Now you see it, now you don't: Controlling for contingencies and stimulus repetitions eliminates the Gratton effect

Acta Psychologica

Volumn 138, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 176-186

  Schmidt, James R ^a   De Houwer, Jan ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Cognitive control; Conflict adaptation; Contingency learning; Gratton; Stimulus binding

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CONFLICT; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; READING;

ATTENTION; CONFLICT (PSYCHOLOGY); HUMANS; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHOTIC STIMULATION; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; READING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 80052897707     PISSN: 00016918     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.06.002     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Akçay Ç., Hazeltine E. Conflict monitoring and feature overlap: Two sources of sequential modulations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2007, 14:742-748.
2. Akçay Ç., Hazeltine E. Conflict adaptation depends on task structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 2008, 34:954-973.
3. Blais C., Bunge S. Behavioral and neural evidence for item-specific performance monitoring. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2010, 22:2758-2767.
4. Blais C., Robidoux S., Risko E.F., Besner D. Item-specific adaptation and the conflict monitoring hypothesis: A computational model. Psychological Review 2007, 114:1076-1086.
5. Botvinick M.M., Braver T.S., Barch D.M., Carter C.S., Cohen J.D. Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review 2001, 108:624-652.
6. Boyer M., Destrebecqz A., Cleeremans A. Processing abstract sequence structure: Learning without knowing, or knowing without learning?. Psychological Research 2005, 69:383-398.
7. Cabeza R., Nyberg L. Imaging cognition: An empirical review of PET studies with normal subjects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1997, 9:1-26.
8. Cohen J.D., Dunbar K., McClelland J.L. On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychological Review 1990, 97:332-361.
9. Cohen J.D., Hudson T.A. Progress in the use of interactive models for understanding attention and performance. Attention and performance XV 1994, 453-456. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. C. Umilta, M. Moscovitch (Eds.).
10. Davelaar E.J., Stevens J. Sequential dependencies in the Eriksen flanker task: A direct comparison of two competing accounts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2009, 16:121-126.
11. Egner T., Delano M., Hirsch J. Separate conflict-specific control mechanisms in the human brain. NeuroImage 2007, 35:940-948.
12. Eriksen B.A., Eriksen C.W. Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics 1974, 16:143-149.
13. Freitas A.L., Bahar M., Yang S., Bahar R. Contextual adjustments in cognitive control across tasks. Psychological Science 2007, 18:1040-1043.
14. Funes M.J., Lupiáñez J., Humphreys G. Analyzing the generality of conflict adaptation effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 2010, 36:147-161.
15. Funes M.J., Lupiáñez J., Humphreys G. Sustained vs. transient cognitive control: Evidence of a behavioral dissociation. Cognition 2010, 114:338-347.
16. Gratton G., Coles M.G.H., Donchin E. Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation of responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 1992, 121:480-506.
17. Hommel B. Event files: Evidence for automatic integration of stimulus-response episodes. Visual Cognition 1998, 5:183-216.
18. Jacoby L.L., Lindsay D.S., Hessels S. Item-specific control of automatic processes: Stroop process dissociations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2003, 10:638-644.
19. Jersild A. Mental set and shift. Archives of Psychology 1927, 14:5-81.
20. Kerns J.G., Cohen J.D., MacDonald A.W., Cho R.Y., Stenger V.A., Carter C.S. Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 2004, 303:1023-1026.
21. Lee Y.S. Learning and awareness in the serial reaction time task. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 1997, 119-124. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. M.G. Shafto, P. Langley (Eds.).
22. Lewicki P. Nonconscious biasing effects of single instances on subsequent judgements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1985, 48:563-574.
23. Lewicki P. Processing information about covariations that cannot be articulated. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1986, 12:135-146.
24. Lindsay D.S., Jacoby L.L. Stroop process dissociations: The relationship between facilitation and interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 1994, 20:219-234.
25. MacLeod C.M. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin 1991, 109:163-203.
26. Mayr U., Awh E. The elusive link between conflict and conflict adaptation. Psychological Research 2009, 73:794-802.
27. Mayr U., Awh E., Laurey P. Conflict adaptation effects in the absence of executive control. Nature Neuroscience 2003, 6:450-452.
28. Monsell S. Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2003, 7:134-140.
29. Nairne J.S. Short-term/working memory. Memory 1996, 160-169. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. E.L. Bjork, R.A. Bjork (Eds.).
30. Nieuwenhuis S., Stins J.F., Posthuma D., Polderman T.J.C., Boomsma D.I., de Geus E.J. Accounting for sequential trial effects in the flanker task: Conflict adaptation or associative priming?. Memory & Cognition 2006, 34:1260-1272.
31. Nissen M.J., Bullemer P. Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology 1987, 19:1-32.
32. Norman D., Shallice T. Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behaviour. Advances in research and theory 1986, 4:1-18. Plenum Press, New York. R.J. Davidson, G.E. Schwatz, D. Shapiro (Eds.).
33. Notebaert W., Gevers W., Verbruggen F., Liefooghe B. Top-down and bottom-up sequential modulations of congruency effects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2006, 13:112-117.
34. Öztekin I., McElree B., Staresina B.P., Davachi L. Working memory retrieval: Contributions of the left prefrontal cortex, the left posterior parietal cortex, and the hippocampus. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2008, 21:581-593.
35. Psychology Software Tools E-Prime http://www.pst-net.com.
36. Rabbitt P.M.A. Errors and error-correction in choice-response tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1966, 71:264-272.
37. Schmidt, J. R. (in press). Human contingency learning. In N. M. Seal (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning. Springer.
38. Schmidt, J. R. (submitted for publication). Conflict or contingency: The parallel episodic processing (PEP) model outperforms conflict monitoring models of the item-specific proportion congruent effect.
39. Schmidt J.R., Besner D. The Stroop effect: Why proportion congruent has nothing to do with congruency and everything to do with contingency. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2008, 34:514-523.
40. Schmidt J.R., Crump M.J.C., Cheesman J., Besner D. Contingency learning without awareness: Evidence for implicit control. Consciousness and Cognition 2007, 16:421-435.
41. Schmidt J.R., De Houwer J., Besner D. Contingency learning and unlearning in the blink of an eye: A resource dependent process. Consciousness and Cognition 2010, 19:235-250.
42. Simon J.R., Rudell A.P. Auditory S-R compatibility: The effect of an irrelevant cue on information processing. Journal of Applied Psychology 1967, 51:300-304.
43. Stroop J.R. Studies on interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1935, 18:643-662.
44. Ullsperger M., Bylsma L.M., Botvinick M.M. The conflict adaptation effect: It's not just priming. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 2005, 5:467-472.
45. Verbruggen F., Notebaert W., Liefooghe B., Vandierendonck A. Stimulus- and response-conflict-induced cognitive control in the flanker task 2006.
46. Verguts T., Notebaert W. Hebbian learning of cognitive control: Dealing with specific and nonspecific adaptation. Psychological Review 2008, 115:518-525.
47. Wendt M., Kluwe R.H., Peters A. Sequential modulations of interference evoked by processing task-irrelevant stimulus features. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 2006, 32:644-667.