Source apportionment of the carbonaceous aerosol in Norway – quantitative estimates based on 14C, thermal-optical and organic tracer analysis

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 11, Issue 17, 2011, Pages 9375-9394

  Yttri, K E ^a   Simpson, D ^b,c   Stenstram, K ^d   Puxbaum, H ^e   Svendby, T ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^c CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^d LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^e VIENNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AIR SAMPLING; AMBIENT AIR; BIOMASS; CARBON; COMBUSTION; FOSSIL FUEL; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RURAL ATMOSPHERE; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY; TRACER; URBAN ATMOSPHERE;

EID: 80052665975     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-9375-2011     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Achard, F., Eva, H. D., Mollicone, D., and Beuchle, R.: The effect of climate anomalies and human ignition factor on wildfires in Russian boreal forests, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 363, 2331-2339, 2008. (Pubitemid 351770604)
2. Aiken, A. C., Decarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Ziemann, P. J., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Prévôt, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., and Jimenez, J. L.: O/C and OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with highresolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478-4485, doi:10.1021/es703009q, 2008 (Pubitemid 351842394)
3. Andersson-Sköld, Y. and Simpson, D.: Secondary organic aerosol formation in Northern Europe: a model study, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7357-7374, 2001.
4. Baltensperger, U., Kalberer, M., Dommen, J., Paulsen, D., Alfarra, M. R., Coe, H., Fisseha, R., Gascho, A., Gysel, M., Nyeki, S., Sax, M., Steinbacher, M., Prévôt, A. S. H., Sjögren, S., Weingartner, E., and R., Z.: Secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors, Faraday Discuss., 130, 265-278, doi:10.1039/b417367h, 2005. (Pubitemid 41223689)
5. Bauer, H., Kasper-Giebl, A., Loflund, M., Giebl, H., Hitzenberger, R., Zibuschka, F., and Puxbaum, H.: The contribution of bacteria and fungal spores to the organic carbon content of cloud water, precipitation and aerosols, Atmos. Res., 64, 109-119, 2002.
6. Bauer, H., Claeys, M., Vermeylen, R., Schueller, E., Weinke, G., Berger, A., and Puxbaum, H.: Arabitol and mannitol as tracers for the quantification of airborne fungal spores, Atmos. Environ., 42, 588-593, 2008a.
7. Bauer, H., Schueller, E., Weinke, G., Berger, A., Hitzenberger, R., Marr, I. L., and Puxbaum, H.: Significant contributions of fungal spores to the organic carbon and to the aerosol mass balance of the urban atmospheric aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5542-5549, 2008b.
8. Beachkofski, B. and Grandhi, R.: Improved Distributed Hypercube Sampling,, Paper 2002-1274, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, http://people.scs.fsu.edu/-burkardt/fsrc/ihs/ihs.html, 2002.
9. Bell, M. L., Ebisu, K., Peng, R. D., Samet, J. M., and Dominici, F.: Hospital Admissions and Chemical Composition of Fine Particle Air Pollution, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care, 179, 1115-1120, doi:10.1164/rccm.200808-1240OC, 2009.
10. Bessagnet, B., Seigneur, C., and Menut, L.: Impact of dry deposition of semi-volatile organic compounds on secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1781-1787,doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.027, 2010.
11. Cabada, J., Pandis, S., Subramanian, R., Robinson, A., Polidori, A., and Turpin, B.: Estimating the secondary organic aerosol contribution to PM2.5 using the EC tracer method, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 140-155, 2004. (Pubitemid 38667971)
12. Carlton, A. G., Pinder, R. W., Bhave, P. V., and Pouliot, G. A.: To What Extent Can Biogenic SOA be Controlled?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 3376-3380, 2010.
13. Carvalho, A., Pio, C., and Santos, C.: Water-soluble hydroxylated organic compounds in German and Finnish aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1775-1783, 2003. (Pubitemid 36349176)
14. Castro, L. M., Pio, C. A., Harrison, R. M., and Smith, D. J. T.: Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres: estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2771-2781, 1999. (Pubitemid 29227234)
15. 14C isotope analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8593-8606, doi:10.5194/acp-11-8593-2011, 2011.
16. Chirico, R., DeCarlo, P. F., Heringa, M. F., Tritscher, T., Richter, R., Prévôt, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Gysel, M., Laborde, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Impact of aftertreatment devices on primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation potential from in-use diesel vehicles: results from smog chamber experiments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11545-11563, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11545-2010, 2010.
17. Chirico, R., Prévôt, A. S., DeCarlo, P. F., Heringa, M. F., Richter, R.,Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Aerosol and trace gas vehicle emission factors measured in a tunnel using andAerosol Mass Spectrometer and other on-line instrumentation, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2182-2192, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.069, 2011.
18. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Chen, L. W. A., Rice, J., and Frank, N. H.: Quantification of PM2.5 organic carbon sampling artifacts in US networks, Atmos. Chem. Physics, 10, 5223-5239, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5223-2010, 2010.
19. Chung, S. H. and Seinfeld, J.: Global distribution and climate forcing of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4407, doi:101029/2001JD001397, 2002.
20. 14C measurements combined with chemical characterization for tracing urban aerosol in Norway, Radiocarbon, 28, 673-680, 1986.
21. Currie, L. A., B. A. Benner, J., Kessler, J. D., Klinedinst, D. B., Klouda, G. A., Marolf, J. V., Slater, J. F., Wise, S. A., Cachier, H., Cary, R., Chow, J. C.,Watson, J., Druffel, E. R. M., Masiello, C. A., Eglinton, T. I., Pearson, A., Reddy, C. M., Gustafsson, O., Hartmann, P. C., Quinn, J. G., Hedges, J. I., Prentice, K. M., Kirchstetter, T. W., Novakov, T., Puxbaum, H., and Schmid, H.: A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1694a, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., 107, 279-298, www.nist.gov/jres, 2002. (Pubitemid 34963666)
22. Donahue, N., Hartz, K., Chuong, B., Presto, A., Stanier, C., Rosenhørn, T., Robinson, A., and Pandis, S.: Critical factors determining the variation in SOA yields from terpene ozonolysis: a combined experimental and computational study, Faraday Discuss., 130, 295-309, doi:10.1039/b417369d, 2005. (Pubitemid 41223691)
23. Donahue, N., Robinson, A., Stanier, C., and Pandis, S.: Coupled Partitioning, Dilution, and Chemical Aging of Semivolatile Organics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2635-2643, http://pubs3.acs.org/acs/journals/doilookup?indoi= 10.1021/e%s052297c, 2006.
24. Donahue, N. M., Robinson, A. L., and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric organic particulate matter: From smoke to secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 43, 94-106, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2008.09.055, 2009.
25. Dye, C. and Yttri, K.: Determination of monosaccharide anhydrides in atmospheric aerosols by use of high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with high performance liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 77, 1853-1858, 2005. (Pubitemid 40396284)
26. Edeskär, T.: Technical and Environmental Properties of Tyre Shreds Focusing on Ground Engineering Applications, Tech. Rep. 2004:05, Department of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division of Structural Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, iSRN:LTU-TR-2004/5-SE, 2004.
27. Gelencsér, A., May, B., Simpson, D., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Puxbaum, H., Caseiro, A., Pio, C., and Legrand, M.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 organic aerosol over Europe: primary/secondary, natural/anthropogenic, fossil/biogenic origin, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S04, doi:10.1029/2006JD008094, 2007.
28. 14C - macro tracer analysis in a European rural background site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5685-5700, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5685-2011, 2011.
29. Glasius, M., Ketzel, M., Wahlin, P., Jensen, B., Monster, J., Berkowicz, R., and Palmgren, F.: Impact of wood combustion on particle levels in a residential area in Denmark, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7115-7124, 2006. (Pubitemid 44486864)
30. Glasius, M., la Cour, A., and Lohse, C.: Contemporary and fossil carbon in fine particulate matter - a study of five European cities, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D11302, doi:10.1029/2011JD015646, 2011.
31. Graham, B., Guyon, P., Maenhaut, W., Taylor, P., Ebert, M., Matthias-Maser, S., Mayol-Bracero, O., Godoi, R., Artaxo, P., Meixner, F., Moura, M., Rocha, C., Van Grieken, R., Glovsky, M., Flagan, R., and Andreae, M.: Composition and diurnal variability of the natural Amazonian aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4765, doi:10.1029/2003JD004049, 2003.
32. Grieshop, A. P., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 2: analysis of aerosol mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2227-2240, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2227-2009, 2009a.
33. Grieshop, A. P., Logue, J. M., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 1: measurement and simulation of organic aerosol evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1263-1277, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1263-2009, 2009b.
34. Haakonsen, G. and Kvingedal, E.: Utslipp til luft fra vedfyring i Norge utslippsfaktorer, ildstedsbestand og fyringsvaner (in Norwegian), Statistics Norway Report 2001/36, Statistics Norway, Norway, Oslo, 2001.
35. Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155-5236, doi:10.5194/acp-9- 5155-2009, 2009.
36. 14C analyses to source apportionment of carbonaceous PM2.5 in the UK, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2341-2348, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.029, 2011.
37. Hedberg, E., Johansson, C., Johansson, L., Swietlicki, E., and Brorström-Lundén, E.: Is levoglucosan a suitable quantitative tracer for wood burning? Comparison with receptor modeling on trace elements in Lycksele, Sweden, J. Air Waste Manage., 56, 1669-1678, 2006. (Pubitemid 46075027)
38. Heringa, M. F., DeCarlo, P. F., Chirico, R., Tritscher, T., Dommen, J., Weingartner, E., Richter, R., Wehrle, G., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Baltensperger, U.: Investigations of primary and secondary particulate matter of different wood combustion appliances with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5945-5957, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5945- 2011, 2011.
39. Hodzic, A., Jimenez, J. L., Prévôt, A. S. H., Szidat, S., Fast, J. D., and Madronich, S.: Can 3-D models explain the observed fractions of fossil and non-fossil carbon in and near Mexico City?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10997-11016, doi:10.5194/acp- 10-10997-2010, 2010.
40. Iman, R., Helton, J., and Campbell, J.: An Approach to Sensitivity Analysis of Computer Models: Part I - Introduction, Variable Selection and Preliminary Variable Assessment, J. Qual. Tech., 13, 174-183, 1981.
41. Ion, A. C., Vermeylen, R., Kourtchev, I., Cafmeyer, J., Chi, X., Gelencsr, A., Maenhaut, W., and Claeys, M.: Polar organic compounds in rural PM2.5 aerosols from K-puszta, Hungary, during a 2003 summer field campaign: Sources and diel variations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1805-1814, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1805-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 41264068)
42. Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prévôt, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., E., Dunlea, J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525-1529, doi:10.1126/science.1180353, http:// www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/ 326/5959/1525, 2009.
43. Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053-1123, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40560480)
44. Kiss, G., Varga, B., Galambos, I., and Ganszky, I.: Characterization of water-soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8339, doi:10.1029/2001JD000603, 2002. (Pubitemid 44793870)
45. Kroll, J. H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: Formation and evolution of low-volatility organics in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 16, 3593-3624, 2008.
46. Kunit, M. and Puxbaum, H.: Enzymatic determination of the cellulose content of atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1233-1236, 1996.
47. Kupiainen, K. and Klimont, Z.: Primary emissions of submicron and carbonaceous particles and the potential for their control., IIASA IR-04-079, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2004.
48. Kupiainen, K. and Klimont, Z.: Primary emissions of fine carbonaceous particles in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2156-2170, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2006.10.066, 2007. (Pubitemid 46240994)
49. Lanz, V. A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analytical modelling of aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1503-1522, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1503-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46473948)
50. Lanz, V. A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., Szidat, S., Wehrli, M. N., Wacker, L., Weimer, S., Caseiro, A., Puxbaum, H., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Source Attribution of Submicron Organic Aerosols during Wintertime Inversions by Advanced Factor Analysis of Aerosol Mass Spectra, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 214-220, http://pubs3.acs.org/acs/ journals/doilookup?indoi=10.1021/e%s0707207, 2008.
51. Lanz, V. A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Alfarra, M. R., Weimer, S., Mohr, C., DeCarlo, P. F., Gianini, M. F. D., Hueglin, C., Schneider, J., Favez, O., D'Anna, B., George, C., and Baltensperger, U.: Characterization of aerosol chemical composition with aerosol mass spectrometry in Central Europe: an overview, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10453-=10471, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10453- 2010, 2010.
52. Legrand, M. and Puxbaum, H.: Summary of the CARBOSOL project: Present and retrospective state of organic versus inorganic aerosol over Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S01, doi:10.1029/2006JD008271, 2007.
53. Lewis, C.W., Klouda, G., and Ellenson,W.: Radiocarbon measurement of the biogenic contribution to summertime PM-2.5 ambient aerosol in Nashville, TN, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6053-6061, 2004. (Pubitemid 39311428)
54. Matthias-Maser, S.: Primary biological aerosol particles: Their significance, sources, sampling methods and size distribution in the atmosphere, in: Atmospheric particles, edited by: Harrison, R. M. and van Grieken, R., 349-368, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1998.
55. McDonald, J. D., Eide, I., Seagrave, J., Zielinska, B., Whitney, K., Lawson, D. R., and Mauderly, J. L.: Relationship between Composition and Toxicity of Motor Vehicle Emission Samples, Environ. Health Persp., 1527-1538, 2004. (Pubitemid 39517447)
56. McDow, S. and Huntzicker, J.: Vapor adsorption artifact in the sampling of organic aerosols: face velocity effects, Atmos. Environ., 24A, 2563-2571, 1990. (Pubitemid 20320532)
57. McKay, M.D., Beckman, R. J., and Conover, W. J.: A Comparison of Three Methods for Selecting Values of Input Variables in the Analysis of Output from a Computer Code, Technometrics, 21, 239-245, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1268522, 1979. (Pubitemid 9452235)
58. NIST/SEMATECH: e-handbook, http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/index. htm, 2010.
59. Novakov, T. and Penner, J.: Large contribution of organic aerosols to cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, Nature, 365, 823-826, 1993. (Pubitemid 24397740)
60. Pöschl, U.: Atmospheric Aerosols: Composition, Transformation, Climate and Health Effects, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 7520-7540, doi:10.1002/anie.200501122, 2005. (Pubitemid 41713710)
61. Putaud, J.-P., Raes, F., Van Dingenen, R., Bruggemann, E., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Huglin, C., Laj, P., Lorbeer, G., Maenhaut, W., Mihalopoulos, N., Muller, K., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., Brink, H. t., Torseth, K., and Wiedensohler, A.: A European aerosol phenomenology-2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2579-2595, 2004. (Pubitemid 38490275)
62. Puxbaum, H. and Tenze-Kunit, M.: Size distribution and seasonal variation of atmospheric cellulose, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3693-3699, doi:10.1016/S1352- 2310(03)00451-5, 2003. (Pubitemid 36809177)
63. Puxbaum, H., Caseiro, A., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Claeys, M., Gelencsér, A., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., and Pio, C.: Levoglucosan levels at background sites in Europe for assessing of the impact of biomass combustion on the European aerosol background, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S05, doi:10.1029/2006JD008114, 2007.
64. 14C data, Radiocarbon, 46, 1299-1304, 2004.
65. Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking Organic Aerosols: Semivolatile Emissions and Photochemical Aging, Science, 315, 1259-1262, doi:10.1126/science.1133061, 2007. (Pubitemid 46364260)
66. Saarikoski, S., Timonen, H., Saarnio, K., Aurela, M., Järvi, L., Keronen, P., Kerminen, V.-M., and Hillamo, R.: Sources of organic carbon in fine particulate matter in northern European urban air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6281-6295, doi:10.5194/acp-8- 6281-2008, 2008.
67. Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Puxbaum, H., Gelencsér, A., Legrand, M., and Pio, C. A.: Concentrations of Atmospheric Cellulose: A Proxy for Plant Debris, across a West- East Transect over Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S08, doi:10.1029/2006JD008180, 2007.
68. Schauer, J., Kleeman, M., Cass, G., and Simoneit, B.: Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 3. C1-C29 Organic Compounds from Fireplace Combustion ofWood, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1716-1728, http://pubs3.acs.org/ acs/journals/doilookup?indoi=10.1021/e%s001331e, 2001. (Pubitemid 32868194)
69. Schmid, H., Laskus, L., Jurgen Abraham, H., Baltensperger, U., Lavanchy, V., Bizjak, M., Burba, P., Cachier, H., Crow, D., Chow, J., Gnauk, T., Even, A., ten Brink, H. M., Giesen, K.-P., Hitzenberger, R., Hueglin, C., Maenhaut, W., Pio, C., Carvalho, A., Putaud, J.-P., Toom-Sauntry, D., and Puxbaum, H.: Results of the "carbon conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2111-2121, 2001. (Pubitemid 32194621)
70. Simoneit, B.: Biomass burning - a review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion, Appl. Geochem., 17, 129-162, 2002. (Pubitemid 34179277)
71. Simpson, D., Yttri, K., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Caseiro, A., Gelencsér, A., Pio, C., and Legrand, M.: Modeling Carbonaceous Aerosol over Europe. Analysis of the CARBOSOL and EMEP EC/OC campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S14, doi:10.1029/2006JD008158, 2007.
72. Skog, G.: The single stage AMS machine at Lund University: Status Report, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. B, 259, 1-6, 2007. (Pubitemid 46735984)
73. Skog, G., Rundgren, M., and Skold, P.: Status of the Single Stage AMS machine at Lund University after 4 years of operation, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. B - Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 268, 895-897, 2010.
74. 14C, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D07206, doi:10.1029/2005JD006590, 2006.
75. Szidat, S., Prévôt, A. S. H., Sandradewi, J., Alfarra, M. R., Synal, H.-A., Wacker, L., and Baltensperger, U.: Dominant impact of residential wood burning on particulate matter in Alpine valleys during winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05820, doi:10.1029/2006GL028325, 2007. (Pubitemid 46864555)
76. Szidat, S., Ruff, M., Perron, N.,Wacker, L., Synal, H.-A., Hallquist, M., Shannigrahi, A. S., Yttri, K. E., Dye, C., and Simpson, D.: Fossil and non-fossil sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in Göteborg, Sweden, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1521-1535, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1521- 2009, 2009.
77. Tsigaridis, K. and Kanakidou, M.: Global modelling of secondary organic aerosol in the troposphere: a sensitivity analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1849-1869, doi:10.5194/acp-3-1849-2003, 2003.
78. Tsyro, S., Simpson, D., Tarrason, L., Kupiainen, K., Klimont, Z., Yttri, K., and Pio, C.: Modelling of black carbon over Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S19, doi:10.1029/2006JD008164, 2007.
79. Tunved, P., Hansson, H.-C., Kerminen, V.-M., Ström, J., Dal Maso, M., Lihavainen, H., Viisanen, Y., Aalto, P. P., Komppula, M., and M., K.: High Natural Aerosol Loading over Boreal Forests, Science, 312, 261-263, 2006.
80. Turpin, B. J. and Lim, H. J.: Species contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 602-610, 2001. (Pubitemid 32606003)
81. Winiwarter, W., Haberl, H., and Simpson, D.: On the boundary between man-made and natural emissions: Problems in defining European ecosystems, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8153-8159, 1999. (Pubitemid 29417098)
82. Yttri, K.: Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) in Norway. Annual and seasonal trends and spatial variability, EMEP Particulate Matter Assessment Report, Part B, Annex A, NILU EMEP/CCC-Report 8/2007, The Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway, 2007.
83. Yttri, K., Dye, C., Slørdal, L., and Braathen, O.: Quantification of monosaccharide anhydrides by negative electrospray HPLC/HRMS-TOF - application to aerosol samples from an urban and a suburban site influenced by small scale wood burning, J. Air Waste Manage., 55, 1169-1177, 2005. (Pubitemid 41568561)
84. Yttri, K. E., Aas, W., Bjerke, A., Cape, J. N., Cavalli, F., Ceburnis, D., Dye, C., Emblico, L., Facchini, M. C., Forster, C., Hanssen, J. E., Hansson, H. C., Jennings, S. G., Maenhaut, W., Putaud, J. P., and Tørseth, K.: Elemental and organic carbon in PM10: a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5711-5725, doi:10.5194/acp-7-5711-2007, 2007a. (Pubitemid 350136901)
85. Yttri, K. E., Dye, C., and Kiss, G.: Ambient aerosol concentrations of sugars and sugar-alcohols at four different sites in Norway, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4267-4279, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4267-2007, 2007b. (Pubitemid 47293592)
86. Yttri, K. E., Dye, C., Braathen, O.-A., Simpson, D., and Steinnes, E.: Carbonaceous aerosols in Norwegian urban areas, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2007-2020, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2007-2009, 2009.
87. Yttri, K. E., Simpson, D., Nøjgaard, J. K., Kristensen, K., Genberg, J., Stenström, K., Swietlicki, E., Hillamo, R., Aurela, M., Bauer, H., Offenberg, J. H., Jaoui, M., Dye, C., Eckhardt, S., Burkhart, J. F., Stohl, A., and Glasius, M.: Source apportionment of the summer time carbonaceous aerosol at Nordic rural background sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 16369-16416, doi:10.5194/acpd-11-16369-2011, 2011.