When Experts Argue: Explaining the Best and the Worst of Reasoning

Argumentation

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 313-327

  Mercier, Hugo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Argumentation; Expertise; Group decision making; Reasoning

Indexed keywords

EID: 80051743285     PISSN: 0920427X     EISSN: 15728374     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10503-011-9222-y     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Allgeier, A. R., D. Byrne, B. Brooks, and D. Revnes. 1979. The waffle phenomenon: Negative evaluations of those who shift attitudinally. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 9(2): 170-182.
2. Bailenson, J. N., and L. J. Rips. 1996. Informal reasoning and burden of proof. Applied Cognitive Psychology 10(7): 3-16.
3. Bainbridge, S. M. 2002. Why a board? Group decision making in corporate governance. Vanderbilt Law Review 55: 1-55.
4. Baron, J. 1995. Myside bias in thinking about abortion. Thinking and Reasoning 1: 221-235.
5. Birch, S., and P. Bloom. 2003. Children are cursed: An asymmetric bias in mental-state attribution. Psychological Science 14(3): 283-286.
6. Bothwell, R. K., and J. Brigham. 1983. Selective evaluation and recall during the 1980 Reagan-carter debate 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 13(5): 427-442.
7. Cassidy, J. 2010. After the blowup. New Yorker 85(44): 28-33. http://www. newyorker. com/reporting/2010/01/11/100111fa_fact_cassidy.
8. Chaiken, S., and D. Maheswaran. 1994. Heuristic processing can bias systematic processing: Effects of source credibility, argument ambiguity, and task importance on attitude judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66(3): 460-473.
9. Chambers, S. 2004. Behind closed doors: Publicity, secrecy, and the quality of deliberation. Journal of Political Philosophy 12(4): 389-410.
10. Cohen, S. G., and D. E. Bailey. 1997. What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite. Journal of management 23(3): 239-290.
11. Cross, F. B., and E. H. Tiller. 1998. Judicial partisanship and obedience to legal doctrine: Whistleblowing on the federal courts of appeals. Yale Law Journal 107(7): 2155-2176.
12. Dawkins, R., and J. R. Krebs. 1979. Arms races between and within species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 205(1161): 489-511.
13. de Vries, M., C. L. Witteman, R. W. Holland, and A. Dijksterhuis. 2010. The unconscious thought effect in clinical decision making: An Example in diagnosis. Medical Decision Making 30(5): 578-581.
14. Denes-Raj, V., and S. Epstein. 1994. Conflict between intuitive and rational processing: When people behave against their better judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66(5): 819-829.
15. Dessalles, J. 2007. Why we talk: The evolutionary origins of language. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.
16. Dienes, Z., and J. Perner. 1999. A theory of implicit and explicit knowledge. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22(05): 735-808.
17. Dijksterhuis, A., M. W. Bos, A. van der Leij, and R. B. van Baaren. 2009. Predicting soccer matches after unconscious and conscious thought as a function of expertise. Psychological Science 20(11): 1381-1387.
18. Dubreuil, B. 2010. Paleolithic public goods games: Why human culture and cooperation did not evolve in one step. Biology and Philosophy 25(1): 53-73.
19. Dunbar, K. 1995. How scientists really reason: Scientific reasoning in real-world laboratories. In The nature of insight, ed. R. J. Sternberg and J. Davidson, 365-395. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
20. Elster, J. 1995. Strategic uses of argument. In Barriers to conflict resolution, ed. K. Arrow, R. Mnookin, L. Ross, A. Tversky, and R. Wilson, 236-257. New York: Norton.
21. Evans, J. 2002. Logic and human reasoning: An assessment of the deduction paradigm. Psychological Bulletin 128(6): 978-996.
22. Evans, J. 2007. Hypothetical thinking: Dual processes in reasoning and judgment. Hove: Psychology Press.
23. Festinger, L. 1957. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
24. Gladwell, M. 2005. Blink: The power of thinking without thinking. Little, Brown: Boston.
25. Green, K., J. Armstrong, and A. Graefe. 2007. Methods to elicit forecasts from groups delphi and prediction markets compared. MPRA paper no. 4663.
26. Hahn, U., and M. Oaksford. 2007. The rationality of informal argumentation: A bayesian approach to reasoning fallacies. Psychological Review 114(3): 704-732.
27. Halberstam, D. 2001. The best and the brightest. New York: Random House.
28. Heesacker, M., R. Petty, and J. Cacioppo. 1983. Field dependence and attitude change: Source credibility can alter persuasion by affecting message-relevant thinking. Journal of Personality 51(4): 653-666.
29. Hinds, P. J. 1999. The curse of expertise: The effects of expertise and debiasing methods on predictions of novice performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied 5: 205-221.
30. Hrdy, S. 2009. Mothers and others. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
31. Janis, I. L. 1982. Groupthink, vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
32. Koriat, A., S. Lichtenstein, and B. Fischhoff. 1980. Reasons for confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory and Cognition 6: 107-118.
33. Krebs, J. R., and R. Dawkins. 1984. Animal signals: Mind-reading and manipulation? In Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach, vol. 2, ed. J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, 390-402. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Scientific Publications.
34. Kuhn, D. 1991. The Skills of arguments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Kurzban, R., and A. Aktipis. 2007. Modularity and the social mind: Are psychologists too self-ish? Personality and Social Psychology Review 11(2): 131.
36. Laughlin, P., and A. Ellis. 1986. Demonstrability and social combination processes on mathematical intellective tasks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22: 177-189.
37. Liberman, K. 2004. Dialectical practice in Tibetan philosophical culture: An ethnomethodological inquiry into formal reasoning. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
38. Lombardelli, C., J. Proudman, and J. Talbot. 2005. Committees versus individuals: An experimental analysis of monetary policy decision-making. International Journal of Central Banking 1(May): 181-205.
39. Lord, C., L. Ross, and M. Lepper. 1979. Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37(11): 2098-2109.
40. Mamede, S., H. G. Schmidt, R. M. Rikers, E. J. Custers, T. A. Splinter, and J. L. van Saase. 2010. Conscious thought beats deliberation without attention in diagnostic decision-making: At least when you are an expert. Psychological Research 74(6): 586-592.
41. Mercier, H. In press a. Our pigheaded core: How we became smarter to be influenced by other people. In Evolution, cooperation, and complexity, eds. B. Calcott, R. Joyce, and K. Sterelny. Cambridge: MIT Press.
42. Mercier, H. In press b. Reasoning serves argumentation in children. Cognitive Development.
43. Mercier, H. In press c. What good is moral reasoning? Mind & Society.
44. Mercier, H. 2011. On the universality of argumentative reasoning. Journal of Cognition and Culture 11: 85-113.
45. Mercier, H., and B. R. Strickland. Submitted. Evaluating arguments from the reaction of the audience.
46. Mercier, H., and H. Landemore. In press. Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation. Political Psychology.
47. Mercier, H., and D. Sperber. 2009. Intuitive and reflective inferences. In In two minds, ed. J. Evans and K. Frankish. New York: Oxford University Press.
48. Mercier, H., and D. Sperber. 2011a. Argumentation: Its adaptiveness and efficacy. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34(2): 94-111.
49. Mercier, H., and D. Sperber. 2011b. Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34(2): 57-74.
50. Millar, M. G., and A. Tesser. 1986. Thought-induced attitude change: The effects of schema structure and commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51(2): 259-269.
51. Moshman, D., and M. Geil. 1998. Collaborative reasoning: Evidence for collective rationality. Thinking and Reasoning 4(3): 231-248.
52. Munro, G. D., P. H. Ditto, L. K. Lockhart, A. Fagerlin, M. Gready, and E. Peterson. 2002. Biased assimilation of sociopolitical arguments: Evaluating the 1996 US presidential debate. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 24(1): 15-26.
53. Novaes, C. D. 2005. Medieval Obligationes as logical games of consistency maintenance. Synthese 145(3): 371-395.
54. Petty, R., J. Cacioppo, and R. Goldman. 1981. Personal involvement as a determinant of argument-based persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41(5): 847-855.
55. Pomerantz, E. M., S. Chaiken, and R. S. Tordesillas. 1995. Attitude strength and resistance processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(3): 408-419.
56. Resnick, L. B., M. Salmon, C. M. Zeitz, S. H. Wathen, and M. Holowchak. 1993. Reasoning in conversation. Cognition and Instruction 11(3/4): 347-364.
57. Revesz, R. L. 1997. Environmental Regulation, Ideology, and the DC Circuit. Virginia Law Review 83(8): 1717-1772.
58. Rowe, G., and G. Wright. 1999. The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: Issues and analysis. International Journal of Forecasting 15(4): 353-375.
59. Shafir, E., I. Simonson, and A. Tversky. 1993. Reason-based choice. Cognition 49(1-2): 11-36.
60. Slavin, R. 1995. Cooperative learning: Theory, research, and practice, vol. 2. London: Allyn and Bacon.
61. Sperber, D. 2000. Metarepresentations in an evolutionary perspective. In Metarepresentations: A multidisciplinary perspective, ed. D. Sperber, 117-137. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
62. Sperber, D. 2001. An evolutionary perspective on testimony and argumentation. Philosophical Topics 29: 401-413.
63. Sperber, D., F. Clément, C. Heintz, O. Mascaro, H. Mercier, G. Origgi, and D. Wilson. 2010. Epistemic vigilance 25(4): 359-393.
64. Stanovich, K. 2004. The robot's rebellion. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
65. Sterelny, K. In press. The fate of the third chimpanzee. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
66. Taber, C., and M. Lodge. 2006. Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science 50(3): 755-769.
67. Tedeschi, J. T., R. B. Schlenker, and T. V. Bonoma. 1971. Cognitive dissonance: Private ratiocination or public spectacle. American Psychologist 26(8): 685-695.
68. Tesser, A., and M. C. Conlee. 1975. Some effects of time and thought on attitude polarization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31(2): 262-270.
69. Tesser, A., and C. Leone. 1977. Cognitive schemas and thought as determinants of attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13(4): 340-356.
70. Tetlock, P. 2005. Expert political judgment: How good is it? How can we know? Princeton: Princeton University Press.
71. Tomasello, M., M. Carpenter, J. Call, T. Behne, and H. Moll. 2005. Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(5): 675-691.
72. Tooby, J., and L. Cosmides. 1992. The psychological foundations of culture. In The adapted mind, ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby, 19-136. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
73. Vinokur, A., and E. Burnstein. 1974. Effects of partially shared persuasive arguments on group-induced shifts: A group-problem-solving approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29(3): 305-315.
74. Vygotsy, L. 1978. Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
75. Wilson, T. D., and S. J. LaFleur. 1995. Knowing what you'll do: Effects of analyzing reasons on self-prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68(1): 21-35.