation of a Web-based cessation program for smokeless tobacco users. Nicotine Tob Res 2008 Feb;10(2):381-391. [doi: 10.1080/14622200701824984] [Medline: 18236303] (Pubitemid 351201322)
45. Moyer A, Finney JW, Swearingen CE, Vergun P. Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a meta-analytic review of controlled investigations in treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking populations. Addiction 2002 Mar;97(3):279-292. [Medline: 11964101] (Pubitemid 34250722)
46. Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC. Alcohol screening and brief intervention: dissemination strategies for medical practice and public health. Addiction 2000 May;95(5):677-686. [Medline: 10885042] (Pubitemid 30324247)
47. Copeland J, Martin G. Web-based interventions for substance use disorders: a qualitative review. J Subst Abuse Treat 2004 Mar;26(2):109-116. [doi: 10.1016/S0740-5472(03)00165-X] [Medline: 15050088] (Pubitemid 38402020)
48. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, et al. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010;340:c869. [Medline: 20332511]
49. Finfgeld-Connett D, Madsen R. Web-based treatment of alcohol problems among rural women. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2008 Sep;46(9):46-53. [Medline: 18823000]
50. Japuntich SJ, Zehner ME, Smith SS, Jorenby DE, Valdez JA, Fiore MC, et al. Smoking cessation via the internet: a randomized clinical trial of an internet intervention as adjuvant treatment in a smoking cessation intervention. Nicotine Tob Res 2006 Dec;8 Suppl 1:S59-S67. [Medline: 17491172]
51. Escoffery C, McCormick L, Bateman K. Development and process evaluation of a web-based smoking cessation program for college smokers: innovative tool for education. Patient Educ Couns 2004 May;53(2):217-225. [doi: 10.1016/S0738-3991(03)00163-0] [Medline: 15140462] (Pubitemid 38622066)
52. Oinas-Kukkonen H, Harjumaa M. A systematic framework for designing and evaluating persuasive systems. Persuasive Technology, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2008;5033/2008:164-176. [doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-68504-3-15]
53. Venkatesh V, Morris MG, Davis GB, Davis FD. User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly 2003;27(3):425-478.
54. Locke EA, Latham GP. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. A 35-year odyssey. Am Psychol 2002 Sep;57(9):705-717. [Medline: 12237980]
55. Petty R, Cacioppo J. The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 1986;19:123-205.
56. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 1991;50:179-211.
57. Dey AK. Understanding and using context. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 2001;5(1):4-7. [doi: 10.1007/s007790170019]
58. Torning K, Oinas-Kukkonen H. Persuasive systems design: State of the art and future directions. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology. New York, NY: ACM; 2009 Presented at: Persuasive '09; April 26-29; Claremont, CA. [doi: 10.1145/1541948.1541989]
59. An LC, Klatt C, Perry CL, Lein EB, Hennrikus DJ, Pallonen UE, et al. The RealU online cessation intervention for college smokers: a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2008 Aug;47(2):194-199. [doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.04.011] [Medline: 18565577]
60. Bersamin M, Paschall MJ, Fearnow-Kenney M, Wyrick D. Effectiveness of a Web-based alcohol-misuse and harm-prevention course among high-and low-risk students. J Am Coll Health 2007;55(4):247-254. [Medline: 17319331]
61. Brendryen H, Drozd F, Kraft P. A digital smoking cessation program delivered through internet and cell phone without nicotine replacement (happy ending): randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2008;10(5):e51 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1005] [Medline: 19087949]
62. Brendryen H, Kraft P. Happy ending: a randomized controlled trial of a digital multi-media smoking cessation intervention. Addiction 2008 Mar;103(3):478-84; discussion 485. [doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02119.x] [Medline: 18269367] (Pubitemid 351208112)
63. Buller DB, Borland R, Woodall WG, Hall JR, Hines JM, Burris-Woodall P, et al. Randomized trials on consider this, a tailored, internet-delivered smoking prevention program for adolescents. Health Educ Behav 2008 Apr;35(2):260-281. [doi: 10.1177/1090198106288982] [Medline: 17114331]
64. Etter JF. Comparing the efficacy of two Internet-based, computer-tailored smoking cessation programs: a randomized trial. J Med Internet Res 2005;7(1):e2 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.7.1.e2] [Medline: 15829474]
65. Hester RK, Delaney HD, Campbell W, Handmaker N. A web application for moderation training: initial results of a randomized clinical trial. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009 Oct;37(3):266-276. [doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2009.03.001] [Medline: 19339137]
66. Matano RA, Koopman C, Wanat SF, Winzelberg AJ, Whitsell SD, Westrup D, et al. A pilot study of an interactive web site in the workplace for reducing alcohol consumption. J Subst Abuse Treat 2007 Jan;32(1):71-80. [doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2006.05.020] [Medline: 17175400] (Pubitemid 44908837)
67. McKay HG, Danaher BG, Seeley JR, Lichtenstein E, Gau JM. Comparing two web-based smoking cessation programs: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2008;10(5):e40 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.993] [Medline: 19017582]
68. Muñoz RF, Lenert LL, Delucchi K, Stoddard J, Perez JE, Penilla C, et al. Toward evidence-based Internet interventions: A Spanish/English Web site for international smoking cessation trials. Nicotine Tob Res 2006 Feb;8(1):77-87. [doi: 10.1080/14622200500431940] [Medline: 16497602]
69. Muñoz RF, Barrera AZ, Delucchi K, Penilla C, Torres LD, Pérez-Stable EJ. International Spanish/English Internet smoking cessation trial yields 20% abstinence rates at 1 year. Nicotine Tob Res 2009 Sep;11(9):1025-1034. [doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntp090] [Medline: 19640833]
70. Patten CA, Croghan IT, Meis TM, Decker PA, Pingree S, Colligan RC, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an Internet-based versus brief office intervention for adolescent smoking cessation. Patient Educ Couns 2006 Dec;64(1-3):249-258. [doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2006.03.001] [Medline: 16616449] (Pubitemid 44772964)
71. Riper H, Kramer J, Smit F, Conijn B, Schippers G, Cuijpers P. Web-based self-help for problem drinkers: a pragmatic randomized trial. Addiction 2008 Feb;103(2):218-227. [doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02063.x] [Medline: 18199300]
72. Stoddard JL, Augustson EM, Moser RP. Effect of adding a virtual community (bulletin board) to smokefree.gov: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2008;10(5):e53 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1124] [Medline: 19097974]
73. Strecher VJ, Shiffman S, West R. Randomized controlled trial of a web-based computer-tailored smoking cessation program as a supplement to nicotine patch therapy. Addiction 2005 May;100(5):682-688. [doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01093.x] [Medline: 15847626] (Pubitemid 40646294)
74. Strecher VJ, McClure J, Alexander G, Chakraborty B, Nair V, Konkel J, et al. The role of engagement in a tailored web-based smoking cessation program: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2008;10(5):e36 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1002] [Medline: 18984557]
75. Swartz LH, Noell JW, Schroeder SW, Ary DV. A randomised control study of a fully automated internet based smoking cessation programme. Tob Control 2006 Feb;15(1):7-12 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1136/tc.2003.006189] [Medline: 16436397] (Pubitemid 43190315)
76. Woodruff SI, Conway TL, Edwards CC, Elliott SP, Crittenden J. Evaluation of an Internet virtual world chat room for adolescent smoking cessation. Addict Behav 2007 Sep;32(9):1769-1786. [doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.12.008] [Medline: 17250972] (Pubitemid 47039277)
77. Beard L, Wilson K, Morra D, Keelan J. A survey of health-related activities on second life. J Med Internet Res 2009;11(2):e17 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1192] [Medline: 19632971]
78. Sillence E, Briggs P, Harris P, Fishwick L. A framework for understanding trust factors in web-based health advice. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2006;64(8):697-713. [doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.02.007]
79. Tam KY, Ho SY. Web personalization as a persuasion strategy: An elaboration likelihood model perspective. Inform Syst Res 2005;16(3):271-291. [doi: 10.1287/isre.1050.0058] (Pubitemid 41395567)
80. Rimer B, Kreuter M. Advancing tailored health communication: A persuasion and message effects perspective. J Commun 2006;56(Supplement 1):S184-S201. [doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00289.x] (Pubitemid 44165222)
81. Danaher BG, McKay HG, Seeley JR. The information architecture of behavior change websites. J Med Internet Res 2005;7(2):e12 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.7.2.e12] [Medline: 15914459]
82. Fry JP, Neff RA. Periodic prompts and reminders in health promotion and health behavior interventions: systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2009;11(2):e16 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1138] [Medline: 19632970]
83. Pornpitakpan C. The persuasiveness of source credibility: A critical review of five decades' evidence. J Appl Soc Psychol 2004;34(2):243-281. [doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02547.x] (Pubitemid 38318194)
84. Wathen CN, Burkell J. Believe it or not: Factors influencing credibility on the web. J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol 2002;53(2):134-144. [doi: 10.1002/asi.10016] (Pubitemid 34138426)
85. Harris PR, Sillence E, Briggs P. The effect of credibility-related design cues on responses to a web-based message about the breast cancer risks from alcohol: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2009;11(3):e37 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1097] [Medline: 19709989]
86. Uchino BN. Social support and health: a review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. J Behav Med 2006 Aug;29(4):377-387. [doi: 10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5] [Medline: 16758315] (Pubitemid 44134207)
87. Kypri K, Lee N. New technologies in the prevention and treatment of substance use problems. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009 Jan;28(1):1-2. [doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2008.00014.x] [Medline: 19320668]
88. Ahern DK. Challenges and opportunities of eHealth research. Am J Prev Med 2007 May;32(5 Suppl):S75-S82. [doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.016] [Medline: 17466822] (Pubitemid 46634956)
89. Glasgow RE. Enhancing the scientific foundation of internet intervention research. Ann Behav Med 2009 Aug;38(1):46-47. [doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9134-3] [Medline: 19816749]
90. Atienza AA, Hesse BW, Gustafson DH, Croyle RT. E-health research and patient-centered care examining theory, methods, and application. Am J Prev Med 2010 Jan;38(1):85-88. [doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.027] [Medline: 20117562]