No body is perfect: The significance of habitual negative thinking about appearance for body dissatisfaction, eating disorder propensity, self-esteem and snacking

Psychology and Health

Volumn 26, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 685-701

  Verplanken, Bas ^a   Tangelder, Yonne ^b  

^a University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

^b MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Body dissatisfaction; Body image; Eating disturbances; Mental habit; Self esteem; Snacking

Indexed keywords

EID: 80051645751     PISSN: 08870446     EISSN: 14768321     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08870441003763246     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Ahern, A.L., Bennett, K.M., & Hetherington, M.M. (2008). Internalization of the ultra-thin ideal: Positive implicit associations with underweight fashion models are associated with drive for thinness in young women. Eating Disorders, 16, 294-307.
2. Altabe, M., & Thompson, J.K. (1996). Body image: A cognitive schema construct. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 171-193.
3. Anschutz, D.J., van Strien, T., & Engels, R.C.M.E. (2008). Exposure to slim images in mass media: Television commercials as reminders of restriction in restrained eaters. Health Psychology, 27, 401-408.
4. Austin, S.B. (2000). Prevention research in eating disorders: Theory and new directions. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1249-1262.
5. Baer, R.A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125-143.
6. Baer, R.A., Fischer, S., & Huss, D.B. (2005). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy applied to binge eating: A case study. Cognitive and Behavioural Practice, 12, 351-358.
7. Bargh, J.A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In R.S. Wyer & T.K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Bassili, J.N., & Brown, R.D. (2005). Implicit and explicit attitudes: Research, challenges, and theory. In D. Albarracín, B.T. Johnson, & M.P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 543-574). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. Bishop, S.R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N.C., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230-241.
10. Brown, K.W., & Ryan, R.M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.
11. Cash, T.F. (2000). User's manual for the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. Available from the author at http://www.body-images.com/ [Accessed 30 March 2010].
12. Cash, T.F. (2002a). In T.F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body image Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 38-54). New York: Guilford.
13. Cash, T.F. (2002b). The situational inventory of body-image dysphoria: Psychometric evidence and the development of a short form. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32, 362-366.
14. Dittmar, H., Halliwell, E., & Ive, S. (2006). Does Barbie make girls want to be thin? The effect of experimental exposure to images of dolls on the body image of 5- to 8-year-old girls. Developmental Psychology, 42, 283-292.
15. Dittmar, H., Halliwell, E., & Sterling, E. (2009). Understanding the impact of thin media models on women's body-focused affect: The roles of thin-ideal internalization and weight related self-discrepancy activation in experimental exposure effects. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 43-72.
16. Dittmar, H., & Howard, S. (2004). Ideal-body internalization and social comparison tendency as moderators of thin media models' impact on women's body-focused anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 768-791.
17. Fazio, R.H., & Olsen, M.A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327.
18. Fink, S., Foran, K.A., Sweeney, A.C., & O'Hea, E.L. (2009). Sexual body esteem and mindfulness in college women. Body Image, 6, 326-329.
19. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
20. Friedrich, R.J. (1982). In defense of multiplicative terms in multiple regression equations. American Journal of Political Science, 26, 797-833.
21. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G.V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692-731.
22. Girlguiding UK (2009). Girls' attitudes. Retrieved January 7, 2010, from http://girlsattitudes.girlguiding.org.uk/home.aspx
23. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
24. Greenwald, A.G., Nosek, B.A., & Banaji, M.R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
25. Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 35-43.
26. Halliwell, E., & Dittmar, H. (2004). Does size matter? The impact of model's body size on advertising effectiveness and women's body focused anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 105-132.
27. Halliwell, E., Dittmar, H., & Orsborn, A. (2007). The effects of exposure to muscular male models among men: Exploring the moderating role of gym use and exercise motivation. Body Image, 4, 278-287.
28. Hargreaves, D., & Tiggemann, M. (2002). The effect of television commercials on mood and body dissatisfaction: The role of appearance-schema activation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 287-308.
29. Hausenblas, H.A., & Fallon, E.A. (2006). Exercise and body image: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Health, 21, 33-47.
30. Hayes, A.M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 255-262.
31. Heatherton, T.F., Polivy, J., Herman, C.P., & Baumeister, R.F. (1993). Self-awareness, task failure, and disinhibition: How attentional focus affects eating. Journal of Personality, 61, 49-61.
32. Heinberg, L.J., & Thompson, J.K. (1995). Body image and televised images of thinness and attractiveness: A controlled laboratory investigation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 325-338.
33. Henderson-King, D., Henderson-King, E., & Hoffmann, L. (2001). Media images and women's self-evaluations: Social context and importance of attractiveness as moderators. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1407-1416.
34. Janelle, C.M., Hausenblas, H.A., Ellis, R., Coombes, S.A., & Dule, A.R. (2009). The time course of attentional allocation while women high and low in body dissatisfaction view self and model physiques. Psychology and Health, 24, 351-366.
35. Jansen, A., Nederkoorn, C., & Mulkens, S. (2005). Selective visual attention for ugly and beautiful body parts in eating disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 183-196.
36. Jarry, J.L., & Ip, K. (2005). The effectiveness of stand-alone cognitive-behavioural therapy for body image: A meta-analysis. Body Image, 2, 317-331.
37. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Delacorte.
38. Koole, S., & DeHart, T. (2007). Self-affection without self-reflection: Origins, models, and consequences of implicit self-esteem. In C. Sedikides & S.J. Spencer (Eds.), The self (pp. 21-49). New York: Psychology Press.
39. Krosnick, J.A., Judd, C.M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2005). The measurement of attitudes. In D. Albarracín, B.T. Johnson, & M.P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 21-76). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
40. Labarge, A.S., Cash, T.F., & Brown, T.A. (1998). Use of a modified stroop task to examine appearance-schematic information processing in college women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 179-190.
41. Lowes, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2003). Body dissatisfaction, dieting awareness and the impact of parental influence in young children. British Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 135-147.
42. O'Dea, J.A., & Abraham, S. (2000). Improving body image, eating attitudes, and behaviors of young male and female adolescents: A new educational approach that focuses on self-esteem. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 43-57.
43. Polivy, J., & Herman, C.P. (2002). Causes of eating disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 187-213.
44. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
45. Rosenvinge, J.H., Perry, J.A., Bjorgum, L., Bergersen, T.D., Silvera, D.H., & Holte, A. (2001). A new instrument measuring disturbed eating patterns in community populations: Development and initial validation of a five-item scale (EDS-5). European Eating Disorders Review, 9, 123-132.
46. Segal, Z.V., Williams, J.M.G., & Teasdale, J.D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press.
47. Stewart, T.M. (2004). Light on body image treatment: Acceptance through mindfulness. Behavior Modification, 28, 783-811.
48. Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 825-848.
49. Stice, E., Presnell, K., & Spangler, D. (2002). Risk factors for binge eating onset in adolescent girls: A 2-year prospective investigation. Health Psychology, 21, 131-138.
50. Stice, E., & Shaw, H.E. (1994). Adverse-effects of the media portrayed thin-ideal on women and linkages to bulimic symptomatology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 288-308.
51. Teasdale, J.D., Moore, R.G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z.V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 275-287.
52. Thompson, J.K., Heinberg, L.J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
53. Thompson, J.K., & Smolak, L. (Eds.). (2001). Body image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth: Assessment, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
54. Tiggemann, M. (2005). Body dissatisfaction and adolescent self-esteem: Prospective findings. Body Image: An International Journal of Research, 2, 129-135.
55. Tiggemann, M., Hargreaves, D., Polivy, J., & McFarlane, T. (2004). A word-stem completion task to assess implicit processing of appearance-related information. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 73-78.
56. Trampe, D., Stapel, D.A., & Siero, F.W. (2007). On models and vases: Body dissatisfaction and proneness to social comparison effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 106-118.
57. van den Berg, P., Paxton, S.J., Keery, H., Wall, M., Guo, J., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2007). Body dissatisfaction and body comparison with media images in males and females. Body Image, 4, 257-268.
58. van den Berg, P., Thompson, J.K., Brandon, K.O., & Coovert, M. (2002). The Tripartite Influence Model of body image and eating disturbance: A covariance structural modeling investigation testing the mediational role of comparison. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 1007-1020.
59. Verplanken, B. (2006). Beyond frequency: Habit as mental construct. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 639-656.
60. Verplanken, B. (2010). Habit: From overt action to mental events. In C.R. Agnew, D.E. Carlston, W.G. Graziano, & J.R. Kelly (Eds.), Then a miracle occurs: Focusing on behavior in social psychological theory and research (pp. 68-88). New York: Oxford University Press.
61. Verplanken, B., Friborg, O., Wang, C.E., Trafimow, D., & Woolf, K. (2007). Mental habits: Metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 526-541.
62. Verplanken, B., & Velsvik, R. (2008). Habitual negative body image thinking as psychological risk factor in adolescents. Body Image, 5, 133-140.
63. Vitousek, K.B., & Hollon, S.D. (1990). The investigation of schematic content and processing in eating disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 191-214.
64. Vocks, S., Hechler, T., Rohrig, S., & Legenbauer, T. (2009). Effects of a physical exercise session on state body image: The influence of pre-experimental body dissatisfaction and concerns about weight and shape. Psychology and Health, 24, 713-728.
65. Wade, T.D., Davidson, S., & O'Dea, J.A. (2003). A preliminary controlled evaluation of a school-based media literacy program and self-esteem program for reducing eating disorder risk factors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 33, 371-383.
66. Wade, T.D., & Lowes, J. (2002). Variables associated with disturbed eating habits and overvalued ideas about the personal implications of body shape and weight in a female adolescent population. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32, 39-45.
67. Watkins, E.R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 163-206.
68. Watts, K., Cranney, J., & Gleitzman, M. (2008). Automatic evaluation of body-related images. Body Image, 5, 352-364.
69. Williams, K.A., Kolar, M.M., Reger, B.E., & Pearson, J.C. (2001). Evaluation of a wellness based mindfulness stress reduction intervention: A controlled trial. American Journal of Health Promotion, 15, 422-432.
70. Wilson, G.T. (2004). Acceptance and change in the treatment of eating disorders: The evolution of manual-based cognitive therapy. In S.C. Hayes, V.M. Follette, & M.M. Linehan (Eds.), Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition (pp. 243-260). New York: Guilford Press.
71. Wood, W., & Neal, D.T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological Review, 114, 843-863.
72. Wood, W., Quinn, J.M., & Kashy, D.A. (2002). Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1281-1297.