Sleep driving: Sleepwalking variant or misuse of z-drugs?

Sleep Medicine Reviews

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 285-292

  Pressman, Mark R ^a,b,c  

^a LANKENAU INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^b VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Eszopiclone; Impaired driving; Sleep driving; Sleepwalking; Zaleplon; Zolpidem; Zopliclone

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; CENTRAL DEPRESSANT AGENT; ESZOPICLONE; ZOLPIDEM; ZOPICLONE;

ACCIDENT; AMNESIA; BALANCE DISORDER; BALANCE IMPAIRMENT; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONFUSION; DISORIENTATION; DRIVER; DRIVING ABILITY; DROWSINESS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG MISUSE; DRUNKEN DRIVING; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; NYSTAGMUS; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; REVIEW; SLEEP WALKING; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; AUTOMOBILE DRIVING; AZABICYCLO COMPOUNDS; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; PIPERAZINES; PYRIDINES; SCANDINAVIA; SOMNAMBULISM; UNITED STATES;

EID: 80051602204     PISSN: 10870792     EISSN: 15322955     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2010.12.004     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Southworth M.R., Kortepeter C., Hughes A. Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic use and cases of " sleep driving" Ann Intern Med 2008, 148:486-487.
2. American Academy of Sleep Medicine ICSD-2-international classification of sleep disorders. Diagnostic and coding manual 2005, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester, Illinois. 2nd ed.
3. Duane J.A., Dallies A.S. Zolpidem-induced sleep-driving. Am J Med 2008, 121:e5.
4. Stillwell M.E. Zaleplon and driving impairment. J Forensic Sci 2003, 48:677-679.
5. Saul S. Record sales of sleeping pills are causing worries. The New York Times February 7, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/07/business/07sleep.html%253Fpagewanted=print.
6. Side effects of sleep drugs July 31, 2007, ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm107761.pdf. http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm107757.htm.
7. Hwang T.J., Ni H.C., Chen H.C., Lin Y.T., Liao S.C. Risk predictors for hypnosedative-related complex sleep behaviors: a retrospective, cross-sectional pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2010.
8. FDA requests label change for all sleep disorder drug products. FDA News Release March 14, 2007, http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm108868.htm.
9. Australia therapeutic goods administration February 2008, Zolpidem (Stilnoct) Updated Information. http://www.tga.gov.au/alerts/stilnox2.htm.
10. National Prescribing Service. Zolpidem and sleep-related behaviors: review and implications for insomnia management. http://www.nps.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/59888/Zolpidem_position_statement_To_print.pdf.
11. Broughton R.J. Sleep disorders: disorders of arousal? Enuresis, somnambulism, and nightmares occur in confusional states of arousal, not in " dreaming sleep" Science 1968, 159:1070-1078.
12. Hajak G., Bandelow B. Safety and tolerance of zolpidem in the treatment of disturbed sleep: a post-marketing surveillance of 16944 cases. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998, 13:157-167.
13. Hesse L.M., Greenblatt M.L. Clinically important drug interactions with zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon. CNS Drugs 2003, 17:513-532.
14. Non-benzodiazepines home page http://www.non-benzodiazepines.org.uk/benzodiazepine-names.html.
15. Hajak G., Muller W.E., Wittchen H.U., Pittrow D., Kirch W. Abuse and dependence potential for the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics zolpidem and zopiclone: a review of case reports and epidemiological data. Addiction 2003, 98:1371-1378.
16. Lemmer B. The sleep-wake cycle and sleeping pills. Physiol Behav 2007, 90:285-293.
17. Hausken A.M., Furu K., Skurtveit S., Engeland A., Bramness J.G. Starting insomnia treatment: the use of benzodiazepines versus z-hypnotics. A prescription database study of predictors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009, 65:295-301.
18. Norwegian prescription database http://www.norpd.no/.
19. Gjerde H., Normann P.T., Pettersen B.S., Assum T., Aldrin M., Johansen U., et al. Prevalence of alcohol and drugs among Norwegian motor vehicle drivers: a roadside survey. Accid Anal Prev 2008, 40:1765-1772.
20. Raes E., Kristof P., Verstraete A.G. The modern trends in alcohol, drugs and driving research. Forensic Sci Int Suppl Ser 2009, 1:11-14.
21. U.S.Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National roadside survey of alcohol and drug use by drivers 2007, http://www.nhtsa.gov/Driving%2BSafety/Research%2B&%2BEvaluation/2007%2BNational%2BRoadside%2BSurvey%2Bof%2BAlcohol%2Band%2BDrug%2BUse%2Bby%2BDrivers.
22. Gustavsen I., Al-Sammurraie M., Morland J., Bramness J.G. Impairment related to blood drug concentrations of zopiclone and zolpidem compared to alcohol in apprehended drivers. Accid Anal Prev 2009, 41:462-466.
23. Jones A.W., Holmgren A., Kugelberg F.C. Concentrations of scheduled prescription drugs in blood of impaired drivers: considerations for interpreting the results. Ther Drug Monit 2007, 29:248-260.
24. Bramness J.G., Skurtveit S., Morland J. Detection of zolpidem in drivers: a sign of misuse and abuse. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforn 1999, 119:2820-2821. [in Norwegian].
25. Meeker JE. Six cases of impaired driving following recent use of the sleep inducer zolpidem (Ambien). Presented at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences Annual Meeting, Nashville TN, 1996.
26. Logan B.K., Couper F.J. Zolpidem and driving impairment. J Forensic Sci 2001, 46:105-110.
27. Johnson WR, Harding PM, Cochems AK, Liddicoat LJ. Zolpidem impaired drivers in Wisconsin: a six year retrospective. Presented at Society of Forensic Toxicology Meeting, October 2005.
28. Liddicoat LJ, Harding P. Ambien: drives like a dream: case studies of zolpidem impaired drivers in Wisconsin. Presented at 58th meeting American Academy of Forensic Sciences, 23 Feb 2006.
29. Reidy L., Gennaro W., Steele B.W., Walls H.C. The incidence of zolpidem use in suspected DUI drivers in Miami-Dade Florida: a comparative study using immunalysis Zolpidem ELISA KIT and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry screening. J Anal Toxicol 2008, 32:688-694.
30. Jonsson A., Holmgren P., Ahlner J. Fatal intoxications in Swedish forensic autopsy material during 1992-2002. Forensic Sci Int 2004, 143:53-59.
31. Verster J.C., Veldhuijzen D.S., Volkerts E.R. Residual effects of sleep medication on driving ability. Sleep Med Rev 2004, 8:309-325.
32. Verster J.C., Volkerts E.R., Olivier B., Johnson W., Liddicoat L. Zolpidem and traffic safety - the importance of treatment compliance. Curr Drug Saf 2007, 2:220-226.
33. Verster J.C., Veldhuijzen D.S., Patat A., Olivier B., Volkerts E.R. Hypnotics and driving safety: meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials applying the on-the-road driving test. Curr Drug Saf 2006, 1:63-71.
34. Verster J.C., Volkerts E.R., Schreuder A.H., Eijken E.J., van Heuckelum J.H., Veldhuijzen D.S., et al. Residual effects of middle-of-the-night administration of zaleplon and zolpidem on driving ability, memory functions, and psychomotor performance. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002, 22:576-583.
35. Volkerts E.R., Louwerens J.W., Gloerich A.B.M. Zopiclone's residual effect upon actual driving performance versus those of nitrazepam and flunitrazepam 1984, VSC, Report 84-10, Traffic Research Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands.
36. Boyle J., Trick L., Johnsen S., Roach J., Rubens R. Next-day cognition, psychomotor function, and driving-related skills following nighttime administration of eszopiclone. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008, 23:385-397.
37. Storm W.F., Eddy D.R., Welch C.B., Hickey P.A., Fischer J., Cardenas R. Cognitive performance following premature awakening from zolpidem or melatonin induced daytime sleep. Aviat Space Environ Med 2007, 78:10-20.
38. Broughton R., Billings R., Cartwright R., Doucette D., Edmeads J., Edwardh M., et al. Homicidal somnambulism: a case report. Sleep 1994, 17:253-264.
39. Schenck C.H., Mahowald M.W. A polysomnographically documented case of adult somnambulism with long-distance automobile driving and frequent nocturnal violence: parasomnia with continuing danger as a noninsane automatism?. Sleep 1995, 18:765-772.
40. Hoque R., Chesson A.L. Zolpidem-induced sleepwalking, sleep related eating disorder, and sleep-driving: fluorine-18-flourodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography analysis, and a literature review of other unexpected clinical effects of zolpidem. J Clin Sleep Med 2009, 5:471-476.
41. Schenck C.H., Connoy D.A., Castellanos M., Johnson B., Werner R., Wills L., et al. Zolpidem induced amnestic sleep-related eating disorder in 19 patients. Sleep 2005, 28:A259.
42. Mendelson W.B. Sleepwalking associated with zolpidem. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994, 14:150. [see comment].
43. Pilon M., Montplaisir J., Zadra A. Precipitating factors of somnambulism: impact of sleep deprivation and forced arousals. Neurology 2008, 70:2284-2290.
44. Pressman M.R. Diagnostic tools for parasomnias. Handbook of sleep disorders 2008, 507-515. Taylor and Francis. 2nd ed. C.K. Kushida (Ed.).
45. Pressman M.R. Factors that predispose, prime and precipitate NREM parasomnias in adults: clinical and forensic implications. Sleep Med Rev 2007, 11:5-30.
46. Pilon M., Zadra A., Joncas S., Montplaisir J. Hypersynchronous delta waves and somnambulism: brain topography and effect of sleep deprivation. Sleep 2006, 29:77-84. [see comment].
47. Dolder C.R., Nelson M.H. Hypnosedative-induced complex behaviours: incidence, mechanisms and management. CNS Drugs 2008, 22:1021-1036.
48. Harazin J., Berigan T.R. Zolpidem tartrate and somnambulism. Milit Med 1999, 164:669-670.
49. Mahowald M.W., Schenck C.H. Dissociated states of wakefulness and sleep. Neurology 1992, 42:44-51. [discussion 2].
50. Kaufmann C., Wehrle R., Wetter T.C., Holsboer F., Auer D.P., Pollmächer T, et al. Brain activation and hypothalamic functional connectivity during human non-rapid eye movement sleep: an EEG/fMRI study. Brain 2006, 129:655-667.
51. Wu J.C., Gillin J.C., Buchsbaum M.S., Chen P., Keator D.B., Khosla Wu N., et al. Frontal lobe metabolic decreases with sleep deprivation not totally reversed by recovery sleep. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 1-10.
52. Dang-Vu T.T., Desseilles M., Laureys S., Degueldre C., Perrin F., Phillips C., et al. Cerebral correlates of delta waves during non-REM sleep revisited. Neuroimage 2005, 28:14-21.
53. Hofle N., Paus T., Reutens D., Fiset P., Gotman J., Evans A.C., et al. Regional cerebral blood flow changes as a function of delta and spindle activity during slow wave sleep in humans. J Neurosci 1997, 17:4800-4808.
54. Bassetti C., Vella S., Donati F., Wielepp P., Weder B. SPECT during sleepwalking. Lancet 2000, 356:484-485.
55. Pressman M.R. Disorders of arousal from sleep and violent behavior: the role of physical contact and proximity. Sleep 2007, 30:1039-1047.
56. Tassarini C.A., Rubbloi G., Gardella E. Central pattern generators for a common semiology in frontal-limbic seizures and in parasomnia. A neuroethologic approach. Neuro Sci 2005, 26:s225-s232.
57. Mets M.A., Volkerts E.R., Olivier B., Verster J.C. Effect of hypnotic drugs on body balance and standing steadiness. Sleep Med Rev 2010, 14:259-267.