Polarization Mode Dispersion

Optical Fiber Telecommunications V1A

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 605-669

  Brodsky, Misha ^a   Frigo, Nicholas J ^b   Tur, Moshe ^c  

^a AT AND T LABS RESEARCH   (United States)

^b UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY   (United States)

^c TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80051757716     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374171-4.00017-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (128)

1. Poole C.D., Wagner R.E. Phenomenological approach to polarization dispersion in long single-mode fibers. Electron. Lett. 1986, 23:1113-1114.
2. Poole C.D., Winters J.H., Nagel J.A. Dynamical equation for polarization dispersion. Opt. Lett. March 1991, 16(6):372-374.
3. Curti F., Daino B., DeMarchis G., Matera F. Statistical treatment of the evolution of the principal states of polarization in single-mode fibers. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 1990, LT-8:1162-1166.
4. Foschini G.J., Poole C.D. Statistical theory of polarization dispersion in single mode fibers. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 1991, LT-9:1439-1456.
5. Poole C.D., Nagel J.A. Polarization effects in lightwave systems. Optical Fiber Telecommunications III A 1997, 114-161. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. I.P. Kaminow, T.L. Koch (Eds.).
6. Kogelnik H., Jopson R.M., Nelson L.E. Polarization mode dispersion. Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV B 2002, 725-861. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. I.P. Kaminow, T. Li (Eds.).
7. Gordon J.P., Kogelnik H. PMD Fundamentals: Polarization mode dispersion in optical fibers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97(9):4541-4550.
8. Damask J.N. Polarization Optics in Telecommunications 2004, Springer, New York, NY.
9. Polarization Mode Dispersion 2005, Springer, New York, NY. A. Galtarossa, C.R. Menyuk (Eds.).
10. Brodsky M., Frigo N.J., Boroditsky M., Tur M. Polarization mode dispersion of installed fibers. J. Lightw. Technol. 2006, 24(12):4584-4599.
11. Gisin N., Pellaux J.P. Polarization mode dispersion: time vs frequency domains. Opt. Commun. 1992, 89:316-323.
12. Ulrich R. Representation of codirectional coupled waves. Opt. Lett. 1977, 5:109-111.
13. Ulrich R., Simon A. Polarization optics of twisted single-mode fibers. Appl. Opt. 1979, 18(13):2241-2251.
14. Frigo N.J. A generalized geometrical representation of coupled mode theory. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 1986, QE-22:2121-2140.
15. Kogelnik H., Nelson L.E., Gordon J.P. Emulation and inversion of polarization mode dispersion. J. Lightw. Technol. February 2003, 21(2).
16. Galtarossa A., Griggio P., Palmieri L., Pizzinat A. Low-PMD spun fibers. J. Opt. Fiber Commun. Rep. 2004, 1:32-62.
17. Shtaif M., Mecozzi A. Study of the frequency autocorrelation of the differential group delay in fibers with polarization mode dispersion. Opt. Lett. 2000, 25:707-709.
18. Gisin N., Gisin B., Von der Weid J.P., Passy R. How accurately can one measure a statistical quantity like polarization-mode dispersion. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 1996, 8:1671-1673.
19. Antonelli C., Mecozzi A. Statistics of the DGD in PMD emulators. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2004, 16(8):1840-1842.
20. Antonelli C., Mecozzi A. Theoretical characterization and system impact of the hinge model of PMD. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 2006, 24(11):4064-4074.
21. Boroditsky M., Brodsky M., Magill P.D., et al. Outage probabilities for fiber routes with finite number of degrees of freedom. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2005, 17(2):345-347.
22. De Angelis C., Galtarossa A., Gianello G., et al. Time evolution of polarization mode dispersion in long terrestrial links. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. May 1992, 10:552-555.
23. Caponi R., Riposati B., Rossaro A., Schiano M. WDM Design Issues with Highly Correlated PMD Spectra of Buried Optical Cables 2002, 453-455.
24. Karlsson M., Brentel M.J., Andrekson P. Long-term measurement of PMD and polarization drift in installed fibers. J. Lightw. Technol. 2000, 18:941-951.
25. Brodsky M., Magill P., Frigo N.J. Polarization mode dispersion of installed recent vintage fiber as a parametric function of temperature. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett 2004, 16(1):209-211.
26. M. Brodsky, P. Magill, and N. J. Frigo, "Evidence for Parametric Dependence of PMD on Temperature in Installed 0.05 ps/km1/2 Fiber," in Proc. ECOC, 4, paper 9.3.2, 2002.
27. M. Brodsky, P. Magill, and N. J. Frigo, "Long-Term PMD Characterization of Installed Fibers - How Much Time is Adequate," in Proc. OFC, paper FI5, 2004.
28. P. K. Kondamuri, C. Allen, and D. L. Richards, "Variation of PMD-Induced Outage Rates and Durations with Link Length on Buried Standard Single-Mode Fibers," in Proc. OFC, paper OThX3, 2005.
29. Kondamuri P.K., Allen C., Richards D.L. Study of Variation of the Laplacian Parameter of DGD Time Derivative with Fiber Length Using Measured DGD Data 2004, 91-94.
30. Brodsky M., Martinez J., Frigo N.J., Sirenko A. Dispersion Compensation Module as a Polarization Hinge 2005, 335-336. paper We 1.3.2.
31. Brodsky M., Boroditsky M., Magill P.D., et al. Field Measurements Through a Commercial, Raman-Amplified ULH Transmission System 2003, 15-16. paper MB3.3.
32. Brodsky M., Boroditsky M., Magill P., et al. Channel-to-Channel Variation of Non-Maxwellian Statistics of DGD in a Field Installed System. Proc. ECOC 2004, 3:306-309. paper We 1.4.1.
33. Brodsky M., Boroditsky M., Magill P., et al. Persistence of spectral variations in DGD statistics. Opt. Express May 2005, 13:4090-4095.
34. Nolan D.A., Chen X., Li M.-J. Fibers with low polarization-mode dispersion. J. Lightw. Technol. 2004, 22(4):1066-1077.
35. Boroditsky M., Brodsky M., Frigo N.J., et al. In-service measurements of polarization mode dispersion and correlation to bit-error rate. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett 2003, 15:572-574.
36. Poole C.D., Tkach R.W., Chraplyvy A.R., Fishman D.A. Fading in lightwave systems due to polarization-mode dispersion. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. January 1991, 3(1):68-70.
37. Boroditsky M., Cornick K., Antonelli C., et al. Comparison of system penalties from first- and multi-order polarization-mode dispersion. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett August 2005, 17:1650-1652. see also correction in 19(8), 628, April 2007.
38. Winzer P.J., Kogelnik H., Ramanan K. Precise outage specification for first-order PMD. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. February 2004, 16(2).
39. Winzer P.J., Essiambre R.-J. Advanced Optical Modulation Formats. Proc. IEEE May 2006, 94(5).
40. Xie C., Moller L., Haunstein H., Hunsche S. Polarization Mode Dispersion Induced Impairments in Different Modulation Formats. Proc. OFC 2003, 1:258.
41. Winzer P.J., Kogelnik H., Kim C.H., et al. Reciever impact on first-order PMD outage. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. October 2003, 15(10).
42. M. D. Feuer and M. Brodsky, private communication.
43. Haunstein H.F., Sauer-Greff W., Dittrich A., et al. Principles for electronic equalization of polarization mode dispersion. J. Lightw. Technol. April 2004, 22(4).
44. Gene J.M., Winzer P.J., Chandrasekhar S., Kogelnik H. Simultaneous compensation of polarization mode dispersion and chromatic dispersion using electronic signal processing. J. Lightw. Technol. July 2007, 25(7):1735-1741.
45. Cornick K.E., Brodsky M., Birk M., Feuer M.D. MLSE receiver tolerance to all-order polarization mode dispersion. Opt. Express November 2007, 15(24):15999-16004.
46. Wang S.X., Weiner A.M., Boroditsky M., Brodsky M. Monitoring PMD-induced penalty and other system performance metrics via a high-speed spectral polarimeter. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. August 2006, 18:1753-1755.
47. Wang S.X., Weiner A.M. A complete spectral polarimeter design for lightwave communication systems. J. Lightw. Technol. November 2006, 24(11):3982-3991.
48. Cornick K., Boroditsky M., Frigo N.J., et al. Experimental Comparison of System Penalties Due to 1st Order and Multi-Order Polarization Mode Dispersion. Proc. OFC 2005, OFF6.
49. Antonelli C., Mecozzi A., Cornick K., et al. PMD-induced penalty statistics in fiber links. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2005, 17(5):1013-1015.
50. Kogelnik H., Winzer H.P.J., Nelson L.E., et al. First-order PMD outage for the hinge model. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. June 2005, 17:1208-1210.
51. Mecozzi A., Antonelli C., Boroditsky M., Brodsky M. Characterization of the time dependence of polarization mode dispersion. Opt. Lett November 2004, 29:2599-2601.
52. Shtaif M., Boroditsky M. The effect of the frequency dependence of PMD on the performance of optical communications systems. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2003, 15(10):1369-1371.
53. Kogelnik H., Nelson L.E., Winzer P.J. Second-order PMD outage of first-order compensated fiber system. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. April 2004, 16(4).
54. Karlsson M., Brentel J. Autocorrelation function of the polarization-mode dispersion vector. Opt. Lett. July 1999, 24(14):939.
55. Shtaif M., Mecozzi A., Nagel J.A. Mean-square magnitude of all orders of polarization mode dispersion and the relation with the bandwidth of the principal states. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. January 2000, 12(1):53.
56. Chen H., Jopson R.M., Kogelnik H. On the bandwidth of higher-order polarization-mode dispersion: the Taylor series expansion. Opt. Express June 2003, 11(11):1270-1282.
57. Antonelli C., Mecozzi A., Cornick K., Boroditsky M. A Statistical Theory of PMD-Induced Power Penalty. Proc. ECOC 2005, We 1.3.3.
58. Forestieri E., Prati G. Exact analytical evaluation of second-order PMD impact on the outage probability for a compensated system. J. Lightw. Technol. April 2004, 22(4).
59. Rasmussen J.C., Isomura A., Ishikawa G. Automatic compensation of polarization mode dispersion for 40Gb/s transmission systems. J. Lightw. Technol. December 2002, 20(12):2101-2109.
60. M. Schmidt, M. Witte, F. Buchali et al., "Adaptive PMD Compensation for 170Gbit/s RZ Transmission Systems with Alternating Polarization," in Proc. OFC 2005, paper JWA38, 2005.
61. R. Leppla, S. Vorbeck, M. Schmidt et al., "PMD Tolereance of 8×170Gbit/s Field Transmission Experiment Over 430km of SSMF with and Without PMDC," in Proc. OFC, paper OFF2, 2005.
62. Kiechbusch S., Ferber S., Rosenfeldt H., et al. Automatic PMD compensator in a 160-Gb/s OTDM transmission over deployed fiber using RZ-DPSK modulation format. J. Lightw. Technol. January 2005, 23(1):165-171.
63. Daikoku M., Miyazaki T., Morita I., et al. 8×160Gb/s WDM field transmission experiment with single polarization RZ-DPSK signals and PMD compensator. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. January 2006, 18(2).
64. Eiselt M., Garrett L., Wiesenfeld J., Tkach R. Is PMD Compensation Really Useful. Proc. OFC 2003, 1:142. paper MF113.
65. M. Eiselt, "PMD Compensation: A System Perspective," in Proc. OFC, paper ThF4, 2004.
66. Eyal A., Marshall W.K., Tur M., Yariv A. Representation of second-order polarisation mode dispersion. Electron. Lett. 16 September 1999, 35(I9):1658.
67. Yaffe H.H., Peterson D.L. Experimental determination of system outage probability due to first and second-order PMD. J. Lightw. Technol. November 2006, 24(11).
68. Fogal S.L., Biondini G., Kath W.L. multiple Importance Sampling for First- and Second-Order PMD 2002, 371-372.
69. Hauer M.C., Yu Q., Lyons E.R., et al. Electrically controllable all-fiber PMD emulator using a compact array of thin-film microheaters. J. Lightw. Technol 2004, 22(4):1059-1065.
70. Lima I.T., Khosravani R., Ebrahimi P., et al. Comparison of polarization mode dispersion emulators. J. Lightw. Technol. December 2001, 19(12):1872.
71. Lefevre H.C. Single-mode fractional wave devices and polarization controller. Electron. Lett. 1980, 16:778.
72. Lizé Y.K., Palmer L., Godbout N., et al. Scalable polarization-mode dispersion emulator with proper first- and second-order statistics. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2005, 17(11):2451-2453.
73. Lize Y.K., Palmer L., Aubé M., et al. Autocorrelation function of the single PC polarization-mode dispersion emulator. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2006, 18(1):217-219.
74. Wegmuller M., Demma S., Vinegoni C., Gisin N. Emulator of first- and second-order polarization-mode dispersion. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2002, 14(5):630-632.
75. Phua P.B., Haus H.A. A deterministically controlled four-segment polarization-mode dispersion emulator. J. Lightw. Technol. 2002, 20(7):1132-1140.
76. Phua P.B., Haus H.A. Variable secondorder PMD module without first-order PMD. J. Lightw. Technol. 2002, 20(11):1951-1956.
77. Phua P.B., Haus H.A., Ippen E.P. Deterministic broad-band PMD emulator. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2004, 16(6):1486-1488.
78. Chipman R.A., Kinnera R. First- and second-order polarization mode dispersion generated by a two-stage emulator. Appl. Opt. 2004, 43(33):6074-6079.
79. Kim N.Y., Park N. Independently tunable first- and second-order polarization-mode dispersion emulator. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett 2005, 17(3):576-578.
80. Damask J.N. Methods to construct programmable PMD Source. I. Technology and theory. J. Lightw. Technol. April 2004, 22(4):997-1005.
81. Damask J.N., Myers P.R., Boschi A., Simer G.J. Demonstration of a coherent PMD source. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. November 2003, 15(11):1612-1614.
82. Evans J.W. The birefringent filter. J. Opt. Soc. Am. March 1949, 39(3).
83. Damask J.N., Gray G., Leo P., et al. Method to measure and estimate total outage probability for PMD-impaired systems. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. January 2003, 15(1):48-50.
84. Lee J.H., Kim M.S., Chung Y.C. Statistical PMD emulator using variable DGD elements. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2003, 15(1):54-56.
85. Damask J.N., Simer G.J., Rochford K.B., Myers P.R. Demonstration of a programmable PMD source. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. February 2003, 15(2):296-298.
86. Yan L., Hauer M.C., Shi Y., et al. Polarization-mode-dispersion emulator using variable differential-group-delay (DGD) elements and its use for experimental importance sampling. J. Lightw. Technol. 2004, 22(4):1051-1057.
87. Yan L., Yeh C., Yang G., et al. Programmable group-delay module using binary polarization switching. J. Lightw. Technol. July 2003, 21(7):1676.
88. Yan L.S., Hauer M., Willner A.E., et al. High-Speed, Stable and Repeatable PMD Emulator wlth Tunable Statisties 2003, 6-7.
89. Yan L.-S., Yao X.S., Willner A.E. Enabling 'Hinge' model in polarization-mode-dispersion statistics using variable differential-group-delay-based emulator. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. January 2006, 18(2):427.
90. Biondini G., Kath W.L. Polarization-mode dispersion emulation with maxwellian lengths and importance sampling. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2004, 16(3):789-791.
91. Shtaif M. The brownian-bridge method for simulating polarization mode dispersion in optical communication systems. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett 2003, 15(1):51-53.
92. Madsen C.K., Cappuzzo M., Laskowski E.J., et al. Versatile integrated PMD emulation and compensation elements. J. Lightw. Technol 2004, 22(4):1041-1050.
93. Yan L., Yao S., Hauer M., Willner A. Practical solutions to polarization mode dispersion emulation and compensation. J. Lightw. Technol. November 2006, 24(11).
94. Buchali F., Bülow H. Adaptive PMD compensation by electrical and optical techniques. J. Lightw. Technol. April 2004, 22(4):1116.
95. Möller L., Su Y., et al. Penalty interference of nonlinear intra-channel effects and PMD in ultra high-speed TDM systems. Electron. Lett. 2002, 38(6):281-283.
96. B. S. Marks and C. R. Menyuk, "Polarization-Mode Dispersion Enhancement of Nonlinear Propagation," in Proc. ECOC, paper Mo3.7.1, 2003.
97. Menyuk C.R., Marks B.S. Interaction of Polarization Mode Dispersion and Nonlinearity in Optical Fiber Transmission Systems. J. Lightw. Technol 2006, 24(7):2806-2826.
98. Zhang G., Stango J.T., Zhang X., Xie C. Impact of fiber nonlinearity on PMD penalty in DWDM transmission systems. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett 2005, 17(2):501-503.
99. Alperovich E., Mecozzi A., Shtaif M. PMD penalties in long nonsoliton systems and the effect of inline filtering. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. May 2005, 8(10):1179.
100. Agrawal G. Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Optics and Photonics), 3rd edn 2001, Academic Press, London.
101. Kaminow I.P. Polarization in optical fibers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. January 1981, QE-17(1):15.
102. Menyuk C.R. Pulse propagation in an elliptically birefringent Kerr medium. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. December 1989, 25(12):2674-2682.
103. M.-J. Li, X. Chen, and D. A. Nolan, "Ultra Low PMD Fibers by Fiber Spinning," in Proc. OFC, paper FA1, 2004.
104. Wai P.K.A., Menyuk C.R. Polarization mode dispersion, decorrelation, and diffusion in optical fibers with randomly varying birefringence. J. Lightw. Technol. February 1996, 14(2):148.
105. Menyuk C.R. Application of multiple-length-scale methods to the study of optical fiber transmission. J. Eng. Math. 1999, 36:113-136.
106. Marcuse D., Menyuk C.R., Wai P.K.A. Application of the Manakov-PMD equation to studies of signal propagation in optical fibers with randomly varying birefringence. J. Lightw. Technol. September 1997, 15(9):1735.
107. Wai P.K.A., Kath W.L., Menyuk C.R., Zhang J.W. Nonlinear polarization-mode dispersion in optical fibers with randomly varying birefringence. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B November 1997, 14(11):2967.
108. Manakov S.V. On the theory of two-dimensional stationary self-focusing of electromagnetic waves. Sov. Phys. JETP 1974, 38:248-253.
109. Bononi A., Vannucci A., Orlandini A., et al. Degree of polarization degradation due to cross-phase modulation and its impact on polarization-mode dispersion compensators. J. Lightw. Technol. 2003, 21(9):1903-1913.
110. Wang D., Menyuk C.R. Reduced model of the evolution of the polarization states in wavelength-division-multiplexed channels. Opt. Lett. 1998, 23:1677-1679.
111. Wang D., Menyuk C.R. Polarization evolution due to Kerr nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion. J. Lightw. Technol. 1999, 17:2520-2529.
112. Karlsson M., Sunnerud H. Effects of nonlinearities on PMD-induced system impairments. J. Lightw. Technol. November 2006, 24(11).
113. Phillips M.R., Woodward S.L., Smith R.L. Cross-polarization modulation: theory and measurement in subcarrier-modulated WDM systems. J. Lightw. Technol. November 2006, 24(11).
114. Mollenauer L.F., Gordon J.P., Heismann F. Polarization scattering by soliton-soliton collisions. Opt. Lett. October 1995, 20(20):2060.
115. Xie C., Möller L., Kilper D.C., Mollenauer L.F. Effect of cross-phase-modulation-induced polarization scattering on optical polarization mode dispersion compensation in wavelength-division-multiplexed systems. Opt. Lett. December 2003, 28(23):2303.
116. Lin Q., Agrawal G.P. Effects of polarization-mode dispersion on cross-phase modulation in dispersion-managed wavelength-division-multiplexed systems. J. Lightw. Technol. 2004, 22(4):977-987.
117. Pachnicke S., Voges E., De Man E., et al. Experimental Investigation of XPM-Induced Birefringence in Mixed-Fiber Transparent Optical Networks 2006.
118. Hanik N. Influence of Polarisation Mode Dispersion on the Effect of Cross Phase Modulation in Optical WDM Transmission, in Proc. of Transparent Optical Networks 2004, 1:190-194.
119. Khosravani R., Xie Y., Yan L.-S, et al. Limitations to First-Order PMD Compensation in WDM Systems Due to XPM-Induced PSP Changes. Proc. OFC 2001, 3. WAA5-1-WAA5-3.
120. Collings B.C., Boivin L. Nonlinear polarization evolution induced by cross-phase modulation and its impact on transmission systems. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. November 2000, 12(11):1582.
121. Boroditsky M., Bourd M., Tur M. Effect of nonlinearities on PMD. J. Lightw. Technol. November 2006, 24(11).
122. Khosravani R. Timing-Jitter in High Bit-Rate WDM Communication Systems Due to PMD-Nonlinearity Interaction. Proc. OFC 2005, 5:3.
123. Sunnerud H., Xie C., Karlsson M., et al. A comparison between different PMD compensation techniques. J. Lightw. Technol 2002, 20(3):368-378.
124. Lee J.H., Park K.J., Kim C.H., Chung Y.C. Effects of nonlinear crosstalk in optical PMD compensation. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. August 2002, 14(8):1082.
125. Corbel E., Thiéry J.P., Lanne S., et al. Experimental Statistical Assessment of XPM Impact on Optical PMD Compensator Efficiency. Proc. OFC 2003, 499-501. paper ThJ2.
126. Pan Z., Yu Q., Arieli Y., Willner A.E. The effects of XPM-induced fast polarization-state fluctuations on PMD compensated WDM systems. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett 2004, 16(8):1963-1965.
127. Lin Q., Agrawal G.P. Impact of polarization-mode dispersion on measurement of zero-dispersion wavelength through four-wave mixing. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. December 2003, 15(12):1719.
128. Moller L., Boivin L., Chandrasekhar S., Buhl L.L. Setup for demonstration of cross channelinduced nonlinear PMD in WDM system. Electron. Lett. March 2001, 37(5):306.