Defining higher-risk surgery

Current Opinion in Critical Care

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 339-346

  Ackland, Gareth L ^a   Edwards, Mark ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anesthesia; Complications; Morbidity; Perioperative; Postoperative

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

DATA EXTRACTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NUTRITIONAL HEALTH; PATIENT CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SURGICAL PATIENT; TIME; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VALIDATION PROCESS;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; KIDNEY DISEASES; MORTALITY; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 78449281660     PISSN: 10705295     EISSN: 15317072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e328339fad5     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Boyd O, Jackson N. How is risk defined in high-risk surgical patient manage-ment? Crit Care 2005; 9:390-396.
2. Mangano DT. Perioperative medicine: NHLBI working group deliberations and recommendations. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2004; 18:1-6.
3. Hernandez AF, Whellan DJ, Stroud S, et al. Outcomes in heart failure patients after major noncardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:1446-1453.
4. Hammill BG, Curtis LH, nett-Guerrero E, et al. Impact of heart failure on patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2008; 108:559-567.
5. Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Finlayson EV, et al. Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1128-1137.
6. Pearse RM, Harrison DA, James P, et al. Identification and characterisation of the high-risk surgical population in the United Kingdom. Crit Care 2006; 10:R81.
7. Kellum JA, Kong L, Fink MP, et al. Understanding the inflammatory cytokine response in pneumonia and sepsis: results of the Genetic and Inflammatory Markersof Sepsis (GenIMS) Study.Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:1655-1663.
8. Goodman SG, Huang W, Yan AT, et al. The expanded Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events: baseline characteristics, management practices, and hospital outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 2009; 158:193-201.
9. Fox KA, Steg PG, Eagle KA, et al. Decline in ratesofdeath and heartfailure in acute coronary syndromes, 1999-2006. JAMA 2007; 297:1892-1900.
10. Head J, Ferrie JE,Alexanderson K, et al. Diagnosis-specific sickness absence as a predictor of mortality: the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008; 337:a1469.
11. Pagano D, Freemantle N, Bridgewater B, et al. Social deprivation and prognosticbenefitsofcardiacsurgery: observational studyof44 902 patients from five hospitals over 10 years. BMJ 2009; 338:b902.
12. Likosky DS, Dacey LJ, Baribeau YR, et al. Long-term survival oftheveryelderly undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85:1233-1237.
13. O'Rourke DJ, Malenka DJ, Olmstead EM, et al. Improved in-hospital mortality in women undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group.Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71:507-511.
14. Wolters U, Wolf T, Stutzer H, Schroder T. ASA classification and periopera-tive variables as predictors of postoperative outcome. Br J Anaesth 1996; 77:217-222.
15. Copeland GP, Jones D, Walters M. POSSUM: a scoring system for surgical audit Br J Surg 1991; 78:355-360.
16. Clavien PA, Strasberg SM. Severity grading of surgical complications. Ann Surg 2009; 250:197-198.
17. Strasberg SM, Linehan DC, Hawkins WG. The accordion severity grading system of surgical complications. Ann Surg 2009; 250:177-186.
18. Bennett-Guerrero E, Welsby I, Dunn TJ, et al. The use of a postoperative morbidity survey to evaluate patients with prolonged hospitalization after routine, moderate-risk, elective surgery. Anesth Analg 1999; 89:514-519.
19. Grocott MP, Browne JP, Vander MJ, et al. The Postoperative Morbidity Survey was validated and used to describe morbidity after major surgery. J Clin Epidemiol 2007; 60:919-928.
20. Ackland GL, Scollay JM, Parks RW, et al. Preoperative high sensitivity C-reactive protein and postoperative outcome in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. Anaesthesia 2007; 62:888-894.
21. McNicol L, Story DA, Leslie K, et al. Postoperative complications and mortality in older patients having noncardiac surgery at three Melbourne teaching hospitals. Med J Aust 2007; 186:447-452.
22. Liu LL, Leung JM. Predicting adverse postoperative outcomes in patients aged 80 years or older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48:405-412.
23. Turrentine FE, Wang H, Simpson VB, Jones RS. Surgical risk factors, morbidity, and mortality in elderly patients. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 203:865-877.
24. Ghaferi AA, Birkmeyer JD, Dimick JB. Variation in hospital mortalityassociated with inpatient surgery. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1368-1375.
25. Khuri SF, Henderson WG, DePalma RG, et al. Determinants of long-term survival after major surgery and the adverse effect of postoperative complica-tions. Ann Surg 2005; 242:326-341.
26. Dimick JB, Pronovost PJ, Cowan JA, Lipsett PA. Complications and costs after high-risksurgery: where should we focus quality improvement initiatives? J Am Coll Surg 2003; 196:671-678.
27. Dimick JB, Pronovost PJ, Cowan JA Jr, et al. Variation in postoperative complication rates after high-risk surgery in the United States. Surgery 2003; 134:534-540.
28. Ghaferi AA, Birkmeyer JD, Dimick JB. Complications, failure to rescue, and mortality with major inpatient surgery in medicare patients. Ann Surg 2009; 250:1029-1034.
29. Bailey SH, Bull DA, Harpole DH, et al. Outcomesafteresophagectomy:aten- year prospective cohort. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75:217-222
30. American College of Surgeon's National Surgical Quality Improvement Project; 2010.
31. Story DA, Fink M, Leslie K, et al. Perioperative mortality risk score using pre and postoperative riskfactors in older patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009; 37:392-398.
32. Hamel MB, Henderson WG, Khuri SF, Daley J. Surgical outcomes for patients aged 80 and older: morbidity and mortality from major noncardiac surgery. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53:424-429.
33. Jencks SF, Williams MV, Coleman EA. Rehospitalizations among patients in the Medicare fee-for-service program. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1418-1428.
34. Sweetland S, Green J, Liu B, et al. Duration and magnitude of the post-operative risk of venous thromboembolism in middle aged women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2009; 339:b4583.
35. Satagopan JM, Ben-Porat L, Berwick M, et al. A note on competing risks in survival data analysis. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1229-1235.
36. Williams TA, Ho KM, Dobb GJ, et al. Effect of length of stay in intensive care unit on hospital and long-term mortality of critically ill adult patients. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104:459-464.
37. Williams TA, Dobb GJ, Finn JC, et al. Determinants of long-term survival after intensive care. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:1523-1530.
38. Farid SG, Aldouri A, Morris-Stiff G, et al. Correlation between postoperative infective complications and long-term outcomes after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastasis. Ann Surg 2010; 251:91-100.
39. Law WL, Choi HK, Lee YM, Ho JW. The impact of postoperative complica-tions on long-term outcomes following curative resection for colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14:2559-2566.
40. Laurent C, Sa CA, Couderc P, et al. Influence of postoperative morbidity on long-termsurvivalfollowing liverresectionforcolorectal metastases. Br J Surg 2003; 90:1131-1136.
41. Ito H, Are C, Gonen M, et al. Effect of postoperative morbidity on long-term survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 2008; 247:994-1002. (Pubitemid 351770420)
42. Schiesser M, Chen JW, Maddern GJ, et al. Perioperative morbidity affects long-term survival in patients following liver resection for colorectal metas-tases. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12:1054-1060.
43. Chok KS, Ng KK, Poon RT, et al. Impact of postoperative complications on long-term outcome of curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 2009; 96:81-87.
44. Rizk NP, Bach PB, Schrag D, et al.The impactofcomplications on outcomes after resection for esophageal and gastroesophageal junction carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2004; 198:42-50.
45. Molina de Melo G, Ribeiro KC, Kowalski LP, Deheinzelin D. Risk factors for postoperative complications in oral cancer and their prognostic implications. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 127:828-833.
46. Yende S, D'Angelo G, Kellum JA, et al. Inflammatory markers at hospital discharge predict subsequent mortality after pneumonia and sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:1242-1247.
47. Goldhill DR. Preventing surgical deaths: critical care and intensive care outreach services in the postoperative period. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95:88-94.
48. Silber JH, Williams SV, Krakauer H, Schwartz JS. Hospital and patient characteristics associated with death after surgery. A study of adverse occurrence and failure to rescue. Med Care 1992; 30:615-629.
49. Birkmeyer JD, Stukel TA, Siewers AE, et al. Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2117-2127.
50. Khuri SF, Daley J, Henderson W, et al. Relation of surgical volume tooutcome in eight common operations: results from the VA National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Ann Surg 1999; 230:414-429.
51. Amaravadi RK, Dimick JB, Pronovost PJ, Lipsett PA. ICU nurse-to-patient ratio is associated with complications and resource use after esophagectomy. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26:1857-1862.
52. Bennett-Guerrero E, Hyam JA, Shaefi S, et al. Comparison of P-POSSUM risk-adjusted mortalityratesaftersurgery between patients in the USAand the UK. Br J Surg 2003; 90:1593-1598.
53. Jhanji S, Thomas B, Ely A. Mortality and utilisation of critical care resources amongst high-risk surgical patients in a large NHS trust. Anaesthesia 2008; 63:695-700.
54. Dimick JB, Pronovost PJ, Heitmiller RF, Lipsett PA. Intensive care unit physician staffing is associated with decreased length of stay, hospital cost, and complicationsafteresophageal resection.Crit Care Med 2001; 29:753-758.
55. Khuri SF, Henderson WG.Thecaseagainstvolume asa measure of quality of surgical care. World J Surg 2005; 29:1222-1229.
56. Poldermans D, Hoeks SE, Feringa HH. Preoperative risk assessment and risk reduction before surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:1913-1924.
57. Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Boersma E, et al. Guidelines for preoperative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in noncardiac sur-gery: the Task Force for Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment and Perio-perative Cardiac Management in Noncardiac Surgery of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA). Eur Heart J (in press).
58. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery: Executive Summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery) Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovas-cular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:1707-1732.
59. Devereaux PJ, Yang H, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery (POISE trial): a rando-mised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 371:1839-1847.
60. Roger VL, Weston SA, Gerber Y, et al. Trends in incidence, severity, and outcome of hospitalized myocardial infarction. Circulation 2010; 121:863-869.
61. Pearse RM, Dawson D, Fawcett J, et al. The incidence of myocardial injury following postoperative Goal Directed Therapy. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2007; 7:10.
62. Older P, Hall A, Hader R. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a screening testforperioperative managementofmajorsurgery intheelderly.Chest 1999; 116:355-362.
63. Snowden CP, Prentis JM, Anderson HL, et al. Submaximal cardiopul-monary exercise testing predicts complications and hospital length of stay in patients undergoing major elective surgery. Ann Surg 2010; 251:535-541.
64. Reilly DF, McNeely MJ, Doerner D, et al. Self-reported exercise tolerance and the risk of serious perioperative complications. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:2185-2192.
65. Biccard BM. Relationship between the inability to climb two flights of stairs and outcomeafter majornoncardiacsurgery: implicationsforthe preoperative assessment of functional capacity. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:588-593.
66. Gibbs J, Cull W, Henderson W, et al. Preoperative serum albumin level as a predictor of operative mortality and morbidity: results from the National VA Surgical Risk Study. Arch Surg 1999; 134:36-42.
67. Longo WE, Virgo KS, Johnson FE, et al. Riskfactorsformorbidityand mortality after colectomy for colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43:83-91.
68. O'Brien MM, Gonzales R, Shroyer AL, et al. Modestserum creatinineele vation affects adverse outcome after general surgery. Kidney Int 2002; 62:585-592.
69. Mathew A, Devereaux PJ, O'Hare A, et al. Chronic kidney disease and postoperative mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2008; 73:1069-1081.
70. Seliger SL, Zhan M, Hsu VD, et al. Chronic kidney disease adversely influences patient safety. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:2414-2419.
71. Wu WC, Schifftner TL, Henderson WG, et al. Preoperative hematocrit levels and postoperative outcomes in older patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. JAMA 2007; 297:2481-2488.
72. Hogue CW Jr, Goodnough LT, Monk TG. Perioperative myocardial ischemic episodes are related to hematocrit level in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Transfusion 1998; 38:924-931.
73. Aust JB, Henderson W, Khuri S, Page CP. The impact of operative complexity on patient risk factors. Ann Surg 2005; 241:1024-1027.
74. Davenport DL, Henderson WG, Khuri SF, Mentzer RM Jr. Preoperative risk factors and surgical complexity are more predictive of costs than post-operative complications: a case study using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Ann Surg 2005; 242:463-468.
75. Landesberg G, Shatz V, Akopnik I, et al. Association of cardiac troponin, CK-MB, and postoperative myocardial ischemia with long-term survival after major vascular surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42:1547-1554.
76. Kertai MD, Boersma E, Klein J, et al. Long-term prognostic value of asympto-matic cardiac troponin T elevations in patients after major vascular surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004; 28:59-66.
77. Winkel TA, Schouten O, van Kuijk JP, et al. Perioperative asymptomatic cardiac damage after endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair is associated with poor long-term outcome. J Vasc Surg 2009; 50:749-754.
78. Hsieh BP, Rogers AM, Na B, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of incidental cardiac troponin T elevation in ambulatory patients with stable coronaryarterydisease:datafromtheHeartand Soulstudy. Am Heart J 2009; 158:673-679.
79. Kaptoge S, Di AE, Lowe G, et al. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet 2010; 375:132-140.
80. Tzoulaki I, Liberopoulos G, Ioannidis JP. Assessment of claims of improved prediction beyond the Framingham riskscore.JAMA2009; 302:2345-2352.
81. Older P, Hall A. Clinical review: howto identify high-risksurgical patients. Crit Care 2004; 8:369-372.
82. Dudley JC, Brandenburg JA, Hartley LH, et al. Last-minute preoperative cardiology consultations: epidemiology and impact. Am Heart J 1996; 131:245-249.
83. Ryding AD, Kumar S, Worthington AM, Burgess D. Prognostic value of brain natriuretic peptide in noncardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 2009; 111:311-319.
84. Cuthbertson BH, Amiri AR, Croal BL, et al. Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99:170-176.
85. Feringa HH, Schouten O, Dunkelgrun M, et al. Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as long-term prognostic marker after major vascular surgery. Heart 2007; 93:226-231
86. Vascular Events In Noncardiac Surgery Patients Cohort Evaluation Study (VISION); 2010.
87. Bruce J, Russell EM, Mollison J, Krukowski ZH. The measurement and monitoring of surgical adverse events. Health Technol Assess 2001; 5:1-194.
88. Romano PS, Chan BK, Schembri ME, Rainwater JA. Can administrative data be used to compare postoperative complication rates across hospitals? Med Care 2002; 40:856-867.
89. Romano PS, Schembri ME, Rainwater JA. Can administrativedata be used to ascertain clinically significant postoperative complications? Am J Med Qual 2002; 17:145-154.
90. Vigoda MM, Rodriguez LI, Wu E, et al. The use of an anesthesia information system to identify and trend gender disparities in outpatient medical manage-mentofpatientswith coronaryarterydisease. Anesth Analg 2008; 107:185-192.
91. Alijani A, Hanna GB, Ziyaie D, et al. Instrument for objective assessment of appropriateness of surgical bed occupancy: validation study. BMJ 2003; 326:1243-1244.
92. Mythen MG. Postoperative gastrointestinal tract dysfunction. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:196-204.
93. Dumurgier J, Elbaz A, Ducimetiere P, et al. Slow walking speed and cardi-ovascular death in well functioning older adults: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2009; 339:b4460.
94. Ruta D, Garratt A, Abdalla M, et al. The SF 36 health survey questionnaire. A valid measure of health status. BMJ 1993; 307:448-449.