Automatic evaluation of body-related images

Body Image

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 352-364

  Watts, Kaaren ^a   Cranney, Jacquelyn ^a   Gleitzman, Melanie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Affective priming; Automatic evaluation; Body image concerns; Body related images; Implicit attitudes

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; ARTICLE; AUTOMATISM; AWARENESS; BODY IMAGE; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CONTROL; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; LOW CALORY DIET; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REACTION TIME;

ADOLESCENT; AFFECT; AUTOMATISM; AWARENESS; BODY IMAGE; BODY MASS INDEX; CULTURE; DIET, REDUCING; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; REACTION TIME; THINNESS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 52749099313     PISSN: 17401445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.06.001     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Ahern A.L., and Hetherington M.M. The thin ideal and body image: An experimental experiment of implicit attitudes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 20 (2006) 338-342
2. Ajzen I. Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology 52 (2001) 27-58
3. Altabe M., and Thompson J.K. Body image: A cognitive self-schema construct?. Cognitive Therapy and Research 20 (1996) 171-193
4. Bargh J.A., Chaiken S., Govender R., and Pratto F. The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992) 893-912
5. Bessenoff G.R., and Sherman J.W. Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people: Evaluation versus stereotype activation. Social Cognition 18 (2000) 329-353
6. Bower G.H. Mood and memory. American Psychologist 36 (1981) 129-148
7. Britton L.E., Martz D.M., Bazzini D.G., Curtin L.A., and LeaShomb A. Fat talk and self-presentation of body image: Is there a social norm for women to self-degrade?. Body Image 3 (2006) 247-254
8. Brown A., and Dittmar H. Think "thin" and feel bad: The role of appearance schema activation, attention level, and thin-ideal internalization for young women's responses to ultra-thin media ideals. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 24 (2005) 1088-1113
9. Brownell K.D. Dieting and the search for the perfect body: Where physiology and culture collide. Behavior Therapy 22 (1991) 1-12
10. Cafri G., Yamamiya Y., Brannick M., and Thompson J.K. The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 23 (2005) 421-433
11. Calogero R.M., Davis W.N., and Thompson J.K. The Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3): Reliability and normative comparisons of eating disordered patients. Body Image 1 (2004) 193-198
12. Carroll J.B., Davies P., and Richman B. The American heritage word frequency book (1971), Houghton Mifflin, Boston
13. Cash, T. F. (2003). Brief manual for the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised. Retrieved March 8, 2005, from http://www.body-images.com/assessments/order.html
14. Cash T.F. The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: Searching for constructs. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 12 (2005) 438-442
15. Cash T.F., and Grasso K. The norms and stability of new measures of the multidimensional body image construct. Body Image 2 (2005) 199-203
16. Cash T.F., Jakatdar T.A., and Williams E.F. The Body Image Quality of Life Inventory: Further validation with college men and women. Body Image 1 (2004) 279-287
17. Cash T.F., Melnyk S.E., and Hrabosky J.I. The assessment of body image investment: An extensive revision of the Appearance Schemas Inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders 35 (2004) 305-316
18. In: Cash T.F., and Pruzinsky T. (Eds). Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (2002), Guilford Press, New York
19. Cattarin J.A., Thompson J.K., Thomas C., and Williams R. Body image, mood, and televised images of attractiveness: The role of social comparison. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 19 (2000) 220-239
20. Chaiken S., and Bargh J.A. Occurrence versus moderation of the automatic attitude activation effect: Reply to Fazio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 (1993) 759-765
21. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 112 (1992) 155-159
22. Crandall C.S., and Biernat M.R. The ideology of anti-fat attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20 (1990) 227-243
23. Dovidio J.F., Kawakami K., Johnson C., Johnson B., and Howard A. On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33 (1997) 510-540
24. Fazio R.H. On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview. Cognition and Emotion 15 (2001) 115-141
25. Fazio R.H., and Dunton B.C. Categorization by race: the impact of automatic and controlled components of racial prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33 (1997) 451-470
26. Fazio R.H., Jackson J.R., Dunton B.C., and Williams C.J. Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995) 1013-1027
27. Fazio R.H., and Olsen M.A. Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology 54 (2003) 297-327
28. Fazio R.H., Sanbonmatsu D.M., Powell M.C., and Kardes F.R. On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (1986) 229-238
29. Ferguson M.J., Bargh J.A., and Nayak D.A. After-affects: How automatic evaluations influence the interpretation of subsequent, unrelated stimuli. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41 (2005) 182-191
30. Garner D.M., Olmstead M.P., and Polivy J. Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2 (1983) 15-34
31. Gatellari M., and Huon G. Restrained and unrestrained females' positive and negative associations with specific foods and body parts. International Journal of Eating Disorders 21 (1997) 377-383
32. Getty Images, Inc. (1999-2005). Getty Images Creative. [Digital Images]. Retrieved March 12, 2005, from http://creative.gettyimages.com/source/home/homeCreative.aspx
33. Giner-Sorolla R., Garcia M.T., and Bargh J.A. The automatic evaluation of pictures. Social Cognition 17 (1999) 76-96
34. Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., and Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 1464-1480
35. Groesz L.M., Levine M.P., and Murnen S.K. The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders 31 (2002) 1-16
36. Heinberg L.J., and Thompson J.K. Body image and televised images of thinness and attractiveness: A controlled laboratory investigation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 14 (1995) 325-338
37. Herman C.P., and Polivy J. Anxiety, restraint, and eating behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 84 (1975) 666-672
38. Herman C.P., and Polivy J. Restrained eating. In: Stunkard A.J. (Ed). Obesity (1980), W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 208-225
39. Hermans D., De Houwer J., and Eelen P. The affective priming effect: Automatic activation of evaluative information in memory. Cognition and Emotion 8 (1994) 515-533
40. Inquisit 2.0. [Computer software]. (2004). Seattle, WA: Millisecond Software LLC.
41. Ip K., and Jarry J.L. Investment in body image for self-definition results in greater vulnerability to thin media than does investment in appearance management. Body Image 5 (2008) 59-69
42. Isen A.M., and Diamond G.A. Affect and automaticity. In: Uleman J.S., and Bargh J.A. (Eds). Unintended thought (1989), Guilford Press, NY 124-152
43. Jarvis W.B.G., and Petty R.E. The need to evaluate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996) 172-194
44. Joshi R., Herman C.P., and Polivy J. Self-enhancing effects of exposure to thin-body images. International Journal of Eating Disorders 35 (2004) 333-341
45. Judd C.M., Kenny D.A., and McClelland G.H. Estimating and testing mediation and moderation in within-subject designs. Psychological Methods 6 (2001) 115-134
46. Klauer K.C., and Musch J. Affective priming: Findings and theories. In: Musch J., and Klauer K.C. (Eds). The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (2003), Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 7-49
47. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., and Cuthbert B.N. International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual Technical Report A-6 (2005), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
48. Levine M.P., and Smolak L. The mass media and disordered eating: Implications for primary prevention. In: Vandereycken W., and Noordenbos G. (Eds). The prevention of eating disorders (1998), Athlone Press, London 23-56
49. Markus H., Hamill R., and Sentis K.P. Thinking fat: Self-schemas for body weight and the processing of weight relevant information. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 17 (1987) 50-71
50. Mazzeo S.E., and Espelage D.L. Association between childhood physical and emotional abuse and disordered eating behaviors in female undergraduates: An investigation of the mediating role of alexithymia and depression. Journal of Counseling Psychology 49 (2002) 86-100
51. Neely J.H. Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106 (1977) 226-254
52. Polivy J. Psychological consequences of food restriction. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 96 (1996) 589-592
53. Polivy J., Herman C.P., and Howard K.I. Restraint Scale: Assessment of Dieting. In: Hersen M., and Bellack A.S. (Eds). Dictionary of Behavioral Assessment Techniques (1988), Pergamon Press, New York 377-380
54. Posavac H.D., Posavac S.S., and Posavac E.J. Exposure to media images of female attractiveness and concern with body weight among young women. Sex Roles 38 (1998) 187-201
55. Powell M.C., and Fazio R.H. Attitude accessibility as a function of repeated attitudinal expression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 10 (1984) 139-148
56. Puhl R., and Brownell K.D. Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obesity Research 9 (2001) 788-805
57. Raciti M.C., and Norcross J.C. The EAT and EDI: Screening, interrelationships, and psychometrics. International Journal of Eating Disorders 6 (1987) 579-586
58. Richins M.L. Social comparison and the idealized images of advertising. Journal of Consumer Research 18 (1991) 71-83
59. Rodin J., Silberstein L.R., and Striegel-Moore R.H. Women and weight: A normative discontent. In: Sonderegger T.B. (Ed). Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol.32. Psychology and Gender (1985), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 267-307
60. Roefs A., Herman C.P., MacLeod C.M., Smulders F.T.Y., and Jansen A. At first sight: How do restrained eaters evaluate high-fat palatable foods?. Appetite 44 (2005) 103-114
61. Roskos-Ewoldsen D.R., and Fazio R.H. On the orienting value of attitudes: Attitude accessibility as a determinant of an object's attraction of visual attention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992) 198-211
62. Rudiger J.A., Cash T.F., Roehrig M., and Thompson J.K. Day-to-day body-image states: Prospective predictors of intra-individual level and variability. Body Image 4 (2007) 1-9
63. Schoemaker C., van Strien T., and van der Staak C. Validation of the eating disorders inventory in a nonclinical population using transformed and untransformed responses. International Journal of Eating Disorders 15 (1994) 387-393
64. Shiffrin R.M., and Schneider W. Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 84 (1977) 127-190
65. Slade P.D. What is body image?. Behaviour Research and Therapy 32 (1994) 497-502
66. Spillane N.S., Boerner L.M., Anderson K.G., and Smith G.T. Comparability of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 between women and men. Assessment 11 (2004) 85-93
67. Stice E. Review of the evidence for a sociocultural model of bulimia nervosa and an exploration of the mechanisms of action. Clinical Psychology Review 14 (1994) 633-661
68. Stice E. A prospective test of the dual-pathway model of bulimic pathology: Mediating effects of dieting and negative affect. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110 (2001) 124-135
69. Strahan E.J., Wilson A.E., Cressman K.E., and Buote V.M. Comparing to perfection: How cultural norms for appearance affect social comparisons and self-image. Body Image 3 (2006) 211-227
70. Striegel-Moore R.H., Silberstein L.R., and Rodin J. Toward an understanding of risk factors for bulimia. American Psychologist 41 (1986) 246-263
71. Teachman B.A., Gapinski K.D., Brownell K.D., Rawlins M., and Jeyaram S. Demonstrations of implicit anti-fat bias: The impact of providing causal information and evoking empathy. Health Psychology 22 (2003) 68-78
72. Thompson J.K., Heinberg L.J., Altabe M., and Tantleff-Dunn S. Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance (1999), American Psychological Association, Washington DC
73. Thompson J.K., and Stice E. Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science 10 (2001) 181-183
74. Thompson J.K., van den Berg P., Roehrig M., Guarda A.S., and Heinberg L.J. The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale-3 (SATAQ-3): Development and validation. International Journal of Eating Disorders 35 (2004) 293-304
75. Tiggemann M. Media influences on body image development. In: Cash T.F., and Pruzinsky T. (Eds). Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (2002), Guilford Press, New York 91-98
76. Tiggemann M., and McGill B. The role of social comparison in the effect of magazine advertisements on women's mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23 (2004) 23-44
77. Trampe D., Stapel D.A., and Siero F.W. On models and vases: Body dissatisfaction and proneness to social comparison effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 (2007) 106-118
78. Tylka T.L., and Subich L.M. Exploring the construct validity of the eating disorder continuum. Journal of Counseling Psychology 46 (1999) 268-276
79. van den Berg P., and Thompson J.K. Self-schema and social comparison explanations of body dissatisfaction: A laboratory investigation. Body Image 4 (2007) 29-38
80. Vartanian L.R., Herman C.P., and Polivy J. Implicit and explicit attitudes toward fatness and thinness: The role of the internalization of societal standards. Body Image 2 (2005) 373-381
81. Wilcox R.R. Applying contemporary statistical techniques (2003), Academic Press, Amsterdam
82. Williams J.M.G., Watts F.N., MacLeod C., and Mathews A. Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. 2nd ed. (1997), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
83. Wilson T.D., Lindsey S., and Schooler T.Y. A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review 107 (2000) 101-126