Erratum: Continuous glucose monitoring: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline (The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2011) 96:10 (2968-2979) DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2756);Continuous glucose monitoring: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 96, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 2968-2979

  Klonoff, David C ^a   Buckingham, Bruce ^b   Christiansen, Jens S ^c   Montori, Victor M ^d   Tamborlane, William V ^e   Vigersky, Robert A ^f   Wolpert, Howard ^g  

^a Mills Peninsula Health Services   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^d MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^e YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g JOSLIN DIABETES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; INSULIN;

ACCURACY; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING; DIABETES MELLITUS; E-MAIL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN PUMP; INSULIN TREATMENT; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; METABOLIC REGULATION; OUTPATIENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYMPOSIUM;

EID: 80053543458     PISSN: 0021972X     EISSN: 19457197     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab250     Document Type: Erratum

References (78)

1. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, Guyatt GH, Harbour RT, Haugh MC, Henry D, Hill S, Jaeschke R, Leng G, Liberati A, Magrini N, Mason J, Middleton P, Mrukowicz J, O'Connell D, Oxman AD, Phillips B, Schünemann HJ, Edejer TT, Varonen H, Vist GE, Williams Jr JW, Zaza S 2004 Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 328:1490-1497
2. Swiglo BA, Murad MH, Schünemann HJ, Kunz R, Vigersky RA, Guyatt GH, Montori VM 2008 A case for clarity, consistency, and helpfulness: state-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines in endocrinology using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:666-673 (Pubitemid 351398536)
3. Gandhi GY, Kovalaske M, Kudva Y, Walsh K, Elamin MB, Beers M, Coyle C, Goalen M, Murad MS, Erwin PJ, Corpus J, Montori VM, Murad MH 2011 Efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring systems in improving glycemic control and reducing hypoglycemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Diabetes Sci Technol 5:952-965
4. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group, Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, Raskin P, Zinman B 2005 Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 353:2643-2653
5. UK Prospective Study Group 1998 Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352:837-853
6. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA 2008 10-Year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 359:1577-1589
7. Nielsen JK, Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Carus AC, Granild-Jensen J, Orskov H, Christiansen JS 2005 Continuous glucose monitoring in interstitial subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle reflects excursions in cerebral cortex. Diabetes 54:1635-1639 (Pubitemid 40770752)
8. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R 2001 Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients.NEngl J Med 345:1359-1367
9. Arabi YM, Dabbagh OC, Tamim HM, Al-Shimemeri AA, Memish ZA, Haddad SH, Syed SJ, Giridhar HR, Rishu AH, Al-Daker MO, Kahoul SH, Britts RJ, Sakkijha MH 2008 Intensive versus conventional insulin therapy: A randomized controlled trial in medical and surgical critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36: 3190-3197
10. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, Meier-Hellmann A, Ragaller M, Weiler N, Moerer O, Gruendling M, Oppert M, Grond S, Olthoff D, Jaschinski U, John S, Rossaint R, Welte T, Schaefer M, Kern P, Kuhnt E, KiehntopfM,Hartog C, Natanson C, LoefflerM,Reinhart K 2008 Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 358:125-139
11. Devos P, Preiser J, Melot C, Impact of tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy on ICU mortality and the rate of hypoglycemia: final results of the Glucontrol Study. Proc 20th European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Annual Congress, Berlin, Germany, 2007 (Abstract S189)
12. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, Blair D, Foster D, Dhingra V, Bellomo R, Cook D, Dodek P, Henderson WR, Hébert PC, Heritier S, Heyland DK, McArthur C, Mc- Donald E, Mitchell I, Myburgh JA, Norton R, Potter J, Robinson BG, Ronco JJ 2009 Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360:1283-1297
13. van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, MeerssemanW,Wouters PJ, Milants I, van Wijngaerden E, Bobbaers H, Bouillon R 2006 Intensive insulin therapy in medical ICU. N Engl J Med 354:449-461 (Pubitemid 43200296)
14. Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ 2008 Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 300: 933-944
15. Krinsley JS, Grover A 2007 Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med 35:2262-2267 (Pubitemid 47476221)
16. Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, Goyal A, Krumholz HM, Masoudi FA, Xiao L, Spertus JA 2009 Relationship between spontaneous and iatrogenic hypoglycemia and mortality in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 301:1556-1564
17. Klonoff DC 2010 FDA is now preparing to establish tighter performance standards for blood glucose monitors. J Diabetes Sci Technol 4:499-504
18. Louie RF, Tang Z, Sutton DV, Lee JH, Kost GJ 2000 Point-of-care glucose testing: effects of critical care variables, influence of reference instruments, and a modular glucose meter design. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124:257-266 (Pubitemid 30090612)
19. Kost GJ, Vu HT, Lee JH, Bourgeois P, Kiechle FL, Martin C, Miller SS, Okorodudu AO, Podczasy JJ, Webster R, Whitlow KJ 1998 Multicenter study of oxygen-sensitive handheld glucose point-of-care testing in critical care/hospital/ambulatory patients in the United States and Canada. Crit Care Med 26:581-590 (Pubitemid 28141497)
20. International Organization for Standardization 2003 In vitro diagnostic test systems. Requirements for blood-glucose monitoring systems for self-testing in managing diabetes mellitus. 1st ed. ICS: 11.100.10. ISO 15197:2003
21. Ray JG, Hamielec C, Mastracci T 2001 Pilot study of the accuracy of bedside glucometry in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 29:2205-2207 (Pubitemid 33063552)
22. Atkin SH, Dasmahapatra A, Jaker MA, Chorost MI, Reddy S 1991 Capillary glucose determination in shock. Ann Intern Med 114: 1020-1024
23. CorstjensAM,Ligtenberg JJ, van der Horst IC, Spanjersberg R, Lind JS, Tulleken JE, Meertens JH, Zijlstra JG 2006 Accuracy and feasibility of point-of-care and continuous blood glucose analysis in critically ill ICU patients. Crit Care 10:R135
24. HoedemaekersCW,Klein Gunnewiek JM, PrinsenMA,Willems JL, van der Hoeven JG 2008 Accuracy of bedside glucose measurement from three glucometers in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36: 3062-3066
25. Kanji S, Buffie J, Hutton B, Bunting PS, Singh A, McDonald K, Fergusson D, McIntyre LA, Hebert PC 2005 Reliability of pointof- care testing for glucose measurement in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 33:2778-2785 (Pubitemid 41816412)
26. Kulkarni A, Saxena M, Price G, O'Leary MJ, Jacques T, Myburgh JA 2005 Analysis of blood glucose measurements using capillary and arterial blood samples in intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med 31:142-145 (Pubitemid 40174294)
27. Maser RE, Butler MA, DeCherney GS 1994 Use of arterial blood with bedside glucose reflectance meters in an intensive care unit: are they accurate? Crit Care Med 22:595-599 (Pubitemid 24121559)
28. Sylvain HF, Pokorny ME, English SM, Benson NH, Whitley TW, Ferenczy CJ, Harrison JG 1995 Accuracy of capillary glucose values in shock patients. Am J Crit Care 4:44-48
29. Haupt A, Berg B, Paschen P, Dreyer M, Häring HU, Smedegaard J, Matthaei S 2005 The effects of skin temperature and testing site on blood glucose measurements taken by a modern blood glucose monitoring device. Diabetes Technol Ther 7:597-601 (Pubitemid 41208620)
30. Vlasselaers D, Herpe TV, Milants I, Eerdekens M, Wouters PJ, Moor BD, Den Berghe GV 2008 Blood glucose measurements in arterial blood of intensive care unit patients submitted to tight glycemic control: agreement between bedside tests. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2:932-938
31. De Block C, Manuel-Y-Keenoy B, Van Gaal L, Rogiers P 2006 Intensive insulin therapy in the intensive care unit. Diabetes Care 29:1750-1756
32. Goldberg PA, Siegel MD, Russell RR, Sherwin RS, Halickman JI, Cooper DA, Dziura JD, Inzucchi SE 2004 Experience with the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in a medical intensive care unit. Diabetes Technol Ther 6:339-347 (Pubitemid 38821619)
33. Holzinger U, Warszawska J, Kitzberger R, Herkner H, Metnitz PG, Madl C 2009 Impact of shock requiring norepinephrine on the accuracy and reliability of subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring. Intensive Care Med 35:1383-1389
34. Monsod TP, Flanagan DE, Rife F, Saenz R, Caprio S, Sherwin RS, Tamborlane WV 2002 Do sensor glucose levels accurately predict plasma glucose concentrations during hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia? Diabetes Care 25:889-893 (Pubitemid 41094288)
35. Pfützner J, Forst T, Butzer R, Forst S, Weber MM, Pfützner AH, Pfützner A 2006 Performance of the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) during the development of ketosis in patients on insulin pump therapy. Diabet Med 23:1124-1129 (Pubitemid 44401143)
36. Piper HG, Alexander JL, Shukla A, Pigula F, Costello JM, Laussen PC, Jaksic T, Agus MS 2006 Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in pediatric patients during and after cardiac surgery. Pediatrics 118:1176-1184 (Pubitemid 46090061)
37. Price GC, Stevenson K, Walsh TS 2008 Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitor in an unselected general intensive care population. Crit Care Resusc 10:209-216
38. Rebrin K, Steil GM, van Antwerp WP, Mastrototaro JJ 1999 Subcutaneous glucose predicts plasma glucose independent of insulin: implications for continuous monitoring. Am J Physiol 277:E561-E571 (Pubitemid 29458218)
39. Logtenberg SJ, Kleefstra N, Snellen FT, Groenier KH, Slingerland RJ, Nierich AP, Bilo HJ 2009 Pre- and postoperative accuracy and safety of a real-time continuous glucose monitoring system in cardiac surgical patients: a randomized pilot study. Diabetes Technol Ther 11:31-37
40. Mraz M, Kopecky P, Blaha J, Kremem J, Svacina S, Hovorka R, Haluzik M, The use of continuous glucose monitoring combined with computer-based eMPC algorithm for tight glucose control in cardiosurgical ICU: a feasibility study. Proc 69th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, New Orleans, LA, 2009 (Abstract 210-OR)
41. Rabiee A, Andreasik RN, Abu-Hamdah R, Galiatsatos BS, Khouri Z, Gibson BR, Andersen DK, Elahi D 2009 Numerical and clinical accuracy of a continuous glucose monitoring system during intravenous insulin therapy in the surgical and burn intensive care units. J Diabetes Sci Technol 3:951-959
42. Yamashita K, Okabayashi T, Yokoyama T, Yatabe T, Maeda H, Manabe M, Hanazaki K 2009 Accuracy and reliability of continuous blood glucose monitor in post-surgical patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 53:66-71
43. Clarke WL, Cox D, Gonder-Frederick LA, Carter W, Pohl SL 1987 Evaluating clinical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose. Diabetes Care 10:622-628 (Pubitemid 17158937)
44. Tonyushkina K, Nichols JH 2009 Glucose meters: a review of technical challenges to obtaining accurate results. J Diabetes Sci Technol 3:971-980
45. Boland E, Monsod T, Delucia M, Brandt CA, Fernando S, TamborlaneWV2001 Limitations of conventional methods of self-monitoring of blood glucose: lessons learned from 3 days of continuous glucose sensing in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 24:1858-1862 (Pubitemid 33716491)
46. Kaufman FR, Austin J, Neinstein A, Jeng L, Halvorson M, Devoe DJ, Pitukcheewanont P 2002 Nocturnal hypoglycemia detected with the continuous glucose monitoring system in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 141:625-630 (Pubitemid 35292759)
47. Gandrud LM, Xing D, Kollman C, Block JM, Kunselman B, Wilson DM, Buckingham BA 2007 The Medtronic Minimed Gold continuous glucose monitoring system: an effective means to discover hypo- and hyperglycemia in children under 7 years of age. Diabetes Technol Ther 9:307-316 (Pubitemid 47340081)
48. Weinstein RL, Schwartz SL, Brazg RL, Bugler JR, Peyser TA, Mc- GarraughGV2007 Accuracy of the 5-day FreeStyle Navigator Continuous Glucose Monitoring System: comparison with frequent laboratory reference measurements. Diabetes Care 30:1125-1130
49. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group, Tansey M, Tamborlane W, Kollman C, Fox L, Weinzimer S, Chase HP, Xing D, Buckingham B, Beck R, Ruedy K 2008 The accuracy of the Guardian RT continuous glucose monitor in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 10:266-272
50. Garg S, Zisser H, Schwartz S, Bailey T, Kaplan R, Ellis S, Jovanovic L 2006 Improvement in glycemic excursions with a transcutaneous, real-time continuous glucose sensor: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 29:44-50 (Pubitemid 44033429)
51. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group 2005 Youth and parent satisfaction with clinical use of the Gluco- Watch G2 Biographer in the management of pediatric type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:1929-1935
52. Chase HP, Beck R, Tamborlane W, Buckingham B, Mauras N, Tsalikian E, Wysocki T, Weinzimer S, Kollman C, Ruedy K, Xing D 2005 A randomized multicenter trial comparing the GlucoWatch Biographer with standard glucose monitoring in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:1101-1106 (Pubitemid 40616619)
53. WilsonDM,BeckRW,TamborlaneWV,Dontchev MJ, Kollman C, Chase P, Fox LA, Ruedy KJ, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer SA; DirecNet Study Group 2007 The accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator continuous glucose monitoring system in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30:59-64
54. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group, Buckingham B, Beck RW, Tamborlane WV, Xing D, Kollman C, Fiallo-Scharer R, Mauras N, Ruedy KJ, Tansey M, Weinzimer SA, Wysocki T 2007 Continuous glucose monitoring in children with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 151:388-393, 393.e1-2
55. Hirsch IB, Abelseth J, Bode BW, Fischer JS, Kaufman FR, Mastrototaro J, Parkin CG, Wolpert HA, Buckingham BA 2008 Sensoraugmented insulin pump therapy: results of the first randomized treat-to-target study. Diabetes Technol Ther 10:377-383
56. Mastrototaro J, Shin J, Marcus A, Sulur G 2008 The accuracy and efficacy of real-time continuous glucose monitoring sensor in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 10:385-390
57. Bailey TS, Zisser HC, Garg SK 2007 Reduction in hemoglobin A1C with real-time continuous glucose monitoring: results from a 12- week observational study. Diabetes Technol Ther 9:203-210 (Pubitemid 46959785)
58. Pappada SM, Cameron BD, Rosman PM 2008 Development of a neural network for prediction of glucose concentration in type 1 diabetes patients. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2:792-801
59. Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group, Beck RW, Hirsch IB, Laffel L, Tamborlane WV, Bode BW, Buckingham B, Chase P, Clemons R, Fiallo-Scharer R, Fox LA, Gilliam LK, Huang ES, Kollman C, Kowalski AJ, Lawrence JM, Lee J, Mauras N, O'Grady M, Ruedy KJ, Tansey M, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer SA, Wilson DM, Wolpert H, Wysocki T, Xing D 2009 The effect of continuous glucose monitoring in wellcontrolled type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32:1378-1383
60. Deiss D, Bolinder J, Riveline JP, Battelino T, Bosi E, Tubiana-Rufi N, Kerr D, Phillip M 2006 Improved glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care 29:2730-2732 (Pubitemid 44912209)
61. Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group, Tamborlane WV, Beck RW, Bode BW, Buckingham B, Chase HP, Clemons R, Fiallo-Scharer R, Fox LA, Gilliam LK, Hirsch IB, Huang ES, Kollman C, Kowalski AJ, Laffel L, Lawrence JM, Lee J, Mauras N, O'Grady M, Ruedy KJ, Tansey M, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer S, WilsonDM,Wolpert H, Wysocki T, Xing D 2008 Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 359:1464-1476
62. Chase HP, Beck RW, Xing D, Tamborlane WV, Coffey J, Fox LA, Ives B, Keady J, Kollman C, Laffel L, Ruedy KJ 2010 Continuous glucose monitoring in youth with type 1 diabetes: 12-month follow- up of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation continuous glucose monitoring randomized trial. Diabetes Technol Ther 12: 507-515
63. DCCT Research Group 1994 The effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. J Pediatr 125:177-188
64. Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group, Beck RW, Buckingham B, Miller K, Wolpert H, Xing D, Block JM, Chase HP, Hirsch I, Kollman C, Laffel L, Lawrence JM, Milaszewski K, Ruedy KJ, Tamborlane WV 2009 Factors predictive of use and of benefit from continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32:1947-1953
65. JDRF CGM Study Group 21 June 2011 Satisfaction with continuous glucose monitoring in adults and youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Med 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03368.x
66. Battelino T, Phillip M, Bratina N, Nimri R, Oskarsson P, Bolinder J 2011 Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 34:795-800
67. Jeha GS, Karaviti LP, Anderson B, Smith EO, Donaldson S, McGirk TS, Haymond MW 2004 Continuous glucose monitoring and the reality of metabolic control in preschool children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:2881-2886 (Pubitemid 39565053)
68. Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group, Buckingham B, Xing D, Weinzimer S, Fiallo-Scharer R, Kollman C, Mauras N, Tsalikian E, Tamborlane W, Wysocki T, Ruedy K, Beck R 2008 Use of the DirecNet Applied Treatment Algorithm (DATA) for diabetes management with a real-time continuous glucose monitor (the FreeStyle Navigator). Pediatr Diabetes 9:142-147
69. Mastrototaro J, Welsh JB, Lee S 2010 Practical considerations in the use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring alerts. J Diabetes Sci Technol 4:733-739
70. Ludvigsson J, Hanas R 2003 Continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring improved metabolic control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: a controlled crossover study. Pediatrics 111:933-938 (Pubitemid 36542603)
71. Kaufman FR, Gibson LC, Halvorson M, Carpenter S, Fisher LK, Pitukcheewanont P 2001 A pilot study of the continuous glucose monitoring system: clinical decisions and glycemic control after its use in pediatric type 1 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 24:2030-2034 (Pubitemid 33716516)
72. Chase HP, Roberts MD, Wightman C, Klingensmith G, Garg SK, van Wyhe M, Desai S, Harper W, Lopatin M, Bartkowiak M, Tamada J, Eastman RC 2003 Use of the GlucoWatch biographer in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatrics 111:790-794 (Pubitemid 36402903)
73. Tanenberg R, Bode B, Lane W, Levetan C, Mestman J, Harmel AP, Tobian J, Gross T, Mastrototaro J 2004 Use of continuous glucose monitoring system to guide therapy in patients with insulin-treated diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc 79:1521-1526 (Pubitemid 39578876)
74. Kordonouri O, Pankowska E,RamiB, Kapellen T, Coutant R, Hartmann R, Lange K, Knip M, Danne T 2010 Sensor-augmented pump therapy from the diagnosis of childhood type 1 diabetes: results of the Paediatric Onset Study (ONSET) after 12 months of treatment. Diabetologia 53:2487-2495
75. O'Connell MA, Donath S, O'Neal DN, Colman PG, Ambler GR, Jones TW, Davis EA, Cameron FJ 2009 Glycaemic impact of patient- led use of sensor-guided pump therapy in type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 52:1250-1257
76. Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group; Bode B, Beck RW, Xing D, Gilliam L, Hirsch I, Kollman C, Laffel L, Ruedy KJ, Tamborlane WV, Weinzimer S, WolpertH2009 Sustained benefit of continuous glucose monitoring on A1c, glucose profiles, and hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32:2047-2049
77. Zick R, Petersen B, Richter M, Haug C, SAFIR Study Group 2007 Comparison of continuous blood glucose measurement with conventional documentation of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes on multiple daily insulin injection therapy. Diabetes Technol Ther 9:483-492 (Pubitemid 350158791)
78. Grey NJ, Perdrizet GA 2004 Reduction of nosocomial infections in the surgical intensive-care unit by strict glycemic control. Endocr Pract 10(Suppl 2):46-52