Habit: From Overt Action to Mental Events

Then A Miracle Occurs: Focusing on Behavior in Social Psychological Theory and Research

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Verplanken, Bas ^a  

^a University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Behavior; Behavioral frequency; Goals; Habit; Mental events; Social psychology

Indexed keywords

EID: 84921259010     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377798.003.0005     Document Type: Chapter

References (72)

1. Aarts, H. (2007). Health and goal-directed behavior: The nonconscious regulation and motivation of goals and their pursuit. Health Psychology Review, 1, 53-82.
2. Aarts, H., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2000). Habits as knowledge structures: Automaticity in goaldirected behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 53-63.
3. Aarts, H., Verplanken, B., & van Knippenberg, A. (1997). Habit and information use in travel mode choices. Acta Psychologica, 96, 1-14.
4. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
5. Ajzen, I. (2002). Residual effects of past on later behavior: Habituation and reasoned action perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 107-122.
6. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
7. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 173-221). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved June 12, 2008, from Dictionary.com website.
9. Bamberg, S., & Schmidt, P. (2003). Incentives, morality, or habit? Predicting students' car use for university routes with the models of Ajzen, Schwartz and Triandis. Environment and Behavior, 35, 264-285.
10. Bargh, J. A. (1989). Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. In: J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 3-51). New York: The Guilford Press.
11. Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In: R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (vol. 1, pp.1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Bargh, J. A. (2005). Bypassing the will: Toward demystifying the nonconscious control of social behavior. In: R. R. Hassin, J. S. Uleman, & J. A. Bargh (Eds), The new unconscious (pp. 37-58). New York: Oxford University Press.
13. Bargh, J. A., & Barndollar, K. (1996). Automaticity in action: The unconscious as repository of chronic goals and motives. In: P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 457-481). New York: The Guilford Press.
14. Bentler, P. M., & Speckart, G. (1979). Models of attitude-behavior relations. Psychological Review, 86, 452-464.
15. Brug, J., de Vet, E., de Nooijer, J., & Verplanken, B. (2006). Predicting fruit consumption:Cognitions, intention, and habits. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 38, 73-81.
16. Chatzisarantis, N. L., & Hagger, M. S. (2007). Mindfulness and the intention-behavior relationship within the theory of planned behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 663-676.
17. Conner, M., & Armitage, C. J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for further research. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1429-1464.
18. Conner, M. T., Perugini, M., O'Gorman, R., Ayres, K., & Prestwich, A. (2007). Relations between implicit and explicit measures of attitude and behavior: Evidence of moderation by individual difference variables. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1727-1740.
19. Danner, U., Aarts, H., & de Vries, N.K. (2008). Habit vs. intention in the prediction of future behaviour: The role of frequency, context stability and mental accessibility of past behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 245-265.
20. Dawes, R. M. (1998). Behavioral decision making and judgment. In: D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed.) (pp. 497-548). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
21. de Bruijn, G.-J., Kremers, S., de Vet, E., de Nooijer, J., van Mechelen, W., & Brug, J. (2007). Does habit strength moderate the intention-behaviour relationship in the Theory of Planned Behaviour? The case of fruit consumption. Psychology and Health, 22, 899-916.
22. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
23. Feingold, A., & Mazzella, R. (1998). Gender difference in body image is increasing. Psychological Science, 9, 190-195.
24. Ferguson, E., & Bibby, P. A. (2002). Predicting future blood donor returns: Past behavior, intentions, and observer effects. Health Psychology, 21, 513-518.
25. Fredricks, A. J., & Dossett, D. L. (1983). Attitude-behavior relations: A comparison of the Fishbein-Ajzen and the Bentler-Speckart models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 501-512.
26. Gollwitzer, P. M., Schaal, B. (1998). Metacognition in action: the importance of implementation intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 124-136.
27. Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038.
28. Hinsz, V. B., Nickell, G. S., & Park, E. S. (2007). The role of work habits in the motivation of food safety behaviors. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 13, 105-114.
29. Hollon, S. D., & Kendall, P. (1980). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 383-395.
30. Honkanen, P., Olsen, S. O., & Verplanken, B. (2005). Intention to consume seafood: The importance of habit strength. Appetite, 45, 161-168.
31. Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behaviour: An introduction to behaviour theory. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts.
32. James, W. (1890/1950). The principles of psychology (vol. 1). New York: Dover Publications.
33. Ji, M. F., & Wood, W. (2007). Purchase and consumption habits: Not necessarily what you intend. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17, 261-276.
34. Koole, S., & DeHart, T. (2007). Self-affection without self-reflection: Origins, models, and consequences of implicit self-esteem. In: C. Sedikides & S. J. Spencer (Eds.), The self (pp. 21-49). New York: Psychology Press.
35. Koole, S. L., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2001). What's in a name: Implicit selfesteem and the automatic self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 669-685.
36. Kremers, S. P., van der Horst, K., & Brug, J. (2007). Adolescent screen-viewing behaviour is associated with consumption of sugar-sweeted beverages: The role of habit strength and perceived parental norms. Appetite, 48, 345-350.
37. Lally, P. J. (2007). Habitual behavior and weight control. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University College London.
38. Lintvedt, O. K., Sørensen, K., Østvik, A. R., Verplanken, B., & Wang, C. E. (2008). The need for web-based cognitive behaviour therapy among university students. Journal of Technology and Human Services, 26, 239-258.
39. Maddux, J. E. (1997). Habit, health and happiness. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19, 331-346.
40. Mittal, B. (1988). Achieving higher seat belt usage: The role of habit in bridging the attitude-behavior gap. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 993-1016.
41. Neal, D. T., Pascoe, A., & Wood, W. (2007). Effortless perfection: Paradoxical effects of explicit and implicit goals on habitual responding. Unpublished manuscript, Duke University, Durham, NC.
42. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
43. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569-582.
44. Nuttin, J. M., Jr. (1985). Narcissism beyond Gestalt and awareness: The name letter effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 353-361.
45. Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998). Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 54-74.
46. Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Gonsalkorale, K., Hugenberg, K., Allen, T. J., & Groom, C. J. (2008). The self-regulation of automatic associations and behavioral impulses. Psychological Review, 115, 314-335.
47. Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York:Appleton-Century.
48. Ronis, D. L., Yates, J. F., & Kirscht, J. P. (1989). Attitudes, decisions, and habits as determinants of repeated behavior. In: A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 213-239). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
49. Triandis, H. C. (1980). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. In: H. E. Howe, Jr. & M. M. Page (Eds.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1979 (pp. 195-259). Lincoln, NE:University of Nebraska Press.
50. Verplanken, B. (2006). Beyond frequency: Habit as mental construct. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 639-656.
51. Verplanken, B., & Aarts, H. (1999). Habit, attitude, and planned behaviour: Is habit an empty construct or an interesting case of automaticity? European Review of Social Psychology, 10, 101-134.
52. Verplanken, B., Aarts, H., & van Knippenberg, A. (1997). Habit, information acquisition, and the process of making travel mode choices. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 539-560.
53. Verplanken, B., Aarts, H., van Knippenberg, A., & Moonen, A. (1998). Habit versus planned behaviour: A field experiment. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 111-128.
54. Verplanken, B., Aarts, H., van Knippenberg, A., & van Knippenberg, C. (1994). Attitude versus general habit: Antecedents of travel mode choice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 285-300.
55. Verplanken, B., & Faes, S. (1999). Good intentions, bad habits, and effects of forming implementation intentions on healthy eating. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 591-604.
56. Verplanken, B., Friborg, O., Wang, C. E., Trafimow, D., & Woolf, K. (2007). Mental habits:Metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 526-541.
57. Verplanken, B., Herabadi, A. G., Perry, J. A., & Silvera, D. H. (2005). Consumer style and health: The role of impulsive buying in unhealthy eating. Psychology and Health, 20, 429-441.
58. Verplanken, B., & Melkevik, O. (2008). Predicting habit: The case of physical exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 15-26.
59. Verplanken, B., Myrbakk, V., & Rudi, E. (2005). The measurement of habit. In: T. Betsch, & S. Haberstroh (Eds.). The routines of decision making (pp. 231-247). Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
60. Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2003). Reflections on past behavior: A self-report index of habit strength. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1313-1330.
61. Verplanken, B., & Tangelder, Y. (2007). No body is perfect: The role of habitual negative thinking in body dissatisfaction and its consequences. Manuscript submitted for publication.
62. Verplanken, B., Thompson, M., & Whale, K. (2008). [Habitual negative body image thinking and response latencies in a food-related word recognition task]. Unpublished raw data.
63. Verplanken, B., & Velsvik, R. (2008). Habitual negative body image thinking as psychological risk factor in adolescents. Body Image, 5, 133-140.
64. Verplanken, B., Walker, I., Davis, A., & Jurasek, M. (2008). Context change and travel mode choice: Combing the habit discontinuity and self-activation hypotheses. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, 15-26.
65. Verplanken, B., & Wood, W. (2006). Interventions to break and create consumer habits. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 25, 90-103.
66. Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 163-206.
67. Webb, T. L., Sheeran, P., & Luszczynska, A. (2008). Planning to break unwanted habits:Habit strength moderates implementation intention effects on behaviour change. Manuscript submitted for publication.
68. Weenig, M. W. H, & Midden, C. J. H. (1997). Mass-media information campaigns and knowledge-gap effects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 945-958.
69. Weissman, A., & Beck, A. T. (1978, November). Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Chicago.
70. Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological Review, 114, 843-863.
71. Wood, W., Quinn, J. M., & Kashy, D. A. (2002). Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1281-1297.
72. Wood, W., Tam, L., & Guerrero Witt, M. (2005). Changing circumstances, disrupting habits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 918-933.