Genomes and genomics of parasitic flatworms

Parasitic Flatworms: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Immunology and Physiology

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 37-80

  Johnston, D A ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052258930     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (263)

1. Abbasi, I., Branzburg, A., Campos-Ponce, M., Abdel Hafez, S.K., Raoul, F., Craig, P.S. and Hamburger, J. (2003) Copro-diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs by amplification of a newly identified repeated DNA sequence. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 69, 324-330.
2. Adams, M.D., Kelley, J.M., Gocayne, J.D., Dubnick, M., Polymeropoulos, M.H., Xiao, H., Merril, C.R., Wu, A., Olde, B. and Moreno, R.F. (1991) Complementary DNA sequencing: expressed sequence tags and human genome project. Science 252, 1651-1656.
3. Adoutte, A., Balavoine, G., Lartillot, N., Lespinet, O., Prudhomme, B. and de Rosa, R. (2000) The new animal phylogeny: reliability and implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97, 4453-4456.
4. Agatsuma, T. (2003) Origin and evolution of Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitology International 52, 335-340.
5. Agatsuma, T., Terasaki, K., Yang, L. and Blair, D. (1994a) Genetic variation in the triploids of Japanese Fasciola species, and relationships with other species in the genus. Journal of Helminthology 68, 181-186.
6. Agatsuma, T., Yang, L., Kim, D. and Yonekawa, H. (1994b) Mitochondrial DNA differentiation of Japanese diploid and triploid Paragonimus westermani. Journal of Helminthology 68, 7-11.
7. Ashour, A.A., Hassan, N.H., Ibrahim, A.M. and el-Kabbany, A.I. (1995) The karyotypes of Calicophoron microbothrium and Carmyerius gregarius from Egyptian ruminants. Journal of Helminthology 69, 107-111.
8. Ashton, P.D., Curwen, R.S. and Wilson, R.A. (2001) Linking proteome and genome: how to identify parasite proteins. Trends in Parasitology 17, 198-202.
9. Atkinson, K.H. (1980) Chromosome analysis of Schistosoma rodhaini (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae). Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 22, 143-147.
10. Bae, Y.A. and Kong, Y. (2003a) Divergent long-terminal-repeat retrotransposon families in the genome of Paragonimus westermani. Korean Journal of Parasitology 41, 221-231.
11. Bae, Y.A. and Kong, Y. (2003b) Evolutionary course of Csrn1 long-terminal-repeat retrotransposon and its heterogeneous integrations into the genome of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. Korean Journal of Parasitology 41, 209-219.
12. Bae, Y.A., Moon, S.Y., Kong, Y., Cho, S.Y. and Rhyu, M.G. (2001) Csrn1, a novel active retrotransposon in a parasitic trematode, Clonorchis sinensis, discloses a new phylogenetic clade of Ty3/gypsy-like LTR retrotransposons. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, 1474-1483.
13. Baguñà, J. and Riutort, M. (2004) The dawn of bilaterian animals: the case of acoelomorph flatworms. Bioessays 26, 1046-1057.
14. Barshene, V., Staniavichiute, G.I. and Orlovskaia, O.M. (1989) Karyologic research on trematodes of the family Schistosomatidae from northwestern Chukota. Parazitologiia 23, 496-503.
15. Barsiene, J.V. (1993) The chromosome sets of trematodes. Parazitologiia 27, 336-353.
16. Basch, P.F. (1991) Schistosomes: Development, Reproduction, and Host Relations, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
17. Basch, P.F. and Basch, N. (1984) Intergeneric reproductive stimulation and parthenogenesis in Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 89, 369-376.
18. Batistoni, R., Filippi, C., Salvetti, A., Cardelli, M. and Deri, P. (1998) Repeated DNA elements in planarians of the Dugesia gonocephala group (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida). Hydrobiologia 383, 139-146.
19. Bayne, C.J. (1998) Invertebrate cell culture considerations: insects, ticks, shellfish, and worms. Methods in Cell Biology 57, 187-201.
20. Bayne, C.J. and Grevelding, C.G. (2003) Cloning of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts in vitro and detection of genetic heterogeneity among individuals within clones. Journal of Parasitology 89, 1056-1060.
21. Bayne, C.J., Menino, J.S., Hobbs, D.J. and Barnes, D.W. (1994) In vitro cultivation of cells from larval Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Parasitology 80, 29-35.
22. Benazzi, M. and Benazzi-Lentati, G. (1976) Animal Cytogenetics, Vol. 1: Platyhelminthes, 1st edn. Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.
23. Bessho, Y., Ohama, T. and Osawa, S. (1992) Planarian mitochondria. ii. The unique genetic code as deduced from cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 34, 331-335.
24. Bessho, Y., Tamura, S., Hori, H., Tanaka, H., Ohama, T. and Osawa, S. (1997) Planarian mitochondria sequence heterogeneity: relationships between the type of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene sequence, karyotype and genital organ. Molecular Ecology 6, 129-136.
25. Bestor, T.H. (1990) DNA methylation: evolution of a bacterial immune function into a regulator of gene expression and genome structure in higher eukaryotes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 326, 179-187.
26. Beukeboom, L.W., Sharbel, T.F. and Michiels, N.K. (1998) Reproductive modes, ploidy distribution, and supernumerary chromosome frequencies of the flatworm Polycelis nigra (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida). Hydrobiologia 383, 277-285.
27. Bieberich, A.A. and Minchella, D.J. (2001) Mitochondrial inheritance in Schistosoma mansoni: mitochondrial variable number tandem repeat mutation produces noise on top of the signal. Journal of Parasitology 87, 1011-1015.
28. Blair, D. (2000) Genomes of Paragonimus westermani and related species: current state of knowledge. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 421-426.
29. Boore, J.L. (1999) Animal mitochondrial genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 27, 1767-1780.
30. Bowles, J., Hope, M., Tiu, W.U., Liu, X. and McManus, D.P. (1993) Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers highly conserved between Chinese and Philippine Schistosoma japonicum. Acta Tropica 55, 217-229.
31. Bowles, J., Blair, D. and McManus, D.P. (1995) A molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus. Parasitology 110, 317-328.
32. Brehm, K., Jensen, K. and Frosch, M. (2000) mRNA trans-splicing in the human parasitic cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 38311-38318.
33. Brehm, K., Hubert, K., Sciutto, E., Garate, T. and Frosch, M. (2002) Characterization of a spliced leader gene and of trans-spliced mRNAs from Taenia solium. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 122, 105-110.
34. Brindley, P.J., Lewis, F.A., McCutchan, T.F., Bueding, E. and Sher, A. (1989) A genomic change associated with the development of resistance to hycanthone in Schistosoma mansoni. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 36, 243-252.
35. Brindley, P.J., Heath, S., Waters, A.P., McCutchan, T.F. and Sher, A. (1991) Characterization of a programmed alteration in an 18S ribosomal gene that accompanies the experimental induction of drug resistance in Schistosoma mansoni. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88, 7754-7758.
36. Brindley, P.J., Laha, T., McManus, D.P. and Loukas, A. (2003) Mobile genetic elements colonizing the genomes of metazoan parasites. Trends in Parasitology 19, 79-87.
37. Camacho, J.P.M. (2004) B Chromosomes in the Eukaryote Genome, 1st edn. Karger, Basel, Switzerland.
38. Camacho, J.P., Sharbel, T.F. and Beukeboom, L.W. (2000) B-chromosome evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 355, 163-178.
39. Carranza, S., Baguna, J. and Riutort, M. (1997) Are the platyhelminthes a monophyletic primitive group? An assessment using 18S rDNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14, 485-497.
40. Carter, C.E., Wells, J.R. and MacInnis, A.J. (1972) DNA from anaerobic Ascaris lumbricoides and Hymenolepis diminuta mitochondria isolated by zonal centrifugation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 262, 135-144.
41. Chapman, A., Vallejo, V., Mossie, K.G., Ortiz, D., Agabian, N. and Flisser, A. (1995) Isolation and characterization of species-specific DNA probes from Taenia solium and Taenia saginata and their use in an egg detection assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33, 1283-1288.
42. Chiu, J.K. (1967) Susceptibility of Oncomelania hupensis chiui to infection with Schistosoma japonicum. Malacologia 6, 145-153.
43. Clough, K.A., Drew, A.C. and Brindley, P.J. (1996) Host-like sequences in the schistosome genome. Parasitology Today 12, 283-286.
44. Copeland, C.S., Brindley, P.J., Heyers, O., Michael, S.F., Johnston, D.A., Williams, D.L., Ivens, A.C. and Kalinna, B.H. (2003) Boudicca, a retrovirus-like long terminal repeat retrotransposon from the genome of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Virology 77, 6153-6166.
45. Copeland, C.S., Heyers, O., Kalinna, B.H., Bachmair, A., Stadler, P.F., Hofacker, I.L. and Brindley, P.J. (2004) Structural and evolutionary analysis of the transcribed sequence of Boudicca, a Schistosoma mansoni retrotransposon. Gene 329, 103-114.
46. Copeland, C.S., Mann, V.H., Morales, M.E., Kalinna, B.H. and Brindley, P.J. (2005) The Sinbad retrotransposon from the genome of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, and the distribution of related Pao-like elements. BioMed Central (BMC) Evolutionary Biology 5, 20.
47. Cox, G.S., Phares, C.K. and Schmidt, R.A. (1990) Molecular characterization of the Spirometra mansonoides genome: renaturation kinetics, methylation, and hybridization to human cDNA probes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1049, 134-144.
48. Croft, J.A. and Jones, G.H. (1989) Meiosis in Mesostoma ehrenbergii ehrenbergii. iv. Recombination nodules in spermatocytes and a test of the correspondence of late recombination nodules and chiasmata. Genetics 121, 255-262.
49. Dame, J.B., Arnot, D.E., Bourke, P.F., Chakrabarti, D., Christodoulou, Z., Coppel, R.L., Cowman, A.F., Craig, A.G., Fischer, K., Foster, J., Goodman, N., Hinterberg, K., Holder, A.A., Holt, D.C., Kemp, D.J., Lanzer, M., Lim, A., Newbold, C.I., Ravetch, J.V., Reddy, G.R., Rubio, J., Schuster, S.M., Su, X.-Z., Thompson, J.K., Vital, F., Wellems, T.E. and Werner, E.B (1996) Current status of the Plasmodium falciparum genome project. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 79, 1-12.
50. Davis, G.M. (1980) Snail hosts of Asian Schistosoma infesting man: evolution and coevolution. Malacological Reviews 2, 195-238.
51. Davis, G.M. (1992) Evolution of prosobranch snails transmitting Asian Schistosoma; coevolution with Schistosoma: a review. Progress in Clinical Parasitology 3, 145-204.
52. Davis, R.E. (1997) Surprising diversity and distribution of spliced leader RNAs in flatworms. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 87, 29-48.
53. Davis, R.E. and Hodgson, S. (1997) Gene linkage and steady state RNAs suggest trans-splicing may be associated with a polycistronic transcript in Schistosoma mansoni. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 89, 25-39.
54. Davis, R.E., Singh, H., Botka, C., Hardwick, C., Ashraf el Meanawy, M. and Villanueva, J. (1994) RNA transsplicing in Fasciola hepatica. Identification of a spliced leader (sl) RNA and sl sequences on mRNAs. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 20026-20030.
55. Davis, R.E., Hardwick, C., Tavernier, P., Hodgson, S. and Singh, H. (1995) RNA trans-splicing in flatworms. Analysis of trans-spliced mRNAs and genes in the human parasite, Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 21813-21819.
56. DeMarco, R., Kowaltowski, A.T., Machado, A.A., Soares, M.B., Gargioni, C., Kawano, T., Rodrigues, V., Madeira, A.M., Wilson, R.A., Menck, C.F., Setubal, J.C., Dias Neto, E., Leite, L.C. and Verjovski-Almeida, S. (2004) Saci-1, -2, and -3 and Perere, four novel retrotransposons with high transcriptional activities from the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Virology 78, 2967-2978.
57. de Souza, S.J., Camargo, A.A., Briones, M.R., Costa, F.F., Nagai, M.A., Verjovski-Almeida, S., Zago, M.A., Andrade, L.E., Carrer, H., El-Dorry, H.F., Espreafico, E.M., Habr-Gama, A., Giannella-Neto, D., Goldman, G.H., Gruber, A., Hackel, C., Kimura, E.T., Maciel, R.M., Marie, S.K., Martins, E.A., Nobrega, M.P., Paco-Larson, M.L., Pardini, M.I., Pereira, G.G., Pesquero, J.B., Rodrigues, V., Rogatto, S.R., da Silva, I.D., Sogayar, M.C., de Fatima Sonati, M., Tajara, E.H., Valentini, S.R., Acencio, M., Alberto, F.L., Amaral, M.E., Aneas, I., Bengtson, M.H., Carraro, D.M., Carvalho, A.F., Carvalho, L.H., Cerutti, J.M., Correa, M.L., Costa, M.C., Curcio, C., Gushiken, T., Ho, P.L., Kimura, E., Leite, L.C., Maia, G., Majumder, P., Marins, M., Matsukuma, A., Melo, A.S., Mestriner, C.A., Miracca, E.C., Miranda, D.C., Nascimento, A.N., Nobrega, F.G., Ojopi, E.P., Pandolfi, J.R., Pessoa, L.G., Rahal, P., Rainho, C.A., da Ros, N., de Sa, R.G., Sales, M.M., da Silva, N.P., Silva, T.C., da Silva, W., Simao, D.F. Jr, Sousa, J.F., Stecconi, D., Tsukumo, F., Valente, V., Zalcbeg, H., Brentani, R.R., Reis, F.L., Dias Neto, E. and Simpson, A.J. (2000) Identification of human chromosome 22 transcribed sequences with ORF expressed sequence tags. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97, 12690-12693.
58. Despres, L., Imbert-Establet, D., Combes, C., Bonhomme, F. and Monnerot, M. (1991) Isolation and polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA from Schistosoma mansoni. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 47, 139-142.
59. Despres, L., Imbert-Establet, D. and Monnerot, M. (1993) Molecular characterization of mitochondrial DNA provides evidence for the recent introduction of Schistosoma mansoni into America. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 60, 221-229.
60. Dias Neto, E., Rodrigues Santos, F., Pena, S.D.J. and Simpson, A.J.G. (1993) Sex determination by low stringency PCR (ls-PCR). Nucleic Acids Research 21, 763-764.
61. Dias Neto, E., Harrop, R., Correa-Oliveira, R., Pena, S.D., Wilson, R.A. and Simpson, A.J. (1996) The schistosome genome project: RNA arbitrarily primed PCR allows the accelerated generation of expressed sequence tags. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 91, 655-657.
62. Dias Neto, E., Harrop, R., Correa-Oliveira, R., Wilson, R.A., Pena, S.D. and Simpson, A.J. (1997) Minilibraries constructed from cDNA generated by arbitrarily primed rt-PCR: an alternative to normalized libraries for the generation of ESTs from nanogram quantities of mRNA. Gene 186, 135-142.
63. Didyk, A.S. and Burt, M.D. (1998) Geographical, seasonal, and sex dynamics of Shipleya inermis (Cestoidea: Dioecocestidae) in Limnodromus griseus gmelin (Aves: Charadriiformes). Journal of Parasitology 84, 931-934.
64. Drew, A.C. and Brindley, P.J. (1995) Female-specific sequences isolated from Schistosoma mansoni by representational difference analysis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 71, 173-181.
65. Drew, A.C. and Brindley, P.J. (1997) A retrotransposon of the non-long terminal repeat class from the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Similarities to the chicken-repeat-1-like elements of vertebrates. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14, 602-610.
66. Drew, A.C., Brindley, P.J., Lewis, F.A., Liang, Y.S. and Minchella, D.J. (1998) Tandemly repeated genomic sequence demonstrates inter-and intrastrain genetic variation in Schistosoma japonicum. Tropical Medicine and International Health 3, 373-380.
67. Drew, A.C., Minchella, D.J., King, L.T., Rollinson, D. and Brindley, P.J. (1999) Sr2 elements, non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons of the RTE-1 lineage from the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16, 1256-1269.
68. D'Souza, T.G., Storhas, M., Schulenburg, H., Beukeboom, L.W. and Michiels, N.K. (2004) Occasional sex in an 'asexual' polyploid hermaphrodite. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 271, 1001-1007.
69. Ellis, J.T. and Morrison, D.A. (1995) Schistosoma mansoni: patterns of codon use and bias. Parasitology 110, 53-60.
70. El-Sayed, N.M., Bartholomeu, D., Ivens, A., Johnston, D.A. and LoVerde, P.T. (2004) Advances in schistosome genomics. Trends in Parasitology 20, 154-157.
71. Fan, J., Minchella, D.J., Day, S.R., McManus, D.P., Tiu, W.U. and Brindley, P.J. (1998) Generation, identification, and evaluation of expressed sequence tags from different developmental stages of the Asian blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 252, 348-356.
72. Fantappie, M.R., Gimba, E.R. and Rumjanek, F.D. (2001) Lack of DNA methylation in Schistosoma mansoni. Experimental Parasitology 98, 162-166.
73. Fernandez, V., Zavala, A. and Musto, H. (2001) Evidence for translational selection in codon usage in Echinococcus spp. Parasitology 123, 203-209.
74. Fernandez, C., Gregory, W.F., Loke, P. and Maizels, R.M. (2002) Full-length-enriched cDNA libraries from Echinococcus granulosus contain separate populations of oligo-capped and trans-spliced transcripts and a high level of predicted signal peptide sequences. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 122, 171-180.
75. Fitzpatrick, J.M., Johansen, M.V., Johnston, D.A., Dunne, D.W. and Hoffmann, K.F. (2004) Gender-associated gene expression in two related strains of Schistosoma japonicum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 136, 191-209.
76. Fletcher, H.L., Hoey, E.M., Orr, N., Trudgett, A., Fairweather, I. and Robinson, M.W. (2004) The occurrence and significance of triploidy in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 128, 69-72.
77. Foster, J.M. and Johnston, D.A. (2002) Helminth genomics: from gene discovery to genome sequencing. Trends in Parasitology 18, 241-242.
78. Franco, G.R., Adams, M.D., Soares, M.B., Simpson, A.J., Venter, J.C. and Pena, S.D. (1995) Identification of new Schistosoma mansoni genes by the EST strategy using a directional cDNA library. Gene 152, 141-147.
79. Franco, G.R., Rabelo, E.M., Azevedo, V., Pena, H.B., Ortega, J.M., Santos, T.M., Meira, W.S., Rodrigues, N.A., Dias, C.M., Harrop, R., Wilson, A., Saber, M., Abdel-Hamid, H., Faria, M.S., Margutti, M.E., Parra, J.C.and Pena, S.D. (1997) Evaluation of cDNA libraries from different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni for production of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). DNA Research 30, 231-240.
80. Franco, G.R., Valadao, A.F., Azevedo, V. and Rabelo, E.M. (2000) The Schistosoma gene discovery programme: state of the art. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 453-463.
81. Furuya, K. (1991) An established cell line of larval Echinococcus multilocularis. International Journal for Parasitology 21, 233-240.
82. Garcia, E.G. (1976) The biology of Schistosoma japonicum, Philippine strain: a review. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 7, 190-196.
83. Garcia-Fernandez, J., Bayascas-Ramirez, J.R., Marfany, G., Munoz-Marmol, A.M., Casali, A., Baguna, J. and Salo, E. (1995) High copy number of highly similar Mariner-like transposons in planarian (platyhelminthe): evidence for a trans-phyla horizontal transfer. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12, 421-431.
84. Garey, J.R. and Wolstenholme, D.R. (1989) Platyhelminth mitochondrial DNA: evidence for early evolutionary origin of a tRNA(ser AGN) that contains a dihydrouridine arm replacement loop, and of serinespecifying AGA and AGG codons. Journal of Molecular Evolution 28, 374-387.
85. Gasser, R.B., Morahan, G. and Mitchell, G.F. (1991) Sexing single larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni by polymerase chain reaction. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 47, 255-258.
86. Gonzalez, L.M., Montero, E., Sciutto, E., Harrison, L.J., Parkhouse, R.M. and Garate, T. (2002) Differential diagnosis of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium infections: from DNA probes to polymerase chain reaction. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 96, S243-S250.
87. Gonzalez-Estevez, C., Momose, T., Gehring, W.J. and Salo, E. (2003) Transgenic planarian lines obtained by electroporation using transposon-derived vectors and an eye-specific gfp marker. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 14046-14051.
88. Gregory, T.R., Hebert, P.D. and Kolasa, J. (2000) Evolutionary implications of the relationship between genome size and body size in flatworms and copepods. Heredity 84, 201-208.
89. Gremigni, V., Miceli, C. and Puccinelli, I. (1980) On the role of germ cells in planarian regeneration. I. A karyological investigation. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 55, 53-63.
90. Gremigni, V., Nigro, M. and Puccinelli, I. (1982) Evidence of male germ cell redifferentiation into female germ cells in planarian regeneration. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 70, 29-36.
91. Grevelding, C.G. (1995) The female-specific W1 sequence of the Puerto Rican strain of Schistosoma mansoni occurs in both genders of a Liberian strain. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 71, 269-272.
92. Grevelding, C.G. (1999) Genomic instability in Schistosoma mansoni. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 101, 207-216.
93. Grevelding, C.G., Kampkotter, A. and Kunz, W. (1997) Schistosoma mansoni: sexing cercariae by PCR without DNA extraction. Experimental Parasitology 85, 99-100.
94. Grossman, A.I. and Cain, G.D. (1981) Karyotypes and chromosome morphologies of Megalodiscus temperatus and Philophthalamus gralli. Journal of Helminthology 55, 71-78.
95. Grossman, A.I., McKenzie, R. and Cain, G.D. (1980) Sex heterochromatin in Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Parasitology 66, 368-370.
96. Grossman, A.I., Short, R.B. and Cain, G.D. (1981a) Karyotype evolution and sex chromosome differentiation in schistosomes (Trematoda, Schistosomatidae). Chromosoma 84, 413-430.
97. Grossman, A.I., Short, R.B. and Kuntz, R.E. (1981b) Somatic chromosomes of Schistosoma rodhaini, S. mattheei, and S. intercalatum. Journal of Parasitology 67, 41-44.
98. Hamburger, J., Turetski, T., Kapeller, I. and Deresiewicz, R. (1991) Highly repeated short DNA sequences in the genome of Schistosoma mansoni recognized by a species-specific probe. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 44, 73-80.
99. Hamburger, J., He, N., Xin, X.Y., Ramzy, R.M., Jourdane, J. and Ruppel, A. (1998a) A polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting snails infected with bilharzia parasites (Schistosoma mansoni) from very early prepatency. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59, 872-876.
100. Hamburger, J., Xu, Y.X., Ramzy, R.M., Jourdane, J. and Ruppel, A. (1998b) Development and laboratory evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction for monitoring Schistosoma mansoni infestation of water. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59, 468-473.
101. Hamburger, J., He, N., Abbasi, I., Ramzy, R.M., Jourdane, J. and Ruppel, A. (2001) Polymerase chain reaction assay based on a highly repeated sequence of Schistosoma haematobium: a potential tool for monitoring schistosome-infested water. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65, 907-911.
102. Hebert, P.D.N. and Beaton, M.J. (1990) Breeding system and genome size of the rhabdocoel turbellarian Mesostoma ehrenbergii. Genome 33, 719-724.
103. Heussler, V., Kaufmann, H., Strahm, D., Liz, J. and Dobbelaere, D. (1993) DNA probes for the detection of Fasciola hepatica in snails. Molecular and Cellular Probes 7, 261-267.
104. Heussler, V., Kaufmann, H., Glaser, I., Ducommun, D., Muller, C. and Dobbelaere, D. (1998) A DNA probe for the detection of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in ants of Formica spp. and Lasius spp. Parasitology Research 84, 505-508.
105. Hillyer, G.V. (1974) Buoyant density and thermal denaturation profiles of schistosome DNA. Journal of Parasitology 60, 725-727.
106. Hirai, H. and LoVerde, P.T. (1989) Triploid cells found in intramolluscan stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Parasitology 75, 800-802.
107. Hirai, H. and LoVerde, P.T. (1995) FISH techniques for constructing physical maps on schistosome chromosomes. Parasitology Today 11, 310-314.
108. Hirai, H. and LoVerde, P.T. (1996) Identification of the telomeres on Schistosoma mansoni chromosomes by FISH. Journal of Parasitology 82, 511-512.
109. Hirai, H., Sakaguchi, Y., Habe, S. and Imai, H.T. (1985) C-banding analysis of six species of lung flukes, Paragonimus spp. (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes), from Japan and Korea. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde 71, 617-629.
110. Hirai, H., Spotila, L.D. and LoVerde, P.T. (1989) Schistosoma mansoni: chromosomal localization of DNA repeat elements by in situ hybridization using biotinylated DNA probes. Experimental Parasitology 69, 175-188.
111. Hirai, H., Tanaka, M. and LoVerde, P.T. (1993) Schistosoma mansoni: chromosomal localization of femalespecific genes and a female-specific DNA element. Experimental Parasitology 76, 175-181.
112. Hirai, H., Hirata, M., Aoki, Y., Tanaka, M. and Imai, H.T. (1996) Chiasma analyses of the parasite flukes, Schistosoma and Paragonimus (Trematoda), by using the chiasma distribution graph. Genes and Genetic Systems 71, 181-188.
113. Hirai, H., Taguchi, T., Saitoh, Y., Kawanaka, M., Sugiyama, H., Habe, S., Okamoto, M., Hirata, M., Shimada, M., Tiu, W.U., Lai, K., Upatham, E.S. and Agatsuma, T. (2000) Chromosomal differentiation of the Schistosoma japonicum complex. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 441-452.
114. Hoffman, T.L. and Doms, R.W. (1999) HIV-1 envelope determinants for cell tropism and chemokine receptor use. Molecular Membrane Biology 16, 57-65.
115. Hoffmann, K.F. and Dunne, D.W. (2003) Characterization of the Schistosoma transcriptome opens up the world of helminth genomics. Genome Biology 5, 203.
116. Hoffmann, K.F., Johnston, D.A. and Dunne, D.W. (2002) Identification of Schistosoma mansoni genderassociated gene transcripts by cDNA microarray profiling. Genome Biology 3, RESEARCH0041.
117. Hsu, H.F. and Hsu, S.Y.L. (1962) Schistosoma japonicum in Formosa: a critical review. Experimental Parasitology 12, 459-462.
118. Hu, W., Yan, Q., Shen, D.K., Liu, F., Zhu, Z.D., Song, H.D., Xu, X.R., Wang, Z.J., Rong, Y.P., Zeng, L.C., Wu, J., Zhang, X., Wang, J.J., Xu, X.N., Wang, S.Y., Fu, G., Zhang, X.L., Wang, Z.Q., Brindley, P.J., McManus, D.P., Xue, C.L., Feng, Z., Chen, Z. and Han, Z.G. (2003) Evolutionary and biomedical implications of a Schistosoma japonicum complementary DNA resource. Nature Genetics 35, 139-147.
119. Imai, H.T., Wada, M.Y., Hirai, H., Matsuda, Y. and Tsuchiya, K. (1999) Cytological, genetic and evolutionary functions of chiasmata based on chiasma graph analysis. Journal of Theoretical Biology 198, 239-257.
120. Imase, A., Kumagai, T., Ohmae, H., Irie, Y. and Iwamura, Y. (1999) Localization of mouse type 2 alu sequence in schistosomes. Parasitology 119, 315-321.
121. Imase, A., Kobayashi, K., Ohmae, H., Irie, Y. and Iwamura, Y. (2000) Horizontal and vertical transfer of mouse endogenous retroviral DNA sequences in schistosomes. Parasitology 121, 155-162.
122. Imase, A., Kobayashi, K., Ohmae, H., Matsuda, H. and Iwamura, Y. (2001) Horizontal and vertical transmission of mouse class 1 MHC sequence in Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 123, 163-168.
123. Imase, A., Matsuda, H., Irie, Y. and Iwamura, Y. (2003) Existence of host DNA sequences in schistosomes -horizontal and vertical transmission. Parasitology International 52, 369-373.
124. Imase, A., Ohmae, H., Iwamura, Y., Kirinoki, M. and Matsuda, H. (2004) A comparative study on mouse MHC class 1 sequences detected in Schistosoma japonicum recovered from balb/c (H-2d) and c57bl/6 (H-2b) mice. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 35, 10-18.
125. Irie, Y. and Iwamura, Y. (1993) Host-related DNA sequences are localized in the body of schistosome adults. Parasitology 107, 519-528.
126. Ivanchenko, M.G., Lerner, J.P., McCormick, R.S., Toumadje, A., Allen, B., Fischer, K., Hedstrom, O., Helmrich, A., Barnes, D.W. and Bayne, C.J. (1999) Continuous in vitro propagation and differentiation of cultures of the intramolluscan stages of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96, 4965-4970.
127. Ivens, A.C., Lewis, S.M., Bagherzadeh, A., Zhang, L., Chan, H.M. and Smith, D.F. (1998) A physical map of the Leishmania major Friedlin genome. Genome Research 8, 135-145.
128. Ivics, Z., Hackett, P.B., Plasterk, R.H. and Izsvak, Z. (1997) Molecular reconstruction of sleeping beauty, a TC1-like transposon from fish, and its transposition in human cells. Cell 91, 501-510.
129. Iwamura, Y., Irie, Y., Kominami, R., Nara, T. and Yasuraoka, K. (1991) Existence of host-related DNA sequences in the schistosome genome. Parasitology 102, 397-403.
130. Iwamura, Y., Yonekawa, H. and Irie, Y. (1995) Detection of host DNA sequences including the H-2 locus of the major histocompatibility complex in schistosomes. Parasitology 110, 163-170.
131. Jablonka, E. and Lamb, M.J. (1995) Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
132. Jablonka, E., Lachmann, M. and Lamb, M.J. (1992) Evidence, mechanisms and models for the inheritance of acquired characters. Journal of Theoretical Biology 158, 245-268.
133. Jameson, D., Gibson, A.P., Hudelot, C. and Higgs, P.G. (2003) OGRe: a relational database for comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 31, 202-206.
134. Jannotti-Passos, L.K., Souza, C.P., Parra, J.C. and Simpson, A.J. (2001) Biparental mitochondrial DNA inheritance in the parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Parasitology 87, 79-82.
135. Jansma, W.B., Rogers, S.H., Liu, C.L. and Bueding, E. (1977) Experimentally produced resistance of Schistosoma mansoni to hycanthone. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 26, 926-936.
136. Joffe, B.I., Solovei, I.V. and Macgregor, H.C. (1996) Ends of chromosomes in Polycelis tenuis (Platyhelminthes) have telomere repeat TTAGGG. Chromosome Research 4, 323-324.
137. Johnston, D.A., Blaxter, M.L., Degrave, W.M., Foster, J.M., Ivens, A.C. and Melville, S.E. (1999) Genomics and the biology of parasites. Bioessays 21, 131-147.
138. Jondelius, U., Ruiz-Trillo, I., Baguna, J. and Riutort, M. (2002) The nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes. Zoologica Scripta 31, 201-215.
139. Kaguni, L.S. (2004) DNA polymerase gamma, the mitochondrial replicase. Annual Review of Biochemistry 73, 293-320.
140. Kaplan, R.M., Dame, J.B., Reddy, G.R. and Courtney, C.H. (1995) A repetitive DNA probe for the sensitive detection of Fasciola hepatica infected snails. International Journal for Parasitology 25, 601-610.
141. Kramer, F. and Schnieder, T. (1998) Sequence heterogeneity in a repetitive DNA element of Fasciola. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 1923-1929.
142. Laha, T., McManus, D.P., Loukas, A. and Brindley, P.J. (2000) Sj-alpha elements, short interspersed elementlike retroposons bearing a hammerhead ribozyme motif from the genome of the oriental blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1492, 477-482.
143. Laha, T., Loukas, A., Verity, C.K., McManus, D.P. and Brindley, P.J. (2001) Gulliver, a long terminal repeat retrotransposon from the genome of the oriental blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum. Gene 264, 59-68.
144. Laha, T., Brindley, P.J., Smout, M.J., Verity, C.K., McManus, D.P. and Loukas, A. (2002a) Reverse transcriptase activity and untranslated region sharing of a new RTE-like, non-long terminal repeat retrotransposon from the human blood fluke, Schistosoma japonicum. International Journal for Parasitology 32, 1163-1174.
145. Laha, T., Brindley, P.J., Verity, C.K., McManus, D.P. and Loukas, A. (2002b) Pido, a non-long terminal repeat retrotransposon of the chicken repeat 1 family from the genome of the oriental blood fluke, Schistosoma japonicum. Gene 284, 149-159.
146. Laha, T., Loukas, A., Smyth, D.J., Copeland, C.S. and Brindley, P.J. (2004) The fugitive LTR retrotransposon from the genome of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni. International Journal for Parasitology 34, 1365-1375.
147. Lamatsch, D.K., Sharbel, T.F., Martin, R. and Bock, C. (1998) A drop technique for flatworm chromosome preparation for light microscopy and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Chromosome Research 6, 654-656.
148. Le, T.H., Blair, D., Agatsuma, T., Humair, P.F., Campbell, N.J., Iwagami, M., Littlewood, D.T., Peacock, B., Johnston, D.A., Bartley, J., Rollinson, D., Herniou, E.A., Zarlenga, D.S. and McManus, D.P. (2000) Phylogenies inferred from mitochondrial gene orders-a cautionary tale from the parasitic flatworms. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17, 1123-1125.
149. Le, T.H., Blair, D. and McManus, D.P. (2001a) Complete DNA sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica (Platyhelminthes; Trematoda). Parasitology 123, 609-621.
150. Le, T.H., Humair, P.F., Blair, D., Agatsuma, T., Littlewood, D.T. and McManus, D.P. (2001b) Mitochondrial gene content, arrangement and composition compared in African and Asian schistosomes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 117, 61-71.
151. Le, T.H., Pearson, M.S., Blair, D., Dai, N., Zhang, L.H. and McManus, D.P. (2002) Complete mitochondrial genomes confirm the distinctiveness of the horse-dog and sheep-dog strains of Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitology 124, 97-112.
152. Le, T.H., McManus, D.P. and Blair, D. (2004) Codon usage and bias in mitochondrial genomes of parasitic platyhelminthes. Korean Journal of Parasitology 42, 159-167.
153. Le Paslier, M.C., Pierce, R.J., Merlin, F., Hirai, H., Wu, W., Williams, D.L., Johnston, D., LoVerde, P.T. and Le Paslier, D. (2000) Construction and characterization of a Schistosoma mansoni bacterial artificial chromosome library. Genomics 65, 87-94.
154. Liberatos, J.D. and Short, R.B. (1983) Identification of sex of schistosome larval stages. Journal of Parasitology 69, 1084-1089.
155. Liu, J., Gu, H., Wang, A. and Chen, Y. (1998) Establishment of germinal cell line of Echinococcus granulosus. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 16, 353-356.
156. Lockyer, A.E., Olson, P.D., Ostergaard, P., Rollinson, D., Johnston, D.A., Attwood, S.W., Southgate, V.R., Horak, P., Snyder, S.D., Le, T.H., Agatsuma, T., McManus, D.P., Carmichael, A.C., Naem, S. and Littlewood, D.T. (2003) The phylogeny of the Schistosomatidae based on three genes with emphasis on the interrelationships of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858. Parasitology 126, 203-224.
157. LoVerde, P.T., Hirai, H., Merrick, J.M., Lee, N.H. and El-Sayed, N. (2004) Schistosoma mansoni genome project: an update. Parasitology International 53, 183-192.
158. Lowe, T.M. and Eddy, S.R. (1997) tRNAscan-Se: a program for improved detection of transfer RNA genes in genomic sequence. Nucleic Acids Research 25, 955-964.
159. Marin, M., Garat, B., Pettersson, U. and Ehrlich, R. (1993) Isolation and characterization of a middle repetitive DNA element from Echinococcus granulosus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 59, 335-338.
160. Martens, P.M., Curini-Galletti, M.C. and Van Oostveldt, P. (1989) Polyploidy in Proseriata (Platyhelminthes) and its phylogenetical implications. Evolution 43, 900-907.
161. Marx, K.A., Bizzaro, J.W., Blake, R.D., Hsien Tsai, M. and Feng Tao, L. (2000) Experimental DNA melting behavior of the three major Schistosoma species. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 107, 303-307.
162. Marzuki, S., Watkins, L.C. and Choo, W.M. (1989) Mitochondrial H+-ATPase in mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with defective subunit 8 of the enzyme complex. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 975, 222-230.
163. McCarter, J.P., Mitreva, M.D., Martin, J., Dante, M., Wylie, T., Rao, U., Pape, D., Bowers, Y., Theising, B., Murphy, C.V., Kloek, A.P., Chiapelli, B.J., Clifton, S.W., Bird, D.M. and Waterston, R.H. (2003) Analysis and functional classification of transcripts from the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Genome Biology 4, R26.
164. McManus, D.P., Hu, W., Brindley, P.J., Feng, Z. and Han, Z.G. (2004a) Schistosome transcriptome analysis at the cutting edge. Trends in Parasitology 20, 301-304.
165. McManus, D.P., Le, T.H. and Blair, D. (2004b) Genomics of parasitic flatworms. International Journal for Parasitology 34, 153-158.
166. Merrick, J.M., Osman, A., Tsai, J., Quackenbush, J., LoVerde, P.T. and Lee, N.H. (2003) The Schistosoma mansoni gene index: gene discovery and biology by reconstruction and analysis of expressed gene sequences. Journal of Parasitology 89, 261-269.
167. Minchella, D.J., Lewis, F.A., Sollenberger, K.M. and Williams, J.A. (1994) Genetic diversity of Schistosoma mansoni: quantifying strain heterogeneity using a polymorphic DNA element. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 68, 307-313.
168. Mineta, K., Nakazawa, M., Cebria, F., Ikeo, K., Agata, K. and Gojobori, T. (2003) Origin and evolutionary process of the CNS elucidated by comparative genomics analysis of planarian ESTs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 7666-7671.
169. Musto, H., Alvarez, F., Tort, J. and Maseda, H.R. (1994a) Dinucleotide biases in the platyhelminth Schistosoma mansoni. International Journal for Parasitology 24, 277-283.
170. Musto, H., Rodriguez-Maseda, H., Alvarez, F. and Tort, J. (1994b) Possible implications of CpG avoidance in the flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Molecular Evolution 38, 36-40.
171. Musto, H., Rodriguez-Maseda, H. and Alvarez, F. (1995) Compositional correlations in the nuclear genes of the flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Molecular Evolution 40, 343-346.
172. Musto, H., Romero, H. and Rodriguez-Maseda, H. (1998) Heterogeneity in codon usage in the flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Molecular Evolution 46, 159-167.
173. Mutafova, T. and Kanev, I. (1996) Cytological study of Rubenstrema exasperatum (Trematoda: Omphalometridae). International Journal for Parasitology 26, 1405-1406.
174. Nakao, M., Sako, Y., Yokoyama, N., Fukunaga, M. and Ito, A. (2000) Mitochondrial genetic code in cestodes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 111, 415-424.
175. Nakao, M., Yokoyama, N., Sako, Y., Fukunaga, M. and Ito, A. (2002) The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis (Cyclophyllidea: Taeniidae). Mitochondrion 1, 497-509.
176. Nakao, M., Sako, Y. and Ito, A. (2003) The mitochondrial genome of the tapeworm Taenia solium: a finding of the abbreviated stop codon U. Journal of Parasitology 89, 633-635.
177. Nakazawa, M., Cebria, F., Mineta, K., Ikeo, K., Agata, K. and Gojobori, T. (2003) Search for the evolutionary origin of a brain: planarian brain characterized by microarray. Molecular Biology and Evolution 20, 784-791.
178. Nara, T., Iwamura, Y., Tanaka, M., Irie, Y. and Yasuraoka, K. (1990) Dynamic changes of DNA sequences in Schistosoma mansoni in the course of development. Parasitology 100, 241-245.
179. Nishitan, S., Niimura, S., Ishida, S. and Teshirogi, W. (1998) Chromosomal polymorphism of a freshwater planarian, Polycelis auriculata in Mt. Apoi and its adjacent area, Hokkaido. Zoological Science 15, 40.
180. Ohama, T., Osawa, S., Watanabe, K. and Jukes, T.H. (1990) Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic code. IV. AAA as an asparagine codon in some animal mitochondria. Journal of Molecular Evolution 30, 329-332.
181. Oliveira, G. and Johnston, D.A. (2001) Mining the schistosome DNA sequence database. Trends in Parasitology 17, 501-503.
182. Pala, M., Vacca, R.A., Casu, S. and Stocchino, G. (1995) The freshwater planarian Dugesia sicula Lepori from Sardinia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida). Hydrobiologia 310, 151-156.
183. Park, G.M., Im, K., Huh, S. and Yong, T.S. (2000) Chromosomes of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. Korean Journal of Parasitology 38, 201-206.
184. Parsons, J.D. (1995) Miropeats: graphical DNA sequence comparisons. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 11, 615-619.
185. Pellicciari, C., Redi, C.A. and Garagna, S. (1983) Genome size in the genus Dugesia. Archives D'Anatomie Microscopique et de Morphologie Experimentale 72, 243.
186. Pena, H.B., de Souza, C.P., Simpson, A.J. and Pena, S.D. (1995) Intracellular promiscuity in Schistosoma mansoni: nuclear transcribed DNA sequences are part of a mitochondrial minisatellite region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92, 915-919.
187. Penschow, J.D., Gasser, R.B., Darling, P.E. and Mitchell, G.F. (1993) Female-specific genomic PCR sequences from Schistosoma mansoni as probes for hybridization histochemistry. International Journal for Parasitology 23, 407-409.
188. Petkeviciute, R. (1996) A chromosome study in the progenetic cestode Cyathocephalus truncatus (Cestoda: Spathebothriidea). International Journal for Parasitology 26, 1211-1216.
189. Prosdocimi, F., Faria-Campos, A.C., Peixoto, F.C., Pena, S.D., Ortega, J.M. and Franco, G.R. (2002) Clustering of Schistosoma mansoni mRNA sequences and analysis of the most transcribed genes: implications in metabolism and biology of different developmental stages. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 97, 61-69.
190. Qiu, C.P., Chris, S., Xia, M.Y., Chen, Q., Tong, X.M., Gong, X., Davis, G. and Feng, Z. (2002) Study on genomic diversity among different isolates of Schistosoma japonicum in China. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 20, 79-82.
191. Rabelo, E.M., Franco, G.R., Azevedo, V.A., Pena, H.B., Santos, T.M., Meira, W.S., Rodrigues, N.A., Ortega, J.M. and Pena, S.D. (1997) Update of the gene discovery program in Schistosoma mansoni with the expressed sequence tag approach. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 92, 625-629.
192. Raghunathan, L. and Bruckner, D. (1975) Identification of sex in Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Journal of Parasitology 61, 66-68.
193. Rajkovic, A., Davis, R.E., Simonsen, J.N. and Rottman, F.M. (1990) A spliced leader is present on a subset of mRNAs from the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87, 8879-8883.
194. Rausch, R.L. and Rausch, V.R. (1990) Reproductive anatomy and gametogenesis in Shipleya inermis (Cestoda: Dioecocestidae). Annals de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 65, 229-237.
195. Rebrikov, D.V., Bogdanova, E.A., Bulina, M.E. and Luk'ianov, S.A. (2002) A new planarian extrachromosomal virus-like element revealed by subtraction hybridization. Molekuliarnaia Genetika Mikrobiologia I Virusologa (Moskva) 36, 1002-1011.
196. Regev, A., Lamb, M.J. and Jablonka, E. (1998) The role of DNA methylation in invertebrates: developmental regulation or genome defense? Molecular Biology and Evolution 15, 880-891.
197. Rishi, A.K. and McManus, D.P. (1988) Molecular cloning of Taenia solium genomic DNA and characterization of taeniid cestodes by DNA analysis. Parasitology 97, 161-176.
198. Roca, J.R., Ribas, M. and Baguna, J. (1992) Distribution, ecology, mode of reproduction and karyology of freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Tricladida) in the springs of the Central Pyrenees. Ecography 15, 373-384.
199. Rollinson, D. and Johnston, D.A. (1999) Genome analysis: helping to solve the molecular mysteries of schistosomes. Helminthologia 36, 147-158.
200. Rosenzvit, M.C., Canova, S.G., Kamenetzky, L., Ledesma, B.A. and Guarnera, E.A. (1997) Echinococcus granulosus: cloning and characterization of a tandemly repeated DNA element. Experimental Parasitology 87, 65-68.
201. Rosenzvit, M.C., Canova, S.G., Kamenetzky, L. and Guarnera, E.A. (2001) Echinococcus granulosus: intraspecific genetic variation assessed by a DNA repetitive element. Parasitology 123, 381-388.
202. Ruff, M.D., Davis, G.M. and Werner, J.K. (1973) Schistosoma japonicum: disc electrophoretic protein patterns of the Japanese, Philippine, and Formosan strains. Experimental Parasitology 33, 437-446.
203. Ruiz-Trillo, I., Riutort, M., Littlewood, D.T., Herniou, E.A. and Baguna, J. (1999) Acoel flatworms: earliest extant bilaterian metazoans, not members of platyhelminthes. Science 283, 1919-1923.
204. Ruiz-Trillo, I., Paps, J., Loukota, M., Ribera, C., Jondelius, U., Baguna, J. and Riutort, M. (2002) A phylogenetic analysis of myosin heavy chain type II sequences corroborates that Acoela and Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99, 11246-11251.
205. Ruiz-Trillo, I., Riutort, M., Fourcade, H.M., Baguna, J. and Boore, J.L. (2004) Mitochondrial genome data support the basal position of Acoelomorpha and the polyphyly of the platyhelminthes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33, 321-332.
206. Ryzhikov, K.M. and Tolkacheva, L.M. (1981) Acoleata-Tapeworms of Birds, 1st edn. Nauka, Moscow.
207. Saccone, C., Gissi, C., Reyes, A., Larizza, A., Sbisa, E. and Pesole, G. (2002) Mitochondrial DNA in metazoa: degree of freedom in a frozen event. Gene 286, 3-12.
208. Salzet, M., Capron, A. and Stefano, G.B. (2000) Molecular crosstalk in host-parasite relationship: schistosome-and leech-host interactions. Parasitology Today 16, 536-540.
209. Sanchez Alvarado, A., Newmark, P.A., Robb, S.M. and Juste, R. (2002) The Schmidtea mediterranea database as a molecular resource for studying platyhelminthes, stem cells and regeneration. Development 129, 5659-5665.
210. Schmidt, G.D. (1969) Dioecotaenia cancellata (Linton, 1890) gen. et. comb. n. a dioeceous cestode (Tetraphyllidea) from the cow-nosed ray Rhinopterabonasus (Mitchell) in Chesapeake Bay, with the proposal of a new family, Dioecotaeniidae. Journal of Parasitology 55, 271-275.
211. Searcy, D.G. and MacInnis, A.J. (1970) Measurements by DNA renaturation of the genetic basis of parasite reduction. Evolution 24, 796-806.
212. Sermswan, R., Mongkolsuk, S., Panyim, S. and Sirisinha, S. (1991a) Isolation and characterization of Opisthorchis viverrini specific DNA probe. Molecular and Cellular Probes 5, 399-407.
213. Sermswan, R., Mongkolsuk, S. and Sirisinha, S. (1991b) Characterization of the Opisthorchis viverrini genome. Journal of Helminthology 65, 51-54.
214. Short, R.B. (1948) Hermaphrodites in a Puerto Rican strain of Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Parasitology 34, 240-242.
215. Short, R.B. (1951) Hermaphroditic female Schistosomatium douthitti (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae). Journal of Parasitology 37, 547-555.
216. Short, R.B. (1983) Presidential address: sex and the single schistosome. Journal of Parasitology 69, 3-22.
217. Short, R.B. and Grossman, A.I. (1986) Chromosomes of Heterobilharzia americana (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) from Texas. Journal of Parasitology 72, 807-809.
218. Short, R.B. and Menzel, M.Y. (1959) Chromosomes in parthenogenetic miracidia and embryonic cercariae of Schistosomatium douthitti. Experimental Parasitology 8, 249-264.
219. Short, R.B., Teehan, W.H. and Liberatos, J.D. (1987) Chromosomes of Heterobilharzia americana (Digenea: Schistosomatidae), with ZWA sex determination, from Louisiana. Journal of Parasitology 73, 941-946.
220. Simpson, A.J.G. and Pena, S.D.J. (1991) Host-related DNA sequences in the schistosome genome? Parasitology Today 7, 266.
221. Simpson, A.J., Sher, A. and McCutchan, T.F. (1982) The genome of Schistosoma mansoni: isolation of DNA, its size, bases and repetitive sequences. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 6, 125-137.
222. Simpson, A.J., Singer, D., McCutchan, T.F., Sacks, D.L. and Sher, A. (1983) Evidence that schistosome MHC antigens are not synthesized by the parasite but are acquired from the host as intact glycoproteins. Journal of Immunology 131, 962-965.
223. Sluys, R., Ribas, M. and Baguna, J. (1995) Taxonomy, ecology, and karyology of a new species of Phagocata from Spain, with a discussion on the phylogenetic systematics of the genus Phagocata Sl (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola). Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, 557-568.
224. Smith, J.K., Esch, G.W. and Kuhn, R.E. (1972) Growth and development of larval Taenia crassiceps (Cestoda). I. Aneuploidy in the anomalous ORF strain. International Journal for Parasitology 2, 261-263.
225. Snyder, S.D. and Loker, E.S. (2000) Evolutionary relationships among the Schistosomatidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) and an Asian origin for Schistosoma. Journal of Parasitology 86, 283-288.
226. Sobhon, P., Koonchornboon, T., Yuan, H.C., Upatham, E.S., Saitongdee, P., Krautrachue, M., Bubphaniroj, P.
227. and Vongpayabal, P. (1986) Comparison of the surface morphology of adult Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese, Philippine and Indonesian strains) by scanning electron microscopy. International Journal for Parasitology 16, 205-216.
228. Spakulova, M., Horak, P. and Kral'ova, I. (1996) Karyotype of an avian schistosome Trichobilharzia szidati (Digenea: Schistosomatidae). International Journal for Parasitology 26, 783-785.
229. Spakulova, M., Horak, P. and Muller, V. (1997) The karyotype of Trichobilharzia franki Muller et Kimmig, 1994 (Digenea: Schistosomatidae), a new European schistosome agent of swimmers' itch. Parasite 4, 63-66.
230. Spakulova, M., Horak, P. and Dvorak, J. (2001) The karyotype of Trichobilharzia regenti Horak, Kolarova et Dvorak, 1998 (Digenea: Schistosomatidae), a nasal avian schistome in Central Europe. Parasitology Research 87, 479-483.
231. Spieth, J., Brooke, G., Kuersten, S., Lea, K. and Blumenthal, T. (1993) Operons in C. elegans: polycistronic mRNA precursors are processed by trans-splicing of SL2 to downstream coding regions. Cell 73, 521-532.
232. Spotila, L.D., Rekosh, D.M., Boucher, J.M. and LoVerde, P.T. (1987) A cloned DNA probe identifies the sex of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 26, 17-20.
233. Spotila, L.D., Hirai, H., Rekosh, D.M. and Lo Verde, P.T. (1989) A retroposon-like short repetitive DNA element in the genome of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni. Chromosoma 97, 421-428.
234. Spotila, L.D., Rekosh, D.M. and LoVerde, P.T. (1991) Polymorphic repeated DNA element in the genome of Schistosoma mansoni. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 48, 117-120.
235. Staneviciute, G. and Kiseliene, V. (2001) Chromosome studies of Ichthyocotylurus platycephalus (Creplin, 1825) Odening 1969 with description of triploid variant and comparative karyology of the genus Ichthyocotylurus. Parasite 8, 137-145.
236. Stocchino, G.A., Manconi, R., Corso, G. and Pala, M. (2004) Karyology and karyometric analysis of an afrotropical freshwater planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida). Italian Journal of Zoology 71, 89-93.
237. Stratford, R. and Shields, R. (1994) A trans-spliced leader RNA sequence in plant parasitic nematodes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 67, 147-155.
238. Tan, Q. and Li, D. (1990) Study on chromosome C-banding in Paragonimus westermani: comparison of the diploid and triploid types. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 8, 35-37.
239. Tanaka, M., Iwamura, Y., Amanuma, H., Irie, Y., Watanabe, M., Watanabe, T., Uchiyama, Y. and Yasuraoka, K. (1989) Integration and expression of murine retrovirus-related sequences in schistosomes. Parasitology 99, 31-38.
240. Tanaka, M., Hirai, H., LoVerde, P.T., Nagafuchi, S., Franco, G.R., Simpson, A.J. and Pena, S.D. (1995) Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)-based genome mapping of Schistosoma mansoni. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 69, 41-51.
241. Tanaka, M., Tanaka, T., Inazawa, J., Nagafuchi, S., Mutsui, Y., Kaukas, A., Johnston, D.A. and Rollinson, D. (1997) Proceedings of the schistosome genome project. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 92, 829-834.
242. Telford, M.J., Herniou, E.A., Russell, R.B. and Littlewood, D.T. (2000) Changes in mitochondrial genetic codes as phylogenetic characters: two examples from the flatworms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97, 11359-11364.
243. Telford, M.J., Lockyer, A.E., Cartwright-Finch, C. and Littlewood, D.T. (2003) Combined large and small subunit ribosomal RNA phylogenies support a basal position of the acoelomorph flatworms. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 270, 1077-1083.
244. Terasaki, K., Habe, S., Ho, L., Jian, H., Agatsuma, T., Shibahara, T., Sugiyama, H. and Kawashima, K. (1995) Tetraploids of the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani found in China. Parasitology Research 81, 627-630.
245. Terasaki, K., Shibahara, T., Noda, Y. and Kayano, H. (1996) The oocyte of triploid fluke receiving intrusion of sperm from a diploid fluke-evidence for the origin of tetraploids in Paragonimus westermani. Journal of Parasitology 82, 947-950.
246. Thompson, R.C., Lymbery, A.J. and Constantine, C.C. (1995) Variation in Echinococcus: towards a taxonomic revision of the genus. Advances in Parasitology 35, 145-176.
247. Tielens, A.G., Horemans, A.M., Dunnewijk, R., van der Meer, P. and van den Bergh, S.G. (1992) The facultative anaerobic energy metabolism of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 56, 49-57.
248. Van der Linden, A.G. (1969) Chromosome number and ploidy level in a dutch population of Crenobia alpina Dana (Planaria). Genetica 40, 61-64.
249. van Herwerden, L., Blair, D. and Agatsuma, T. (1998) Intra-and inter-specific variation in nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 of the Schistosoma japonicum species complex. Parasitology 116, 311-317.
250. van Herwerden, L., Blair, D. and Agatsuma, T. (1999) Genetic diversity in parthenogenetic triploid Paragonimus westermani. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 1477-1482.
251. van Oordt, B.E., van den Heuvel, J.M., Tielens, A.G. and van den Bergh, S.G. (1985) The energy production of the adult Schistosoma mansoni is for a large part aerobic. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 16, 117-126.
252. Van Oordt, B.E., Tielens, A.G. and van den Bergh, S.G. (1989) Aerobic to anaerobic transition in the carbohydrate metabolism of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae during transformation in vitro. Parasitology 98, 409-415.
253. Verjovski-Almeida, S., DeMarco, R., Martins, E.A., Guimaraes, P.E., Ojopi, E.P., Paquola, A.C., Piazza, J.P., Nishiyama, M.Y. Jr, Kitajima, J.P., Adamson, R.E., Ashton, P.D., Bonaldo, M.F., Coulson, P.S., Dillon, G.P., Farias, L.P., Gregorio, S.P., Ho, P.L., Leite, R.A., Malaquias, L.C., Marques, R.C., Miyasato, P.A., Nascimento, A.L., Ohlweiler, F.P., Reis, E.M., Ribeiro, M.A., Sa, R.G., Stukart, G.C., Soares, M.B., Gargioni, C., Kawano, T., Rodrigues, V., Madeira, A.M., Wilson, R.A., Menck, C.F., Setubal, J.C., Leite, L.C. and Dias Neto, E. (2003) Transcriptome analysis of the acoelomate human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Nature Genetics 35, 148-157.
254. von Nickisch-Rosenegk, M., Brown, W.M. and Boore, J.L. (2001) Complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta: gene arrangements indicate that platyhelminths are eutrochozoans. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, 721-730.
255. Wada, M.Y. and Imai, H.T. (1995) Theoretical analysis of chiasmata using a novel chiasma graph method applied to Chinese hamsters, mice, and dog. Japanese Journal of Genetics 70, 233-265.
256. Walker, T.K., Rollinson, D. and Simpson, A.J. (1989) A DNA probe from Schistosoma mansoni allows rapid determination of the sex of larval parasites. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 33, 93-100.
257. Warren, K.S., Mahmoud, A.A., Cummings, P., Murphy, D.J. and Houser, H.B. (1974) Schistosomiasis mansoni in Yemeni in California: duration of infection, presence of disease, therapeutic management. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 23, 902-909.
258. Webster, P., Mansour, T.E. and Bieber, D. (1989) Isolation of a female-specific, highly repeated Schistosoma mansoni DNA probe and its use in an assay of cercarial sex. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 36, 217-222.
259. Williams, S.A. and Johnston, D.A. (1999) Helminth genome analysis: the current status of the filarial and schistosome genome projects. Parasitology 118, S19-S38.
260. Woodruff, D.S., Merenlender, A.M., Upatham, E.S. and Viyanant, V. (1987) Genetic variation and differentiation of three Schistosoma species from the Philippines, Laos, and peninsular Malaysia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygeine 36, 345-354.
261. Zamparo, D., Brooks, D.R., Hoberg, E.P. and McLennan, D.M. (2001) Phylogenetic analysis of the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) with emphasis on the Neodermata and relatives. Zoologica Scripta 30, 59-77.
262. Zouain, C.S., Azevedo, V.A., Franco, G.R., Pena, S.D. and Goes, A.M. (1998) Identification of genes encoding Schistosoma mansoni antigens using an antigenic sequence tag strategy. Journal of Parasitology 84, 1307-1310.
263. Zurita, M., Bieber, D., Ringold, G. and Mansour, T.E. (1988) cDNA cloning and gene characterization of the mitochondrial large subunit (LSU) rRNA from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Evidence of heterogeneity in the fluke mitochondrial genome. Nucleic Acids Research 16, 7001-7012.