Standard perioperative management in gastrointestinal surgery

Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery

Volumn 396, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 591-606

  Grade, Marian ^a   Quintel, Michael ^a   Ghadimi, B Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Gastrointestinal surgery; Perioperative management; Practical recommendations; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CEFAZOLIN; CEFTRIAXONE; CLINDAMYCIN; DIURETIC AGENT; EPIRUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; FOSFOMYCIN; HEPARIN; IRINOTECAN; LEVODOPA; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; METFORMIN; RIFAMPICIN; THIENOPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE;

AGE; ANESTHESIA INDUCTION; ANESTHESIST; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BARE METAL STENT; BREATHING EXERCISE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; COMPRESSION THERAPY; DEFIBRILLATOR; DEVICE REMOVAL; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EARLY INTERVENTION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; FLUID THERAPY; GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEART DISEASE; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; HYPOTHERMIA; INTESTINE PREPARATION; LABORATORY TEST; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG DISEASE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL HISTORY; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MOBILIZATION; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT REFERRAL; PATIENT SAFETY; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PEROPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN INFECTION; SMOKING; SOFT TISSUE INFECTION; STENT THROMBOSIS; STOMACH CANCER; SUDDEN DEATH; SURGEON; SURGICAL INFECTION; SURGICAL MORTALITY; SURGICAL RISK; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SURVIVAL TIME; TACHYCARDIA; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL; ANESTHESIA, GENERAL; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; COMORBIDITY; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SURGICAL PROCEDURES; EARLY AMBULATION; FLUID THERAPY; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; LENGTH OF STAY; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 80052619574     PISSN: 14352443     EISSN: 14352451     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00423-011-0782-y     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Ghaferi AA, Birkmeyer JD, Dimick JB (2009) Variation in hospital mortality associated with inpatient surgery. N Engl J Med 361(14):1368-1375
2. Jencks SF, Williams MV, Coleman EA (2009) Rehospitalizations among patients in the Medicare fee-for-service program. N Engl J Med 360(14):1418-1428
3. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin DGfIM, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie (2010) Preoperative evaluation of adult patients prior to elective, non-cardiac surgery: joint recommendations of German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, German Society of Surgery and German Society of Internal Medicine. Anaesthesist 59(11):1041-1050
4. Ryding AD, Kumar S, Worthington AM, Burgess D (2009) Prognostic value of brain natriuretic peptide in noncardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 111(2):311-319
5. Cuthbertson BH, Amiri AR, Croal BL, Rajagopalan S, Alozairi O, Brittenden J, Hillis GS (2007) Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 99(2):170-176 (Pubitemid 47249387)
6. Feringa HH, Schouten O, Dunkelgrun M, Bax JJ, Boersma E, Elhendy A, de Jonge R, Karagiannis SE, Vidakovic R, Poldermans D (2007) Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as long-term prognostic marker after major vascular surgery. Heart 93(2):226-231 (Pubitemid 46180301)
7. Ackland GL, Edwards M (2010) Defining higher-risk surgery. Curr Opin Crit Care 16(4):339-346
8. Khuri SF, Henderson WG, DePalma RG, Mosca C, Healey NA, Kumbhani DJ (2005) Determinants of long-term survival after major surgery and the adverse effect of postoperative complications. Ann Surg 242(3):326-341, discussion 341-323
9. Copeland GP, Jones D, Walters M (1991) POSSUM: a scoring system for surgical audit. Br J Surg 78(3):355-360
10. Haga Y, Ikei S, Ogawa M (1999) Estimation of Physiologic Ability and Surgical Stress (E-PASS) as a new prediction scoring system for postoperative morbidity and mortality following elective gastrointestinal surgery. Surg Today 29(3):219-225 (Pubitemid 29119837)
11. Markus PM, Martell J, Leister I, Horstmann O, Brinker J, Becker H (2005) Predicting postoperative morbidity by clinical assessment. Br J Surg 92(1):101-106 (Pubitemid 40144202)
12. Cohen ME, Dimick JB, Bilimoria KY, Ko CY, Richards K, Hall BL (2009) Risk adjustment in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program: a comparison of logistic versus hierarchical modeling. J Am Coll Surg 209(6):687-693
13. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof E, Fleischmann KE, Freeman WK, Froehlich JB, Kasper EK, Kersten JR, Riegel B, Robb JF, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Buller CE, Creager MA, Ettinger SM, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Lytle BW, Md RN, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Tarkington LG, Yancy CW (2007) ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery): Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation 116(17):1971-1996
14. Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Boersma E, De Hert S, Eeckhout E, Fowkes G, Gorenek B, Hennerici MG, Lung B, Kelm M, Kjeldsen KP, Kristensen SD, Lopez-Sendon J, Pelosi P, Philippe F, Pierard L, Ponikowski P, Schmid JP, Sellevold OF, Sicari R, Van den Berghe G, Vermassen F, Hoeks SE, Vanhorebeek I (2009) Guidelines for pre-operative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery: the Task Force for Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment and Perioperative Cardiac Management in Non-cardiac Surgery of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA). Eur Heart J 30(22):2769-2812
15. Williams FM, Bergin JD (2009) Cardiac screening before noncardiac surgery. Surg Clin North Am 89(4):747-762, vii
16. Froehlich JB, Fleisher LA (2009) Noncardiac surgery in the patient with heart disease. Anesthesiol Clin 27(4):649-671
17. Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Bennett-Guerrero E, O'Connor CM, Jollis JG, Schulman KA, Hernandez AF (2008) Impact of heart failure on patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 108(4):559-567 (Pubitemid 351440575)
18. Smetana GW, Lawrence VA, Cornell JE (2006) Preoperative pulmonary risk stratification for noncardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 144(8):581-595 (Pubitemid 46768149)
19. Qaseem A, Snow V, Fitterman N, Hornbake ER, Lawrence VA, Smetana GW, Weiss K, Owens DK, Aronson M, Barry P, Casey DE Jr, Cross JT Jr, Fitterman N, Sherif KD, Weiss KB (2006) Risk assessment for and strategies to reduce perioperative pulmonary complications for patients undergoing noncardiothoracic surgery: a guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 144(8):575-580 (Pubitemid 46768148)
20. Cook MW, Lisco SJ (2009) Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications. Int Anesthesiol Clin 47(4):65-88
21. Fleischmann KE, Beckman JA, Buller CE, Calkins H, Fleisher LA, Freeman WK, Froehlich JB, Kasper EK, Kersten JR, Robb JF, Valentine RJ (2009) 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on perioperative beta blockade. J Am Coll Cardiol 54(22):2102-2128
22. Duncan AI, Koch CG, Xu M, Manlapaz M, Batdorf B, Pitas G, Starr N (2007) Recent metformin ingestion does not increase inhospital morbidity or mortality after cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 104(1):42-50 (Pubitemid 46360417)
23. Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE Jr, Gardner TJ, Lockhart PB, Moliterno DJ, O'Gara P, Whitlow P (2007) Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual anti-platelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. Circulation 115(6):813-818 (Pubitemid 46294748)
24. Jambor C, Spannagl M, Zwissler B (2009) Perioperative management of patients with coronary stents in non-cardiac surgery. Anaesthesist 58(10):971-985
25. Popescu WM (2010) Perioperative management of the patient with a coronary stent. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 23(1):109-115
26. Brennan KA, Genever RW (2010) Managing Parkinson's disease during surgery. BMJ 341:c5718
27. Stevenson WG, Chaitman BR, Ellenbogen KA, Epstein AE, Gross WL, Hayes DL, Strickberger SA, Sweeney MO (2004) Clinical assessment and management of patients with implanted cardioverter-defibrillators presenting to nonelectrophysiologists. Circulation 110(25):3866-3869 (Pubitemid 40023986)
28. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices (2005) Practice advisory for the perioperative management of patients with cardiac rhythm management devices: pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Anesthesiology 103(1):186-198
29. Rozner MA (2007) The patient with a cardiac pacemaker or implanted defibrillator and management during anaesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 20(3):261-268 (Pubitemid 46701342)
30. Kehlet H (1997) Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth 78(5):606-617 (Pubitemid 27226381)
31. Kehlet H, Dahl JB (2003) Anaesthesia, surgery, and challenges in postoperative recovery. Lancet 362(9399):1921-1928 (Pubitemid 37518512)
32. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW (2008) Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann Surg 248(2):189-198
33. Kehlet H (2008) Fast-track colorectal surgery. Lancet 371(9615):791-793 (Pubitemid 351323879)
34. Burke P, Mealy K, Gillen P, Joyce W, Traynor O, Hyland J (1994) Requirement for bowel preparation in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 81(6):907-910 (Pubitemid 24204826)
35. Santos JC Jr, Batista J, Sirimarco MT, Guimaraes AS, Levy CE (1994) Prospective randomized trial of mechanical bowel preparation in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 81(11):1673-1676 (Pubitemid 24349955)
36. Miettinen RP, Laitinen ST, Makela JT, Paakkonen ME (2000) Bowel preparation with oral polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution vs. no preparation in elective open colorectal surgery: prospective, randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum 43(5):669-675, discussion 675-667
37. Zmora O, Mahajna A, Bar-Zakai B, Rosin D, Hershko D, Shabtai M, Krausz MM, Ayalon A (2003) Colon and rectal surgery without mechanical bowel preparation: a randomized prospective trial. Ann Surg 237(3):363-367 (Pubitemid 38176451)
38. Pena-Soria MJ, Mayol JM, Anula R, Arbeo-Escolar A, Fernandez-Represa JA (2008) Single-blinded randomized trial of mechanical bowel preparation for colon surgery with primary intraperitoneal anastomosis. J Gastrointest Surg 12(12):2103-2108, discussion 2108-2109
39. Pineda CE, Shelton AA, Hernandez-Boussard T, Morton JM, Welton ML (2008) Mechanical bowel preparation in intestinal surgery: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. J Gastrointest Surg 12(11):2037-2044
40. Bretagnol F, Panis Y, Rullier E, Rouanet P, Berdah S, Dousset B, Portier G, Benoist S, Chipponi J, Vicaut E (2010) Rectal cancer surgery with or without bowel preparation: the French GRECCAR III multicenter single-blinded randomized trial. Ann Surg 252(5):863-868
41. Banz VM, Jakob SM, Inderbitzin D (2010) Improving outcome after major surgery: pathophysiological considerations. Anesth Analg, 2010 Aug. 24
42. Lindstrom D, Sadr Azodi O, Wladis A, Tonnesen H, Linder S, Nasell H, Ponzer S, Adami J (2008) Effects of a perioperative smoking cessation intervention on postoperative complications: a randomized trial. Ann Surg 248(5):739-745
43. Thomsen T, Tonnesen H, Moller AM (2009) Effect of preoperative smoking cessation interventions on postoperative complications and smoking cessation. Br J Surg 96(5):451-461
44. Windsor A, Braga M, Martindale R, Buenos R, Tepaske R, Kraehenbuehl L, Weimann A (2004) Fit for surgery: an expert panel review on optimising patients prior to surgery, with a particular focus on nutrition. Surgeon 2(6):315-319 (Pubitemid 40227926)
45. Gibbs J, Cull W, Henderson W, Daley J, Hur K, Khuri SF (1999) Preoperative serum albumin level as a predictor of operative mortality and morbidity: results from the National VA Surgical Risk Study. Arch Surg 134(1):36-42 (Pubitemid 29047211)
46. Bozzetti F, Gavazzi C, Miceli R, Rossi N, Mariani L, Cozzaglio L, Bonfanti G, Piacenza S (2000) Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in malnourished, gastrointestinal cancer patients: a randomized, clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 24(1):7-14 (Pubitemid 30027148)
47. Bozzetti F, Gianotti L, Braga M, Di Carlo V, Mariani L (2007) Postoperative complications in gastrointestinal cancer patients: the joint role of the nutritional status and the nutritional support. Clin Nutr 26(6):698-709 (Pubitemid 350082492)
48. Koretz RL, Lipman TO, Klein S (2001) AGA technical review on parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 121(4):970-1001 (Pubitemid 32959408)
49. Merkow RP, Bilimoria KY, McCarter MD, Bentrem DJ (2009) Effect of body mass index on short-term outcomes after colectomy for cancer. J Am Coll Surg 208(1):53-61
50. Tokunaga M, Hiki N, Fukunaga T, Ogura T, Miyata S, Yamaguchi T (2009) Effect of individual fat areas on early surgical outcomes after open gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 96(5):496-500
51. Flum DR, Belle SH, King WC, Wahed AS, Berk P, Chapman W, Pories W, Courcoulas A, McCloskey C, Mitchell J, Patterson E, Pomp A, Staten MA, Yanovski SZ, Thirlby R, Wolfe B (2009) Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 361(5):445-454
52. Sahai SK, Zalpour A, Rozner MA (2010) Preoperative evaluation of the oncology patient. Med Clin North Am 94(2):403-419
53. Youssef G, Links M (2005) The prevention and management of cardiovascular complications of chemotherapy in patients with cancer. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 5(4):233-243 (Pubitemid 40994266)
54. Werner-Wasik M, Yorke E, Deasy J, Nam J, Marks LB (2010) Radiation dose-volume effects in the esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76(3 Suppl):S86-S93
55. Kavanagh BD, Pan CC, Dawson LA, Das SK, Li XA, Ten Haken RK, Miften M (2010) Radiation dose-volume effects in the stomach and small bowel. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76(3 Suppl):S101-S107
56. Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, Lipsitz SR, Breizat AH, Dellinger EP, Herbosa T, Joseph S, Kibatala PL, Lapitan MC, Merry AF, Moorthy K, Reznick RK, Taylor B, Gawande AA (2009) A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med 360(5):491-499
57. de Vries EN, Prins HA, Crolla RM, den Outer AJ, van Andel G, van Helden SH, Schlack WS, van Putten MA, Gouma DJ, Dijkgraaf MG, Smorenburg SM, Boermeester MA (2010) Effect of a comprehensive surgical safety system on patient outcomes. N Engl J Med 363(20):1928-1937
58. Stone HH, Hooper CA, Kolb LD, Geheber CE, Dawkins EJ (1976) Antibiotic prophylaxis in gastric, biliary and colonic surgery. Ann Surg 184(4):443-452
59. Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Horn SD, Menlove RL, Burke JP (1992) The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med 326(5):281-286
60. Bratzler DW, Houck PM (2005) Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Am J Surg 189(4):395-404 (Pubitemid 40488232)
61. Edmiston CE, Krepel C, Kelly H, Larson J, Andris D, Hennen C, Nakeeb A, Wallace JR (2004) Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in the gastric bypass patient: do we achieve therapeutic levels? Surgery 136(4):738-747 (Pubitemid 39311298)
62. Uckay I, Harbarth S, Peter R, Lew D, Hoffmeyer P, Pittet D (2010) Preventing surgical site infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 8(6):657-670
63. Manian FA, Meyer PL, Setzer J, Senkel D (2003) Surgical site infections associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: do postoperative factors play a role? Clin Infect Dis 36(7):863-868 (Pubitemid 36403519)
64. Crabtree TD, Pelletier SJ, Gleason TG, Pruett TL, Sawyer RG (1999) Clinical characteristics and antibiotic utilization in surgical patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Am Surg 65(6):507-511, discussion 511-502
65. Carignan A, Allard C, Pepin J, Cossette B, Nault V, Valiquette L (2008) Risk of Clostridium difficile infection after perioperative antibacterial prophylaxis before and during an outbreak of infection due to a hypervirulent strain. Clin Infect Dis 46(12):1838-1843
66. Butterly A, Schmidt U, Wiener-Kronish J (2010) Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization, its relationship to nosocomial infection, and efficacy of control methods. Anesthesiology 113(6):1453-1459
67. Finkelstein R, Rabino G, Mashiah T, Bar-El Y, Adler Z, Kertzman V, Cohen O, Milo S (2002) Vancomycin versus cefazolin prophylaxis for cardiac surgery in the setting of a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 123(2):326-332 (Pubitemid 34127121)
68. Tacconelli E, Cataldo MA, Albanese A, Tumbarello M, Arduini E, Spanu T, Fadda G, Anile C, Maira G, Federico G, Cauda R (2008) Vancomycin versus cefazolin prophylaxis for cerebrospinal shunt placement in a hospital with a high prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 69(4):337-344
69. Diana M, Hübner M, Eisenring M, Zanetti G, Troillet N, Demartines N (2011) Measures to prevent surgical site infections: what surgeons (should) do. World J Surg 35(2):280-288
70. Klein J (2008) Multimodal multidisciplinary standardization of perioperative care: still a long way to go. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 21(2):187-190
71. Burkitt KH, Mor MK, Jain R, Kruszewski MS, McCray EE, Moreland ME, Muder RR, Obrosky DS, Sevick MA, Wilson MA, Fine MJ (2009) Toyota production system quality improvement initiative improves perioperative antibiotic therapy. Am J Manag Care 15(9):633-642
72. Benington S, Severn A (2007) Preventing aspiration and regurgitation. Anaesthesia Intensive Care Med 8:368-372 (Pubitemid 47336835)
73. Smetana GW, Cohn SL, Lawrence VA (2004) Update in perioperative medicine. Ann Intern Med 140(6):452-461
74. Cohn SL, Smetana GW (2007) Update in perioperative medicine. Ann Intern Med 147(4):263-270 (Pubitemid 351664581)
75. Warner DO (2000) Preventing postoperative pulmonary complications: the role of the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology 92(5):1467-1472 (Pubitemid 30257208)
76. Akutsu Y, Matsubara H, Shuto K, Shiratori T, Uesato M, Miyazawa Y, Hoshino I, Murakami K, Usui A, Kano M, Miyauchi H (2010) Pre-operative dental brushing can reduce the risk of postoperative pneumonia in esophageal cancer patients. Surgery 147(4):497-502
77. Bouza E, Perez MJ, Munoz P, Rincon C, Barrio JM, Hortal J (2008) Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the postoperative period of major heart surgery. Chest 134(5):938-946
78. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 342(18):1301-1308
79. Michelet P, D'Journo XB, Roch A, Doddoli C, Marin V, Papazian L, Decamps I, Bregeon F, Thomas P, Auffray JP (2006) Protective ventilation influences systemic inflammation after esophagectomy: a randomized controlled study. Anesthesiology 105(5):911-919 (Pubitemid 44655501)
80. Fernandez-Perez ER, Sprung J, Afessa B, Warner DO, Vachon CM, Schroeder DR, Brown DR, Hubmayr RD, Gajic O (2009) Intraoperative ventilator settings and acute lung injury after elective surgery: a nested case control study. Thorax 64(2):121-127
81. Hans GA, Sottiaux TM, Lamy ML, Joris JL (2009) Ventilatory management during routine general anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 26(1):1-8
82. Magnusson L, Spahn DR (2003) New concepts of atelectasis during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 91(1):61-72 (Pubitemid 36857316)
83. Duggan M, Kavanagh BP (2005) Pulmonary atelectasis: a pathogenic perioperative entity. Anesthesiology 102(4):838-854
84. Imberger G, McIlroy D, Pace NL, Wetterslev J, Brok J, Moller AM (2010) Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anaesthesia for the prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9: CD007922
85. Squadrone V, Coha M, Cerutti E, Schellino MM, Biolino P, Occella P, Belloni G, Vilianis G, Fiore G, Cavallo F, Ranieri VM (2005) Continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of postoperative hypoxemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293(5):589-595 (Pubitemid 40171241)
86. Kurosawa S, Kato M (2008) Anesthetics, immune cells, and immune responses. J Anesth 22(3):263-277
87. Schneemilch CE, Schilling T, Bank U (2004) Effects of general anaesthesia on inflammation. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 18(3):493-507 (Pubitemid 38949970)
88. Ahlers O, Nachtigall I, Lenze J, Goldmann A, Schulte E, Hohne C, Fritz G, Keh D (2008) Intraoperative thoracic epidural anaesthesia attenuates stress-induced immunosuppression in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 101(6):781-787
89. Kabon B, Fleischmann E, Treschan T, Taguchi A, Kapral S, Kurz A (2003) Thoracic epidural anesthesia increases tissue oxygenation during major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 97(6):1812-1817 (Pubitemid 37475145)
90. Moraca RJ, Sheldon DG, Thirlby RC (2003) The role of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in surgical practice. Ann Surg 238(5):663-673 (Pubitemid 38182256)
91. Fotiadis RJ, Badvie S, Weston MD, Allen-Mersh TG (2004) Epidural analgesia in gastrointestinal surgery. Br J Surg 91(7):828-841 (Pubitemid 38901348)
92. Wuethrich PY, Hsu Schmitz SF, Kessler TM, Thalmann GN, Studer UE, Stueber F, Burkhard FC (2010) Potential influence of the anesthetic technique used during open radical prostatectomy on prostate cancer-related outcome: a retrospective study. Anesthesiology 113(3):570-576
93. Snyder GL, Greenberg S (2010) Effect of anaesthetic technique and other perioperative factors on cancer recurrence. Br J Anaesth 105(2):106-115
94. Gottschalk A, Ford JG, Regelin CC, You J, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI, Durieux ME, Nemergut EC (2010) Association between epidural analgesia and cancer recurrence after colorectal cancer surgery. Anesthesiology 113(1):27-34
95. Tsui BC, Rashiq S, Schopflocher D, Murtha A, Broemling S, Pillay J, Finucane BT (2010) Epidural anesthesia and cancer recurrence rates after radical prostatectomy. Can J Anaesth 57(2):107-112
96. Cheadle WG (2006) Risk factors for surgical site infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 7(Suppl 1):S7-S11
97. Latham R, Lancaster AD, Covington JF, Pirolo JS, Thomas CS (2001) The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical-site infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 22(10):607-612 (Pubitemid 33152102)
98. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Gerstein HC (2000) Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview. Lancet 355(9206):773-778 (Pubitemid 30128815)
99. Mauermann WJ, Nemergut EC (2006) The anesthesiologist's role in the prevention of surgical site infections. Anesthesiology 105(2):413-421 (Pubitemid 44148187)
100. Ganai S, Lee KF, Merrill A, Lee MH, Bellantonio S, Brennan M, Lindenauer P (2007) Adverse outcomes of geriatric patients undergoing abdominal surgery who are at high risk for delirium. Arch Surg 142(11):1072-1078 (Pubitemid 350157044)
101. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345(19):1359-1367
102. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, Meier-Hellmann A, Ragaller M, Weiler N, Moerer O, Gruendling M, Oppert M, Grond S, Olthoff D, Jaschinski U, John S, Rossaint R, Welte T, Schaefer M, Kern P, Kuhnt E, Kiehntopf M, Hartog C, Natanson C, Loeffler M, Reinhart K (2008) Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 358(2):125-139
103. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, Blair D, Foster D, Dhingra V, Bellomo R, Cook D, Dodek P, Henderson WR, Hebert PC, Heritier S, Heyland DK, McArthur C, McDonald E, Mitchell I, Myburgh JA, Norton R, Potter J, Robinson BG, Ronco JJ (2009) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360(13):1283-1297
104. Kehlet H (2009) Principles of fast track surgery. Multimodal perioperative therapy programme. Chirurg 80(8):687-689
105. Bundgaard-Nielsen M, Secher NH, Kehlet H (2009) 'Liberal' vs. 'restrictive' perioperative fluid therapy-a critical assessment of the evidence. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 53(7):843-851
106. Holte K, Foss NB, Andersen J, Valentiner L, Lund C, Bie P, Kehlet H (2007) Liberal or restrictive fluid administration in fasttrack colonic surgery: a randomized, double-blind study. Br J Anaesth 99(4):500-508 (Pubitemid 47412491)
107. Futier E, Constantin JM, Petit A, Chanques G, Kwiatkowski F, Flamein R, Slim K, Sapin V, Jaber S, Bazin JE (2010) Conservative vs restrictive individualized goal-directed fluid replacement strategy in major abdominal surgery: a prospective randomized trial. Arch Surg 145(12):1193-1200
108. Donati A, Loggi S, Preiser JC, Orsetti G, Munch C, Gabbanelli V, Pelaia P, Pietropaoli P (2007) Goal-directed intraoperative therapy reduces morbidity and length of hospital stay in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 132(6):1817-1824
109. Forget P, Lois F, de Kock M (2010) Goal-directed fluid management based on the pulse oximeter-derived pleth variability index reduces lactate levels and improves fluid management. Anesth Analg 111(4):910-914
110. Benes J, Chytra I, Altmann P, Hluchy M, Kasal E, Svitak R, Pradl R, Stepan M (2010) Intraoperative fluid optimization using stroke volume variation in high risk surgical patients: results of prospective randomized study. Crit Care 14(3):R118
111. Futier E, Robin E, Jabaudon M, Guerin R, Petit A, Bazin JE, Constantin JM, Vallet B (2010) Central venous O saturation and venous-to-arterial CO difference as complementary tools for goaldirected therapy during high-risk surgery. Crit Care 14(5):R193
112. Schortgen F, Lacherade JC, Bruneel F, Cattaneo I, Hemery F, Lemaire F, Brochard L (2001) Effects of hydroxyethylstarch and gelatin on renal function in severe sepsis: a multicentre randomised study. Lancet 357(9260):911-916 (Pubitemid 32247279)
113. Schortgen F, Girou E, Deye N, Brochard L (2008) The risk associated with hyperoncotic colloids in patients with shock. Intensive Care Med 34(12):2157-2168
114. Sakr Y, Payen D, Reinhart K, Sipmann FS, Zavala E, Bewley J, Marx G, Vincent JL (2007) Effects of hydroxyethyl starch administration on renal function in critically ill patients. Br J Anaesth 98(2):216-224 (Pubitemid 47072001)
115. Marx G, Pedder S, Smith L, Swaraj S, Grime S, Stockdale H, Leuwer M (2004) Resuscitation from septic shock with capillary leakage: hydroxyethyl starch (130 kd), but not Ringer's solution maintains plasma volume and systemic oxygenation. Shock 21(4):336-341
116. Brauer A, Quintel M (2009) Forced-air warming: technology, physical background and practical aspects. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 22(6):769-774
117. Brauer A, Waeschle RM, Heise D, Perl T, Hinz J, Quintel M, Bauer M (2010) Preoperative pre-warming as a routine measure. First experiences. Anaesthesist 59(9):842-850
118. Park GR, Evans TN, Hutchins J, Borissov B, Gunning KE, Klinck JR (2000) Reducing the demand for admission to intensive care after major abdominal surgery by a change in anaesthetic practice and the use of remifentanil. Eur J Anaesthesiol 17(2):111-119 (Pubitemid 30218810)
119. Scatizzi M, Kroning KC, Boddi V, De Prizio M, Feroci F (2010) Fast-track surgery after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: is it feasible in a general surgery unit? Surgery 147(2):219-226
120. Ryan D, McGreal G (2010) Why routine intensive care unit admission after elective open infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm repair is no longer an evidence based practice. Surgeon 8(6):297-302
121. Schweizer A, Khatchatourian G, Hohn L, Spiliopoulos A, Romand J, Licker M (2002) Opening of a new postanesthesia care unit: impact on critical care utilization and complications following major vascular and thoracic surgery. J Clin Anesth 14(7):486-493 (Pubitemid 35449679)
122. Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Salomao AB, Caporossi C, Diniz BN (2010) Clinical benefits after the implementation of a multimodal perioperative protocol in elderly patients. Arq Gastroenterol 47(2):178-183
123. Young HD, Tanga MR, Wellington JL (1971) Major abdominal surgery in the elderly: a review of 172 consecutive patients. Can J Surg 14(5):324-327
124. Licker M, Schweizer A, Ellenberger C, Tschopp JM, Diaper J, Clergue F (2007) Perioperative medical management of patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2(4):493-515
125. Vincent JL, Burchardi H (1999) Do we need intermediate care units? Intensive Care Med 25(12):1345-1349 (Pubitemid 30021156)
126. White PF (2008) Multimodal analgesia: its role in preventing postoperative pain. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 9(1):76-82
127. White PF, Kehlet H, Neal JM, Schricker T, Carr DB, Carli F (2007) The role of the anesthesiologist in fast-track surgery: from multimodal analgesia to perioperative medical care. Anesth Analg 104(6):1380-1396 (Pubitemid 46791272)
128. Kehlet H (2008) Postoperative ileus-an update on preventive techniques. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(10):552-558
129. Kehlet H, Kristensen BB (2009) Local anesthetics in the surgical wound-is the pendulum swinging toward increased use? Reg Anesth Pain Med 34(5):389-390
130. Blom JW, Doggen CJ, Osanto S, Rosendaal FR (2005) Malignancies, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 293(6):715-722 (Pubitemid 40216041)
131. Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Falanga A, Clarke-Pearson D, Flowers C, Jahanzeb M, Kakkar A, Kuderer NM, Levine MN, Liebman H, Mendelson D, Raskob G, Somerfield MR, Thodiyil P, Trent D, Francis CW (2007) American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline: recommendations for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 25(34):5490-5505 (Pubitemid 350232226)
132. Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Samama CM, Lassen MR, Colwell CW (2008) Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133(6 Suppl):381S-453S (Pubitemid 351894916)
133. Noble S, Pasi J (2010) Epidemiology and pathophysiology of cancer-associated thrombosis. Br J Cancer 102(Suppl 1):S2-S9
134. Stanley A, Young A (2010) Primary prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical and surgical oncology patients. Br J Cancer 102(Suppl 1):S10-S16
135. Coleman R, MacCallum P (2010) Treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in cancer. Br J Cancer 102(Suppl 1):S17-S23
136. Lawrence VA, Cornell JE, Smetana GW (2006) Strategies to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications after noncardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 144(8):596-608 (Pubitemid 46768150)
137. Cheatham ML, Chapman WC, Key SP, Sawyers JL (1995) A meta-analysis of selective versus routine nasogastric decompression after elective laparotomy. Ann Surg 221(5):469-476, discussion 476-468
138. Nelson R, Tse B, Edwards S (2005) Systematic review of prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal operations. Br J Surg 92(6):673-680 (Pubitemid 40863184)
139. Yang Z, Zheng Q, Wang Z (2008) Meta-analysis of the need for nasogastric or nasojejunal decompression after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 95(7):809-816
140. Buchler MW, Friess H (2006) Evidence forward, drainage on retreat: still we ignore and drain!? Ann Surg 244(1):8-9 (Pubitemid 44297441)
141. Dougherty SH, Simmons RL (1992) The biology and practice of surgical drains. Part 1. Curr Probl Surg 29(8):559-623
142. Dougherty SH, Simmons RL (1992) The biology and practice of surgical drains. Part II. Curr Probl Surg 29(9):633-730
143. Petrowsky H, Demartines N, Rousson V, Clavien PA (2004) Evidence-based value of prophylactic drainage in gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Ann Surg 240(6):1074-1084, discussion 1084-1075
144. Diener MK, Mehr KT, Wente MN, Kieser M, Buchler MW, Seiler CM (2011) Risk-benefit assessment of closed intraabdominal drains after pancreatic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the current state of evidence. Langenbecks Arch Surg 396(1):41-52
145. Lewis SJ, Egger M, Sylvester PA, Thomas S (2001) Early enteral feeding versus "nil by mouth" after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. BMJ 323(7316):773-776 (Pubitemid 32946761)
146. Gan TJ, Meyer TA, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Habib AS, Hooper VD, Kovac AL, Kranke P, Myles P, Philip BK, Samsa G, Sessler DI, Temo J, Tramer MR, Vander Kolk C, Watcha M (2007) Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 105(6):1615-1628 (Pubitemid 350190555)
147. Lees N, Hamilton M, Rhodes A (2009) Clinical review: goaldirected therapy in high risk surgical patients. Crit Care 13(5):231
148. Jhanji S, Pearse RM (2009) The use of early intervention to prevent postoperative complications. Curr Opin Crit Care 15(4):349-354
149. Singh A, Antognini JF (2010) Perioperative pharmacology in elderly patients. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 23(4):449-454