B-cell immunotherapeutics: Emerging roles in solid organ transplantation

Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 416-424

  Jordan, Stanley C ^a,b   Kahwaji, Joseph ^c   Toyoda, Mieko ^a,b   Vo, Ashley ^a  

^a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology   (United States)

^b CEDARS SINAI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

alloimmunity; B cells; BAFF APRIL; human leukocyte antigen sensitization; IL 6 receptor; intravenous immunoglobulin; rituximab

Indexed keywords

ALLOANTIBODY; APRIL PROTEIN; B CELL ACTIVATING FACTOR; B LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR; B7 ANTIGEN; BELIMUMAB; CD19 ANTIBODY; CD20 ANTIBODY; CD20 ANTIGEN; CD40 ANTIGEN; EPRATUZUMAB; FC RECEPTOR; FC RECEPTOR IIB; GAMMA INTERFERON; HLA ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 6; LYMPHOTOXIN; MDX 1342; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; OCRELIZUMAB; OFATUMUMAB; REDITUX; RITUXIMAB; SBI 087; STEROID; THYMOCYTE ANTIBODY; TOCILIZUMAB; TRU 015; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VELTUZUMAB;

ALLOGRAFT; ALLOIMMUNITY; ANTIBODY DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY; ANTIBODY MEDIATED REJECTION; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; APOPTOSIS; B LYMPHOCYTE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BLOOD GROUP ABO INCOMPATIBILITY; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CHRONIC DISEASE; DENDRITIC CELL; DESENSITIZATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG BINDING; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; GLOMERULOPATHY; GRAFT DYSFUNCTION; GRAFT RECIPIENT; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFECTIOUS COMPLICATION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; LYMPHOCYTE DEPLETION; LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; ORGAN DONOR; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PATHOGENESIS; PLASMA CELL; PLASMAPHERESIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SPLENECTOMY; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; T LYMPHOCYTE MEDIATED REJECTION; TRANSPLANT GLOMERULOPATHY; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UPREGULATION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANIMALS; B-LYMPHOCYTES; BLOOD GROUPING AND CROSSMATCHING; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 80051797436     PISSN: 10872418     EISSN: 15317013     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOT.0b013e32834874f7     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Townsend M, Monroe J, Chan A. B-cell targeted therapies in human autoimmune diseases: An updated perspective. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:264-283. This is an excellent review of current and developing B-cell therapeutics.
2. Rothstein T. Grand challenges in B-cell biology. Front Immunol 2011; 2:1-2.
3. Dorner T, Radbruch A, Burmester G. B-cell directed therapies for autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2009; 5:433-441.
4. Chan A, Carter P. Therapeutic antibodies for autoimmunity and inflammation. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 10:301-316. This is another excellent and comprehensive review of all therapeutic antibodies aimed at autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.
5. Levesque MC. Translational mini review series on B-cell directed therapies: Recent advances in B-cell directed biological therapies for autoimmune disorders. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:198-208.
6. Zachary A, Eng H. Desensitization: Achieving immune détente. Tissue Antigens 2010; 77:3-8.
7. Marfo K, Lu A, Ling M, Akalin E. Desensitization protocols and their outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6:922-936. This is a comprehensive review of current desensitization practices.
8. Mao Q, Terasaki P, Cai J, et al. Extremely high association between the appearance of HLA antibodies and failure of kidney grafts in a five-year longitudinal study. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:864-871. (Pubitemid 46481194)
9. Shapiro R. Reducing antibody levels in patients undergoing transplantation. N Eng J Med 2008; 359:305-306. (Pubitemid 352008447)
10. Jordan SC, Tyan D, Stablein D, et al. Evaluation of intravenous immunoglobulin as an agent to lower allosensitization and improve transplantation in highly sensitized adult patients with end-stage renal disease: Report of the NIH IG02 trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15:3256-3262. (Pubitemid 39578859)
11. Montgomery RA, Zachary AA, Racusen LC, et al. Plasmapheresis and intravenous immune globulin provides effective rescue therapy for refractory humoral rejection and allows kidneys to be successfully transplanted into cross-match-positive recipients. Transplantation 2000; 70: 887-895.
12. Vo AA, Lukovsky M, Toyoda M, et al. Rituximab and intravenous immune globulin for desensitization during renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:242-251. (Pubitemid 352008439)
13. Vo AA, Peng A, Toyoda M, et al. Use of intravenous immune globulin and rituximab for desensitization of highly HLA-sensitized patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2010; 89:1095-1102. This is a detailed data on the use of IVIG and rituximab in desensitization.
14. Reinsmoen NL, Lai CH, Vo A, et al. Acceptable donor-specific antibody levels allowing for successful deceased and living donor kidney transplantation after desensitization therapy. Transplantation 27; 86:820-825.
15. Shehata N, Palda VA, Meyer RM, et al. The use of immunoglobulin therapy for patients undergoing solid organ transplantation: An evidence-based practice guideline. Transfus Med Rev 2010; 24 (Suppl 1):S7-S27; Review. This is one of the best comprehensive reviews conducted on desensitization practices and treatment of antibody-mediated rejection.
16. Jordan SC, Toyoda M, Kahwaji J, Vo AA. Clinical aspects of intravenous gammaglobulin use in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:196-202.
17. Jordan SC, Toyoda M, Vo AA. Intravenous immunoglobulin a natural regulator of immunity and inflammation. Transplantation 2009; 88:1-6.
18. Durandy A, Kavemi S, Kuijpers T, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins- understanding properties and mechanisms. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 158:2-13.
19. Nimmergahn F, Ravetch J. FCg receptors as regulators of immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:34-47.
20. Smith K, Clatworthy M. FCgRIIB in autoimmunity: Evolutionary and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:328-343. This is an excellent review of the role of FcgRIIB as an important regulator of antibody production and autoimmunity. IVIG upregulates expression of FcgRIIB on B cells. Cross-linking the BCR and FcgRIIB reduces APC activity of B cells and induces apoptosis in B cells. Plasma cells express FcgRIIB. When cross-linked by IgG, apoptosis is induced.
21. Le Pottier L, Bendaoud B, Dueymes M, et al. BAFF, a new target for intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmunity and cancer. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:257-265. (Pubitemid 46790821)
22. Seite JF, Renaudineau Y, Youinou P, et al. IVIG modulates BCR-signaling through CD22 and promotes apoptosis in mature human B-lymphocytes. Blood 2010; 116:1698-1704.
23. Proulx D, Aubin E, Lemieux R, Bazin R. Inhibition of B-cell mediated antigen presentation by intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:422-429.
24. Smith MR. Rituximab (monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody): Mechanisms of action and resistance. Oncogene 2003; 22:7359-7368.
25. Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, et al. Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to antitumor necrosis factor therapy: Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:2793-2806. (Pubitemid 44497758)
26. Leandro MJ, Cambridge G, Ehrenstein MR, Edwards JC. Reconstitution of peripheral blood B cells after depletion with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:613-620. (Pubitemid 43228639)
27. Sfikakis P, Souliotis V, Fragiadaki K, et al. Increased Expression of the Fox P3 functional marker of regulatory T-cells following B-cell depletion with rituximab in patients with SLE. Clin Immunol 2007; 123:66-73. (Pubitemid 46401511)
28. Kahwaji J, Tong C, Jordan SC, Vo AA. Rituximab: An emerging therapeutic agent for kidney transplantation. Transplant ResRisk Manag 2009; 1:15-29.
29. Genberg H, Kumlien G, Wennberg L, et al. ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation using antigen-specific immunoadsorption and rituximab: A 3-year follow-up. Transplantation 2008; 85:1745-1754.
30. Ramos EJ, Pollinger HS, Stegall MD, et al. The effect of desensitization protocols on human splenic B-cell populations in vivo. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:402-407. (Pubitemid 46096333)
31. Anolik JH, Barnard J, Owen T, et al. Delayed memory B cell recovery in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue in systemic lupus erythematosus after B cell depletion therapy. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56:3044-3056. (Pubitemid 47502752)
32. Kopchaliiska D, Zachary AA, Montgomery RA, Leffell MS. Reconstitution of peripheral allospecific CD19+ B-cell subsets after B-lymphocyte depletion therapy in renal transplant patients. Transplantation 2009; 87:1394-1401.
33. Montgomery RA, Locke JE, King KE, et al. ABO incompatible renal transplantation: A paradigm ready for broad implementation. Transplantation 2009; 87:1246-1255.
34. Fuchinoue S, Ishii Y, Sawada T, et al. The 5-year outcome of ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation with rituximab induction. Transplantation 2011; 91:853-857. This is an excellent review of the importance of rituximab in ABOi transplantation.
35. Shirakawa H, Ishida H, Shimizu T, et al. The use of low-dose rituximab in ABOincompatible transplantation without splenectomy: A single-center experience. Clin. Transplant 2010 [Epub ahead of print].
36. Kahwaji J, Vo AA, Jordan SC. ABO blood group incompatibility: A diminishing barrier to successful kidney transplantation? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6:893-900.
37. Jordan SC, Reinsmoen N, Peng A, et al. Advances in diagnosing and managing antibody-mediated rejection. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:2035-2045. This article reviews current therapies for treatment of AMR.
38. Zarkhin V, Li L, Kambham N, et al. A randomized, prospective trial of rituximab for acute rejection in pediatric renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:2607-2617.
39. Steinmetz OM, Lange-Husken F, Turner JE, et al. Rituximab removes intrarenal B cell clusters in patients with renal vascular allograft rejection. Transplantation 2007; 84:842-850. (Pubitemid 351338944)
40. Becker YT, Becker BN, Pirsch JD, Sollinger HW. Rituximab as treatment for refractory kidney transplant rejection. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:996-1001. (Pubitemid 38745599)
41. Celik A, Saglam F, Cavdar C, et al. Successful therapy with rituximab of refractory acute humoral renal transplant rejection: A case report. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:302-304. (Pubitemid 351186612)
42. Mulley WR, Hudson FJ, Tait BD, et al. A single low-fixed dose of rituximab to salvage renal transplants from refractory antibody-mediated rejection. Transplantation 2009; 87:286-289.
43. Kaposztas Z, Podder H, Mauiyyedi S, et al. Impact of rituximab therapy for treatment of acute humoral rejection. Clin Transplant 2009; 23:63-73.
44. Smolen J, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, et al. Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study): A double blind, placebo controlled, randomized trial. Lancet 2008; 371:987-997. (Pubitemid 351392039)
45. Sis B, Mengel M, Haas M, et al. Banff '09 meeting report: Antibody mediated graft deterioration and implementation of Banff working groups. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:464-471.
46. Billing H, Rieger S, Ovens J, et al. Successful treatment of chronic antibodymediated rejection with IVIG and rituximab in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2008; 86:1214-1221.
47. Fehr T, Rusi B, Fischer A, et al. Rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of chronic antibody-mediated kidney allograft rejection. Transplantation 2009; 87:1837-1841.
48. Carey K. Biosimilars encircle rituxan, US debates innovator exclusivity. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:177-178.
49. Wigglesworth AK, Ennis KM, Kockler DR. Belimumab: A BlyS specific inhibitor for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44: 1955-1961.
50. Sanz I, Lee FE. B-cells as therapeutic targets in SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6:326-337.
51. Mackay F, Figgett WA, Saulep D, et al. B-cell stage and context-dependent requirements for survival signals from BAFF and the B-cell receptor. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:205-225.
52. Roll P, Muhammad K, Schumann M, et al. In vivo effect of the antiinterleukin-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab on the B-cell compartment. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63:1255-1264.
53. Kishimoto T. IL-6: From its discovery to clinical applications. Int Immunol 2010; 22:347-352.
54. Illei G, Shirota Y, Yarboro C, et al. Tocilizumab in SLE. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62:542-552.