Perioperative management of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer

Current Opinion in Urology

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 403-408

  Falke, Johannes ^a   Witjes, J Alfred ^b  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Bladder cancer; diagnosis; transurethral resection; treatment; urothelial cell carcinoma

Indexed keywords

AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; AMINOLEVULINIC ACID HEXYL ESTER; BCG VACCINE; GEMCITABINE;

BLADDER CANCER; BLADDER IRRIGATION; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER THERAPY; CYSTECTOMY; CYSTOSCOPY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; NARROW BAND IMAGING; NOMOGRAM; NONMUSCLE INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SELECTION; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PHOTODYNAMIC DIAGNOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION;

CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; REOPERATION; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 80051751626     PISSN: 09630643     EISSN: 14736586     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOU.0b013e3283490560     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Babjuk M, Oosterlinck W, Sylvester R, et al. EAU guidelines on nonmuscleinvasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 2008;54:303-314.
2. Hall MC, Chang SS, Dalbagni G, et al. Guideline for the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (Stages Ta, T1, and Tis): 2007 update. J Urol 2007;178:2314-2330. (Pubitemid 350080987)
3. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology, bladder cancer, version 2. 2011. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc.
4. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM, Oosterlinck W, et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol 2006;49:466-477.
5. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2009.
6. Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, et al. World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. Lyon: IARC Press; 2004.
7. Fernandez-Gomez J, Madero R, Solsona E, et al. Predicting nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer recurrence and progression in patients treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: the CUETO Scoring Model. J Urol 2009;182:2195-2203.
8. Babjuk M, Oosterlinck W, Sylvester R, et al. EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, the 2011 update. Eur Urol 2011;59:997-1008. This article summarizes the European guideline on nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. It discusses the latest developments in the treatment of nonmuscleinvasive bladder cancer and provides updated levels of evidence and grades of recommendation.
9. Gofrit ON, Pode D, Lazar A, et al. Watchful waiting policy in recurrent Ta G1 bladder tumors. Eur Urol 2006;49:303-307.
10. Hernandez V, Alvarez M, De la Pena E, et al. Safety of active surveillance program for recurrent nonmuscle-invasive bladder carcinoma. Urology 2009;73:1306-1310.
11. Soloway MS, Bruck DS, Kim SS. Expectant management of small, recurrent, noninvasive papillary bladder tumors. J Urol 2003;170:438-441. (Pubitemid 36870219)
12. Babjuk M. Second resection for non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma: current role and future perspectives. Eur Urol 2010;58:191-192.
13. Divrik RT, Yildirim U, Zorlu F, Ozen H. The effect of repeat transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with T1 tumors of the bladder who received intravesical mitomycin: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Urol 2006;175:1641-1644.
14. Grimm MO, Steinhoff C, Simon X, et al. Effect of routine repeat transurethral resection for superficial bladder cancer: a long-term observational study. J Urol 2003;170:433-437. (Pubitemid 36870218)
15. Herr HW, Donat SM. Quality control in transurethral resection of bladder tumours. BJU Int 2008;102:1242-1246.
16. Jahnson S, Wiklund F, Duchek M, et al. Results of second-look resection after primary resection of T1 tumour of the urinary bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2005;39:206-210. (Pubitemid 40979079)
17. Miladi M, Peyromaure M, Zerbib M, et al. The value of a second transurethral resection in evaluating patients with bladder tumours. Eur Urol 2003;43:241-245. (Pubitemid 36314235)
18. Brausi M, Collette L, Kurth K, et al. Variability in the recurrence rate at first follow-up cystoscopy after TUR in stage Ta T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a combined analysis of seven EORTC studies. Eur Urol 2002;41:523-530.
19. Divrik RT, Sahin AF, Yildirim U, et al. Impact of routine second transurethral resection on the long-term outcome of patients with newly diagnosed pT1 urothelial carcinoma with respect to recurrence, progression rate, and disease-specific survival: a prospective randomised clinical trial. Eur Urol 2010;58:185-190. This trial with 210 patients shows the beneficial effect of a second TURBT in reduction of the risk for progression and recurrence.
20. Herr HW. Role of re-resection in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Scientific World Journal 2011;11:283-288. A good overview of the value of a standard second resection.
21. Wiesner C, Jager W, Thuroff JW. Surgery illustrated - surgical atlas. BJU Int 2010;105:1610-1621.
22. Furuse H, Ozono S. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: basic skills. Int J Urol 2010;17:698-699.
23. Krieg RC, Messmann H, Rauch J, et al. Metabolic characterization of tumor cell-specific protoporphyrin IX accumulation after exposure to 5-aminolevulinic acid in human colonic cells. Photochem Photobiol 2002;76:518-525.
24. Fradet Y, Grossman HB, Gomella L, et al. A comparison of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy and white light cystoscopy for the detection of carcinoma in situ in patients with bladder cancer: a phase III, multicenter study. J Urol 2007;178:68-73. (Pubitemid 46908730)
25. Schmidbauer J, Witjes F, Schmeller N, et al. Improved detection of urothelial carcinoma in situ with hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy. J Urol 2004;171:135-138. (Pubitemid 37549108)
26. Schumacher MC, Holmang S, Davidsson T, et al. Transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder transitional cell cancers with or without 5-aminolevulinic acid under visible and fluorescent light: results of a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Eur Urol 2010;57:293-299. In this large randomized trial, no benefit of PDD with 5-ALA was seen on the numbers of detected tumors, the progression rates, and the recurrence rates.
27. Stanislaus P, Zaak D, Stadler T, et al. Photodynamic diagnosis in patients with T1G3 bladder cancer: influence on recurrence rate. World J Urol 2010;28:407-411.
28. Blanco S, Raber M, Leone BE, et al. Early detection of urothelial premalignant lesions using hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy in high risk patients. J Transl Med 2010;8:120.
29. Hermann GG, Mogensen K, Carlsson S, et al. Fluorescence-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumours reduces bladder tumour recurrence due to less residual tumour tissue in T a/T1 patients: a randomized two-centre study. BJU Int 2011:1464-410X.
30. Stenzl A, Penkoff H, Dajc-Sommerer E, et al. Detection and clinical outcome of urinary bladder cancer with 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence cystoscopy. A multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer 2011;117:938-947. In this trial with 381 patients, the use of PDD with 5-ALA resulted in a slightly higher detection rate, but this did not translate into a lower recurrence rate after 12 months.
31. Stenzl A, Burger M, Fradet Y, et al. Hexaminolevulinate guided fluorescence cystoscopy reduces recurrence in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 2010;184:1907-1913. This large multicenter study with 766 patients compared PDD with HAL versus white light cystoscopy. Despite a relative short follow-up, a significant better recurrence-free survival was seen in favor of the PDD-HAL group.
32. Kausch I, Sommerauer M, Montorsi F, et al. Photodynamic diagnosis in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and cumulative analysis of prospective studies. Eur Urol 2010;57:595-606. A systematic review showing a higher detection and higher recurrence-free survival when using PDD.
33. Mowatt G, N'Dow J, Vale L, et al. Photodynamic diagnosis of bladder cancer compared with white light cystoscopy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Technol Assess Healthcare 2011;27:3-10. A systematic review showing a sensitivity of 92% for PDD versus 71% for white light cystoscopy.
34. Draga ROP, Grimbergen MCM, Kok ET, et al. Photodynamic diagnosis (5-aminolevulinic acid) of transitional cell carcinoma after Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy and mitomycin C intravesical therapy. Eur Urol 2010;57:655-660.
35. Burger M, Stief CG, Zaak D, et al. Hexaminolevulinate is equal to 5-aminolevulinic acid concerning residual tumor and recurrence rate following photodynamic diagnostic assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumors. Urology 2009;74:1282-1286.
36. Witjes JA, Redorta JP, Jacqmin D, et al. Hexaminolevulinate-guided fluorescence cystoscopy in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: review of the evidence and recommendations. Eur Urol 2010;57:607-614.
37. Herr HW, Donat SM. A comparison of white-light cystoscopy and narrowband imaging cystoscopy to detect bladder tumour recurrences. BJU Int 2008;102:1111-1114.
38. Cauberg ECC, Kloen S, Visser M, et al. Narrow band imaging cystoscopy improves the detection of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urology 2010;76:658-663.
39. Tatsugami K, Kuroiwa K, Kamoto T, et al. Evaluation of narrow-band imaging as a complementary method for the detection of bladder cancer. J Endourol 2010;24:1807-1811.
40. Cauberg ECC, Mamoulakis C, De la Rosette JJ, De Reijke T. Narrow band imaging-assisted transurethral resection for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer significantly reduces early tumour recurrence rate. World J Urol 2011. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1007/s00345-011-0659-2 NBI-assisted TURBT reduced the residual tumor rate when compared to a matched cohort.
41. Herr HW, Donat SM. Reduced bladder tumour recurrence rate associated with narrow-band imaging surveillance cystoscopy. BJU Int 2011;107:396-398.
42. Canetta E, Mazilu M, De Luca AC, et al. Modulated Raman spectroscopy for enhanced identification of bladder tumor cells in urine samples. J Biomed Opt 2011;16:037002.
43. Shapiro A, Gofrit ON, Pizov G, et al. Raman molecular imaging: a novel spectroscopic technique for diagnosis of bladder cancer in urine specimens. Eur Urol 2011;59:106-112.
44. Draga ROP, Grimbergen MCM, Vijverberg PLM, et al. In vivo bladder cancer diagnosis by high-volume Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2010;82:5993-5999.
45. Hermes B, Spoler F, Naami A, et al. Visualization of the basement membrane zone of the bladder by optical coherence tomography: feasibility of noninvasive evaluation of tumor invasion. Urology 2008;72:677-681.
46. Karl A, Stepp H, Willmann E, et al. Optical coherence tomography for bladder cancer: ready as a surrogate for optical biopsy? Results of a prospective mono-centre study. Eur J Med Res 2010;15:131-134.
47. Ukai R, Hashimoto K, Iwasa T, Nakayama H. Transurethral resection in one piece (TURBO) is an accurate tool for pathological staging of bladder tumor. Int J Urol 2010;17:708-714.
48. Wilby D, Thomas K, Ray E, et al. Bladder cancer: new TUR techniques. World J Urol 2009;27:309-312.
49. Duchek M, Johansson R, Jahnson S, et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin is superior to a combination of epirubicin and interferon-alpha 2b in the intravesical treatment of patients with stage T1 urinary bladder cancer. A prospective, randomized, Nordic study. Eur Urol 2010;57:25-31.
50. Mariappan P, Zachou A, Grigor KM. Detrusor muscle in the first, apparently complete transurethral resection of bladder tumour specimen is a surrogate marker of resection quality, predicts risk of early recurrence, and is dependent on operator experience. Eur Urol 2010;57:843-849. This article emphasizes on the need of a complete TURBT, including detrusor muscle.
51. Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, van der Meijden APM. A single immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decreases the risk of recurrence in patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 2004;171:2186-2190. (Pubitemid 38625431)
52. Berrum-Svennung I, Granfors T, Jahnson S, et al. A single instillation of epirubicin after transurethral resection of bladder tumors prevents only small recurrences. J Urol 2008;179:101-105.
53. Gudjonsson S, Adell L, Merdasa F, et al. Should all patients with non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer receive early intravesical chemotherapy after transurethral resection? The results of a prospective randomised multicentre study. Eur Urol 2009;55:773-780.
54. Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA. The schedule and duration of intravesical chemotherapy in patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review of the published results of randomized clinical trials. Eur Urol 2008;53:709-719.
55. Sylvester RJ, Brausi MA, Kirkels WJ, et al. Long-term efficacy results of EORTC genito-urinary group randomized phase 3 study 30911 comparing intravesical instillations of epirubicin, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus isoniazid in patients with intermediate-and high-risk stage TaT1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 2010;57:766-773. The long-term follow-up of a large EORTC trial shows that BCG is superior to intravesical chemo, not only in preventing recurrences, but also for overall survival and disease-specific survival.
56. Lamm D, Persad R, Colombel M, Brausi M. Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: the standard of care for the prophylaxis and management of intermediate-and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol Suppl 2010;9:715-734. A review article discusses the controversies about the evidence for maintenance BCG in intermediate-risk and high-risk bladder cancer.
57. Shelley MD, Mason MD, Kynaston H. Intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer: a systematic review of randomised trials and meta-analyses. Cancer Treat Rev 2010;36:195-205. This review article discusses the controversies about the evidence to use BCG in subsets of bladder cancer patients.
58. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM, Witjes JA, Kurth K. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus chemotherapy for the intravesical treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 2005;174:86-91. (Pubitemid 40825679)
59. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM, Lamm DL. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 2002;168:1964-1970.
60. Malmstrom PU, Sylvester RJ, Crawford DE, et al. An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2009;56:247-256.
61. Gontero P, Bohle A, Malmstrom PU, et al. The role of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2010;57:410-429.
62. Witjes JA, Palou J, Soloway M, et al. Clinical practice recommendations for the prevention and management of intravesical therapy-associated adverse events. Eur Urol Suppl 2008;7:667-674.
63. Sylvester RJ. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Int J Urol 2011;18:113-120.
64. Birkhahn M, Mitra AP, Williams AJ, et al. Predicting recurrence and progression of noninvasive papillary bladder cancer at initial presentation based on quantitative gene expression profiles. Eur Urol 2010;57:12-20. This study shows how genetic profiling may predict the outcome of NMIBC.
65. Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Theranostic and prognostic biomarkers: genomic applications in urological malignancies. Pathology 2010;42:384-394. This study gives an impression of how biomarkers could be used for detection, prognosis, and prediction of treatment success.
66. Di Lorenzo G, Perdona S, Damiano R, et al. Gemcitabine versus Bacille Calmette-Guerin after initial Bacille Calmette-Guerin failure in non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer. A multicenter prospective randomized trial. Cancer 2010;116:1893-1900.
67. Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Stephen RL, et al. Intravesical electromotive mitomycin C versus passive transport mitomycin C for high risk superficial bladder cancer: a prospective randomized study. J Urol 2003;170:777-782. (Pubitemid 36999554)
68. Colombo R, Salonia A, Leib Z, et al. Long-term outcomes of a randomized controlled trial comparing thermochemotherapy with mitomycin-C alone as adjuvant treatment for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). BJU Int 2011;107:912-918.
69. Nativ O, Witjes JA, Hendricksen K, et al. Combined thermo-chemotherapy for recurrent bladder cancer after Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Urol 2009'; 182:1313-1317. This article shows the promising results on the long-term outcome of thermochemotherapy compared with chemotherapy.
70. Witjes JA, Hendricksen K, Gofrit O, et al. Intravesical hyperthermia and mitomycin-C for carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: experience of the European Synergo (A (R)) working party. World J Urol 2009;27:319-324.