Strategies toward commercial scale of biosurfactant production as potential substitute for it's chemically counterparts

International Journal of Biotechnology

Volumn 12, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 66-86

  Helmy, Qomarudin ^a   Kardena, Edwan ^a   Funamizu, Naoyuki ^b   Wisjnuprapto, ^a  

^a BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Indonesia)

^b HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Agroindustrial by product; Biosurfactants; Biotechnology; Commercial production; Downstream process; Renewable resources

Indexed keywords

BIODEGRADABILITY; BIOMOLECULES; BIOTECHNOLOGY;

AGROINDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCT; BIO-SURFACTANTS; COMMERCIAL PRODUCTIONS; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS; RENEWABLE RESOURCE;

SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS;

ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE; AMMONIUM SULFATE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTISTATIC AGENT; BIOSURFACTANT; COSMETIC; DETERGENT; DISPERSANT; ELASTOMER; EMULSIFYING AGENT; FAT; FOAMING AGENT; INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL; MOLASSES; OLIVE OIL; PAINT; PLASTIC; PROTEINASE; SOAP; STARCH; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; VEGETABLE OIL; WETTING AGENT;

AGROINDUSTRY; BIODEGRADATION; BIOTECHNOLOGY; COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY; COMMERCIALIZATION; EMULSION; PRODUCTION COST; RENEWABLE RESOURCE; STRATEGIC APPROACH; SURFACTANT;

ACID PRECIPITATION; ADSORPTION; AGRICULTURE; BEVERAGE; BIOPROCESS; CANDIDA ANTARCTICA; CENTRIFUGATION; CLEANING; CONSTRUCTION WORK; CORROSION; COST; CRYSTALLIZATION; ECONOMIC ASPECT; FILTRATION; FOOD; FRYING; INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION; ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; LEATHER INDUSTRY; METAL INDUSTRY; MINING; PAPER; PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY; PRECIPITATION; REVIEW; SEPARATION TECHNIQUE; SOLVENT EXTRACTION; SOYBEAN; TEXTILE INDUSTRY; ULTRAFILTRATION; WHEY;

EID: 80053428679     PISSN: 09636048     EISSN: 17415020     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2011.042682     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Abalos, A., Vinas, M., Sbate, J., Manresa, M.A. and Solanas, A.M. (2004) 'Enhanced biodegradation of casablanca crude oil by a microbial consortium in presence of a rhamnolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa AT10', Biodegradation, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp.249-260.
2. Babu, P.S., Vaidya, A.N., Bal, A.S., Kapur, R., Juwarkar, A. and Khanna, P. (1996) 'Kinetics of biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BS2 from industrial wastes', Biotechnology Letters, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp.263-268. (Pubitemid 26108326)
3. Banat, I.M., Makkar, R.S. and Cameotra, S.S. (2000) 'Potential commercial applications of microbial surfactant', Appl. Microbio. Biotechnol, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp.495-508. (Pubitemid 30341398)
4. Banat, I.M., Samarah, N., Murad, M., Horne, R. and Banerjee, S. (1991) 'Biosurfactant production and uses in oil tank clean-up', World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.80-88.
5. Barzic, M.R. and Guittet, E. (1996) 'Structure and activities of persicomycins, toxins produced by a Pseudomonas Syringae pv.persicae/Prunus persica isolate', Eur. J. Biochem, Vol. 239, No. 3, pp.702-709. (Pubitemid 26253044)
6. Bednarski, W., Adamczak, M., Tomasik, J. and Plaszvzyk, M. (2004) 'Application of oil refinery waste in the biosynthesis of glycolipids by yeast', Bioresource Technology, Vol. 95, No. 1, pp.15-18. (Pubitemid 38781732)
7. Bednarski, W., Narwojsz, M., Adamczak, M. and Nawotka, R. (2006) 'Carbon-source-dependent synthesis and composition of biosurfactant synthesized by Pseudozyma antarctica', Environmental Biotechnology, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.31-36.
8. Benincasa, M. (2007) 'Rhamnolipid produced from agroindustrial wastes enhances hydrocarbon biodegradation in contaminated soil', Current Microbiology, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp.445-449. (Pubitemid 46790854)
9. Benincasa, M., Abalos, A., Oliveira, I. and Manresa, A. (2004) 'Chemical structure, surface properties and biological activities of the biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI from Soapstock', Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp.1-8. (Pubitemid 38461032)
10. Bisht, K.S., Gross, R.A. and Kaplan, D.L. (1999) 'Enzyme-mediated regioselective acylations of sophorolipids', J. Org. Chem., Vol. 64, No. 3, pp.780-789. (Pubitemid 29098000)
11. Brown, M.J. (1991) 'Biosurfactants for cosmetic applications', International Journal of Cosmetic Science, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp.61-64.
12. Calvo, C., Toled, F.L., Pozo, C., Toled, M.V.M. and Lopez, J.G. (2004) 'Biotechnology of bioemulsifiers produced by microorganisms', Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.238-243.
13. Canter, N. (2004) 'The benefits of rhamnolipid biosurfactant', Tribology and Lubrication Technology, Vol. 60, No. 1, p.13.
14. Chayabutra, C., Wu, J. and Ju, L-K. (2001) 'Rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa under denitrification: effect of limiting nutrients and carbon substrates', Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp.25-33. (Pubitemid 32085889)
15. Chen, H-L., Chen, Y-S. and Juang, R-S. (2008) 'Recovery of surfactin from fermentation broths by a hybrid salting-out and membrane filtration process', Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp.244-252, doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2007. 06.010. (Pubitemid 351191809)
16. Christofi, N and Ivshina, I.B. (2002) 'Microbial surfactants and their use in field studies of soil remediation', J. App. Microbiol, Vol. 93, No. 6, pp.915-929. (Pubitemid 35408566)
17. Daniel, H.J., Reuss, M. and Syldatk, C. (1998) 'Production of sophorolipids in high concentration from deproteinized whey and rapeseed oil in a two stage fed batch process using Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 and Cryptococcus curvatus ATCC 20509', Biotechnology Letter, Vol. 20, No. 12, pp.1153-1156. (Pubitemid 29034189)
18. Danieli, B. and Riva, S. (1994) 'Enzyme-mediated regioselective acylation of polyhydroxylated natural product', Pure and Appl. Chem., Vol. 66, Nos. 10-11, pp.2215-2218.
19. Daniels, L., Linhardt, R.J., Bryan, B.A., Mayerl, F. and Pickenhagen, W. (1990) 'Method for producing rhamnose', United States Patent 4933281, available at http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4933281.html (accessed on 10 August 2008).
20. Das, K and Mukherjee, A.K. (2007) 'Comparison of lipopeptide biosurfactants production by Bacillus subtilis strains in submerged and solid state fermentation systems using a cheap carbon source: some industrial applications of biosurfactants', Process Biochemistry, Vol. 42, No. 8, pp.1191-1199. (Pubitemid 47089063)
21. Davis, D.A., Lynch, H.C. and Varley, J. (2001) 'The application of foaming for the recovery of surfactin from B. subtilis ATCC 21332 cultures', Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 28, Nos. 4-5, pp.346-354. (Pubitemid 32193824)
22. Desai, J.D. and Banat, I.M. (1997) 'Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential', Microbiol. and Molecular Biol. Review, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp.47-64. (Pubitemid 27290924)
23. Dubey, K. and Juwarkar, A. (2001) 'Distillery and curd whey waste as viable alternative sources for biosurfactant production', World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp.61-69. (Pubitemid 32418137)
24. Dubey, K.V., Juwarkar, A.A. and Singh, S.K. (2005) 'Adsorption-desorption process using woodbased activated carbon for recovery of biosurfactant from fermented distillery wastewater', Biotechnol. Prog., Vol. 21, No. 3, pp.860-867. (Pubitemid 40772291)
25. Edmundo, C., Valerie, D., Didier, C. and Alain, M. (1998) 'Efficient lipase-catalyzed production of tailor-made emulsifiers using solvent engineering coupled to extractive processing', JAOCS, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp.309-313. (Pubitemid 128607993)
26. Feng, C.H., Mei, M.C.L., Tsung, C.L. and Suey, S.K. (2004) 'Rapid detection and characterization of surfactin producing Bacillus subtilis and closely related species based on PCR', Current Microbiol, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp.186-191.
27. Ferraz, C., De Araújo, Á.A. and Pastore, G.M. (2002) 'The influence of vegetable oils on biosurfactant production by Serratia marcescens', Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 98-100, Nos. 1-9, pp.841-847. (Pubitemid 34457456)
28. Finnerty, W.R. (1994) 'Biosurfactants in environmental biotechnology', Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp.291-295. (Pubitemid 24171276)
29. Frautz, B., Lang, S. and Wagner, F. (1986) 'Formation of cellobiose lipids by growing and resting cells of Ustilago maydis', Biotechnology Letter, Vol. 8, No. 11, pp.757-762. (Pubitemid 17218680)
30. Goswami, P. and Singh, H.D. (1991) 'Different modes of hydrocarbon uptake by two different Pseudomonas sp', Biotechnol. and Bioeng, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp.1-11.
31. Haba, E., Espuny, M.J., Busquets, M. and Manresa, A. (2000) 'Screening and production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 47T2 NCIB 40044 from waste frying oils', Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 88, No. 3, pp.379-387. (Pubitemid 30171473)
32. Helmy, Q., Kardena, E. and Wisjnuprapto (2008) 'Kinetic study of oil sludge biodegradation by petrofilic bacteria', Proceeding of the 2nd South East Asian Technical University Consortium (SEATUC) Symposium, Bandung-Indonesia, pp.193-7.
33. Helmy, Q., Suryatmana, P., Kardena, E. and Wisjnuprapto (2006) 'Effect of surfactant addition on oil sludge biodegradation by petrofilic bacteria', Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Environmental Technology and Management, Bandung-Indonesia, Vol. Bi-O-04, pp.1-5.
34. Hu, Y. and Lu, K-J. (2003) 'Lipase-mediated deacetylation and oligomerization of lactonic sophorolipids', Biotechnol. Prog., Vol. 19, No. 2, pp.303-311. (Pubitemid 36420976)
35. Huszcza, E. and Burczyk, B. (2003) 'Biosurfactant production by Bacillus coagulans', Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.61-64.
36. Jin, G.S., Guang, M.Z. and Xing, Z.Y. (2006) 'The stimulatory effect of surfactants on composting of waste rich in cellulose', World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., Vol. 22, No. 11, pp.1121-1127.
37. Joshi, S., Bharucha, C., Jha, S., Yadav, S., Nerurkar, A. and Desai, A.J. (2007) 'Biosurfactant production using molasses and whey under thermophilic conditions', Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 99, No. 1, pp.195-199, doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.12.010.
38. Kamilova, F., Validov, S., Azarova, T., Mulders, I. and Lugtenberg, B. (2005) 'Enrichment for enhanced competitive plant root tip colonizers selects for a new class of biocontrol bacteria', Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 7, No. 11, pp.1809-1817. (Pubitemid 41532390)
39. Karanth, N.G.K. (2004) 'Microbial surfactants for combacting chemicals of environmental concern', Conference on Microbiology of the Tropical Season, 13-15 December 2004, NIO-GOA.
40. Kesting, W., Tummuscheit, M., Schacht, H. and Schollmeyer, E. (1996) 'Ecological washing of textiles with microbial surfactants', Progress in Colloid and Polymer Science, Vol. 101, pp.125-130. (Pubitemid 126469632)
41. Kitamoto, D., Ikegami, T., Suzuki, G.T., Sasaki, A., Takeyama, Y., Idemoto, Y., Koura, N. and Yanagishita, H. (2001) 'Microbial conversion of n-alkanes into glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosylerythritol lipids by Pseudozyma (Candida antartica)', Biotechnology Letter, Vol. 23, No. 20, pp.1709-1714. (Pubitemid 33019901)
42. Kitamoto, D., Isoda, H. and Nakahara, T. (2002) 'Functions and potential applications of glycolipid biosurfactants from energy saving materials to gene delivery carriers', Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. Vol. 94, No. 3, pp.187-201. (Pubitemid 35192064)
43. Kosaric, N. (1992) 'Biosurfactant in industry', J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., Vol. 64, No. 11, pp.1731-1737.
44. Kosaric, N., Cairns, W.L., Gray, N.C.C., Stechey, D. and Wood, J. (1984) 'The role of nitrogen in multiorganism strategies for biosurfactant production', JAOCS, Vol. 61, No. 11, pp.1735-1743. (Pubitemid 15453161)
45. Kuyukina, M.S., Ivshina, I.B., Gavrin, A.Y., Podorozhko, E.A., Lozinsky, V.I., Jeffree, C.E. and Philp, J.C. (2006) 'Immobilization of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria in poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels hydrophobized using a biosurfactant', Journal of Microbiological Methods, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp.596-603. (Pubitemid 43673964)
46. Kuyukina, M.S., Ivshina, I.B., Philp, J.C., Christofi, N., Dunbar, S.A. and Ritchkova, M.I. (2001) 'Recovery of Rhodococcus biosurfactants using methyl tertiary-butyl ether extraction', Journal of Microbiological Methods, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp.149-156. (Pubitemid 32539171)
47. Lang, S. and Philp, J.C. (1998) 'Surface-active lipids in rhodococci', Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 74, Nos. 1-3, pp.59-70. (Pubitemid 29078186)
48. Lin, S-C. and Jian, H-J. (1997) 'Recovery and purification of the lipopeptide biosurfactant of Bacillus subtilis by ultrafiltration', Biotechnology Techniques, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp.413-416. (Pubitemid 27253593)
49. Mahapatro, A., Kumar, A. and Gross, R.A. (2004) 'Mild, solvent-free-hydroxy acid polycondensations catalyzed by Candida antarctica Lipase B', Biomacromolecules, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.62-68. (Pubitemid 38181313)
50. Maier, R.M. and Soberon-Chavez, G. (2000) 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipids: biosynthesis and potential application', Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., Vol. 54, No. 5, pp.625-633.
51. Makkar, R.S. and Cameotra, S.S. (1997) 'Utilization of molasses for biosurfactant production by two Bacillus strains at thermophilic condition', Journal Am. Oil Chem., Vol. 74, No. 7, pp.887-239.
52. Makkar, R.S. and Cameotra, S.S. (1999) 'Biosurfactant production by microorganisms on unconventional carbon source', Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.11-17.
53. Makkar, R.S. and Cameotra, S.S. (2001) 'Synthesis of enhanced biosurfactant by Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2423 at 45°C by foam fractionation', Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp.355-357.
54. Makkar, R.S. and Cameotra, S.S. (2002) 'Effect of various nutritional supplements on biosurfactant production by strain of Bacillus Subtilis at 45°C', Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.11-17.
55. Maneerat, S. (2005) 'Production of biosurfactants using substrate from renewable-resources', Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.675-683.
56. Mercade, M.E. and Manresa, M.A. (1994) 'The use of agroindustrial by-product for biosurfactant production', JAOCS, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp.61-64.
57. Mercade, M.E., Manresa, M.A., Robert, M., Espuny, M.J., Andres, C. and Guinea, J. (1993) 'Olive oil mill effluent (OOME): new substrate for biosurfactant production', Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 43, No. 1, pp.1-6. (Pubitemid 23034129)
58. Meylheuc, T., van Oss, C.J. and Bellon-Fontaine, M.N. (2001) 'Adsorption of biosurfactant on solid surfaces and consequences regarding the bioadhesion of Listeria monocytogenes LO28', Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 91, No. 5, pp.882-832.
59. Mizumoto, S., Hirai, M. and Shoda, M. (2006) 'Production of lipopeptide antibiotic iturin using soybean curd residue cultivated with Bacillus subtilis in solid-state fermentation', Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., Vol. 72, No. 5, pp.869-875. (Pubitemid 44477362)
60. Morita, T., Konishi, M., Fukuoka, T., Imura, T. and Kitamoto, D. (2007) 'Physiological differences in the formation of the glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosylerythritol lipids, between Pseudozyma antarctica and Pseudozyma aphidis', Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., Vol. 74, No. 2, pp.307-315. (Pubitemid 46204505)
61. Moussa, T.A.A., Ahmed, G.M. and Abdel-hamid, S.M.S. (2006) 'Optimization of cultural conditions for biosurfactant production from Nocardia amarae', Journal of Applied Sciences Research, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp.844-850.
62. Mukherjee, A.K. (2007) 'Potential application of cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by Bacillus subtilis strains in laundry detergent formulations', Letters in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp.330-335. (Pubitemid 47294740)
63. Mulligan, C. (2005) 'Environmental applications for biosurfactants', Environmental Pollution, Vol. 133, No. 2, pp.183-198. (Pubitemid 39425114)
64. Mulligan, C.N. and Gibbs, B.F. (1990) 'Recovery of biosurfactants by ultrafiltration', Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp.23-29.
65. Mulligan, C.N., Chow, T.Y.K. and Gibbs, B.F. (1989) 'Enhanced biosurfactant production by a mutant Bacillus subtilis strain', Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, Vol. 31, Nos. 5-6, pp.486-489. (Pubitemid 19238021)
66. Mulligan, C.N., Yong, R.N. and Gibbs, B.F. (2001) 'Heavy metal removal from sediments by biosurfactants', J. Hazard Matter, Vol. 85, Nos. 1-2, pp.111-125. (Pubitemid 32703857)
67. Nielsen, T.H., Sorensen, D., Tobiasen, C., Andersen, J.B., Christophersen, C., Givskov, M. and Sorensen, J. (2002) 'Antibiotic and biosurfactant properties of cyclic lipopeptides produced by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. from the sugar beet rhizosphere', Appl. and Environ. Microbiol, Vol. 68, No. 7, pp.3416-3423. (Pubitemid 34734040)
68. Nielsen, T.H., Thrane, C., Christophersen, C., Anthoni, U. and Sorensen, J. (2000) 'Structure production charactheristics and fungal antagonism of tensin, a new antifungal cyclic lipopeptide from Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 96.578', J. Appl. Microbiol, Vol. 89, No. 6, pp.992-1001. (Pubitemid 32055890)
69. Nitschke, M. and Costa, S.G.V.A.O. (2007) 'Biosurfactants in food industry', Trends in Food Science and Technology, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp.252-259. (Pubitemid 46661903)
70. Nitschke, M. and Pastore, G.M. (2004) 'Biosurfactant production by Bacillus subtilis using cassava-processing effluent', Appl. Biochem. and Biotechnol., Vol. 112, No. 3, pp.163-172. (Pubitemid 40063661)
71. Nitschke, M. and Pastore, G.M. (2006) 'Production and properties of a surfactant obtained from Bacillus subtilis grown on cassava wastewater', Bioresource Technology, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp.336-341. (Pubitemid 41319739)
72. Nitschke, M., Costa, S.G.V.A.O., Haddad, R., Goncalves, L.A.G., Eberlin, M.N. and Contiero, J. (2005) 'Oil wastes as unconventional substrates for rhamnolipid biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI', Biotechnol. Prog., Vol. 21, No. 5, pp.1562-1566. (Pubitemid 41443013)
73. Noah, K.S., Bruhn, D.F. and Bala, G.A. (2005) 'Surfactin production from potato process effluent by Bacillus subtilis in a chemostat', Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 122, Nos. 1-3, pp.465-473. (Pubitemid 40691237)
74. Nunez, A., Foglia, T.A. and Ashby, R. (2003) 'Enzymatic synthesis of a galactopyranose sophorolipid fatty acid-ester', Biotechnology Letter, Vol. 25, No. 16, pp.1291-1297. (Pubitemid 37053893)
75. Olivera, N.L., Commendatore, M.G., Moran, A.C. and Esteves, J.L. (2000) 'Biosurfactantenhanched degradation of residual hydrocarbons from ship bilge waste', J. Industrial Microbiol. Biotechnol, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp.70-73.
76. Patel, R.M. and Desai, A.J. (1997) 'Biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa GS3 from molasses', Letters in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp.91-94. (Pubitemid 27342170)
77. Pekdemir, T., Ishigami, Y. and Uchiyama, H. (1999) 'Characterization of aescin as a biosurfactant for environmental remediation', Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.337-341. (Pubitemid 129685773)
78. Pekin, G., Vardar-Sukan, F. and Kosaric, N. (2005) 'Production of sophorolipids from Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 using turkish corn oil and honey', Engineering in Life Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp.357-362. (Pubitemid 41358519)
79. Peypoux, F., Bonmatin, J.M., Labbe, H., Grangemard, I., Das, B.C., Ptak, M., Wallach, J. and Michel, G. (1994) 'Surfactin, a novel isoform from Bacillus subtilis studied by mass and NMR spectroscopies', European Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 224, No. 1, pp.89-96.
80. Pruthi, V. and Cameotra, S.S. (2003) 'Effect of nutriens on optimal production of biosurfactants by Pseudomonas putida-a gujarat oil field isolate', Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.65-68.
81. Rahman, K.S.M., Rahman, T.J., McClean, S., Marchant, R. and Banat, I.M. (2002) 'Rhamnolipid biosurfactant production by strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using low-cost raw materials', Biotechnol. Prog., Vol. 18, No. 6, pp.1277-1281. (Pubitemid 35450885)
82. Ramana, K.V. and Karanth, N.G. (1989) 'Production of biosurfactants by the resting cells of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa CFTR-6', Biotechnology Letter, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp.437-442. (Pubitemid 19168692)
83. Rashedi, H., Jamshidi, E., Assadi, M.M. and Bonakdarpour, B. (2006) 'Biosurfactant production with glucose as a carbon source', Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.99-106.
84. Rau, U., Heckmann, R., Wray, V. and Lang, S. (1999) 'Enzymatic conversion of a sophorolipid into a glucose lipid', Biotechnology Letters, Vol. 21, No. 11, pp.973-977. (Pubitemid 30040995)
85. Rau, U., Nguyen, L.A., Roeper, H., Koch, H. and Lang, S. (2005) 'Downstream processing of mannosylerythritol lipids produced by Pseudozyma aphidis', European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, Vol. 107, No. 6, pp.373-380. (Pubitemid 40898338)
86. Raza, Z.A., Khan, M.S., Khalid, Z.M. and Rehman, A. (2006) 'Production kinetics and tensioactive characteristics of biosurfactant from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant grown on waste frying oils', Biotechnology Letter, Vol. 28, No. 20, pp.1623-1631. (Pubitemid 44369324)
87. Raza, Z.A., Rehman, A., Khan, M.S. and Khalid, Z.M. (2007) 'Improved production of biosurfactant by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant using vegetable oil refinery wastes', Biodegradation, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp.115-121. (Pubitemid 46020895)
88. Rodrigues, L., Banat, I.M., Teixeira, J. and Oliveira, R. (2006a) 'Biosurfactants: potential applications in medicine', Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp.609-618.
89. Rodrigues, L.R., Teixeira, J.A. and Oliveira, R. (2006b) 'Low-cost fermentative medium for biosurfactant production by probiotic bacteria', Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.135-142. (Pubitemid 44751575)
90. Ron, E.Z. and Rosenberg, E. (2001) 'Natural roles of biosurfactant', Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp.229-236.
91. Roongsawang, N., Hase, K., Haruki, M., Imanaka, T., Morikawa, M. and Kanaya, S. (2003) 'Cloning and characterization of the gene cluster encoding arthrofactin synthetase from Pseudomonas sp. MIS38', Chemistry and Biology, Vol. 10, No. 9, pp.869-880. (Pubitemid 37171904)
92. Rosenberg, E. (1993) 'Microbial diversity as a source of useful biopolymers', Journal of Industrial Microbiology, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp.131-137. (Pubitemid 23142113)
93. Rosenberg, E., Rubinovitz, C., Gottlieb, A., Rosenhak, S. and Ron, E.Z. (1988) 'Production of biodispersan by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus A2', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp.317-322.
94. Rufino, R.D., Sarubbo, L.A. and Campos-Takaki, G.M. (2007) 'Enhancement of stability of biosurfactant produced by Candida lipolytica using industrial residue as substrate', World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., Vol. 23, No. 5, pp.729-734. (Pubitemid 46714393)
95. Sarubbo, L.A., Farias, C.B.B. and Campos-Takaki, G.M. (2007) 'Co-utilization of canola oil and glucose on the production of a surfactant by Candida lipolytica', Current Microbiology, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp.68-73. (Pubitemid 44974346)
96. Sen, R. and Swaminathan, T. (2005) 'Characterization of concentration and purification parameters and operating conditions for the small-scale recovery of surfactin', Process Biochemistry, Vol. 40, No. 9, pp.2953-2958. (Pubitemid 41009191)
97. Singh, M., Saini, V.S., Adhikari, D.K., Desai, J.D. and Sista, V.R. (1990) 'Production of bioemulsifier by a SCP-producing strain of Candida Tropicalis during hydrocarbon fermentation', Biotechnology Letter, Vol. 12, No. 10, pp.743-746. (Pubitemid 20355248)
98. Singh, P. and Cameotra, S.S. (2004) 'Potential application of microbial surfactants in biomedical sciences', Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp.143-146.
99. Soberon-Chavez, G., Lepine, F. and Deziel, E. (2005) 'Production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa', Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, Vol. 68, No. 6, pp.718-725. (Pubitemid 41545615)
100. Solaiman, D.K.Y., Ashby, R.D., Nunez, A. and Foglia, T.A. (2004) 'Production of sophorolipids by Candida bombicola grown on soy molasses as substrat', Biotechnology Letter, Vol. 26, No. 15, pp.1241-1245. (Pubitemid 40938276)
101. Solaiman, D.K.Y., Ashby, R.D., Zerkowski, J.A. and Foglia, T.A. (2007) 'Simplified soy molassesbased medium for reduced-cost production of sophorolipids by Candida bombicola', Biotechnology Letter, Vol. 29, No. 9, pp.1341-1347, DOI 10.1007/s10529-007-9407-5. (Pubitemid 47205854)
102. Stein, T. (2005) 'Bacillus subtilis antibiotics: structure, syntheses and Specific Functions', Mol. Microbiol, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp.845-857. (Pubitemid 40646760)
103. Suryatmana, P., Kardena, E., Ratnaningsih, E. and Wisjnuprapto (2005) 'The role of Azotobacter chroococcum as bio-emulsifier producer to increase biodegradation rate of crude oil hydrocarbon', Proceeding of Joint Symposium on 3rd Asian Conference for Lactic Acid Bacteria & 9th National Congress of Indonesian Society for Microbiology between ISLAB & PERMI, Bali, Indonesia.
104. Syldatk, C., Lang, S., Matulovic, U. and Wagner, F. (1985) 'Production of four interfacial active rhamnolipids from n-alkanes or glycerol by resting cells of Pseudomonas species DSM 2874', Z. Naturforsch, Vol. 40, Nos. 1-2, pp.61-67.
105. Tahzibi, A., Kamal, F. and Assadi, M.M. (2004) 'Improved production of rhamnolipids by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant', Iranian Biomedical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.25-31.
106. Urum, K. and Pekdemir, T. (2004) 'Evaluation of biosurfactants for crude oil contaminated soil washing', Chemosphere, Vol. 57, No. 9, pp.1139-1150. (Pubitemid 39409963)
107. van Hoogmoed, C.G., van der Kuijl-Booij, M., van der Mei, H.C. and Busscher, H.J. (2000) 'Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans NS adhesion to glass with and without a salivary conditioning film by biosurfactant-releasing Streptococcus mitis Strains', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp.659-663. (Pubitemid 30082755)
108. Veenanadig, N.K., Gowthaman, M.K. and Karanth, N.G.K. (2000) 'Scale up studies for the production of biosurfactant in packed column bioreactor', Bioprocess Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp.95-99. (Pubitemid 30143616)
109. Vollbrecht, E., Rau, U. and Lang, S. (1999) 'Microbial conversion of vegetable oils into surface-active di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharide lipids (biosurfactants) by the bacterial strain Tsukmurella spec', Fett/Lipid, Vol. 101, No. 10, pp.389-394.
110. Wang, S.D. and Wang, D.I.C. (1989) 'Cell adsorption and local accumulation of extracellular polysaccharide in an immobilized Acinetobacter calcoaceticus system', Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 34, No. 10, pp.1261-1267. (Pubitemid 20051898)
111. Youssef, N.H., Duncan, K.E. and McInerney, M.J. (2005) 'Importance of 3-hidroxy fatty acid composition of lipopeptides for biosurfactant activity', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 12, pp.7690-7695. (Pubitemid 41805087)
112. Zou, X. (2005) 'Effects of Zn supplementation on the growth, amino acid composition, polysaccharide yields and anti tumor activity of Agaricus brasilensis', W. Journal of Microbiol & Biotechnol, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp.261-264. (Pubitemid 41124132)
113. Zouboulis, A.I., Matis, K.A., Lazaridis, N.K. and Golyshin, P.N. (2003) 'The use of biosurfactants in flotation: application for the removal of metal ions', Minerals Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 11, pp.1231-1236.